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Файл:History XX–XXI centuries (Подготовка учителя-предметника к работе в системе дополнительного образования). Учебное пособие
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When he returned home, Kolchak became a Captain of the Second
Rank. He devoted himself to a revival of the Russian Navy and took part
in the work of the Naval General Staff, formed in 1906. Kolchak with
other officers actively lobbied a shipbuilding program in the State Duma
and received some funding. He was involved in the construction of the two
ice-breakers “Taimyr” and “Vaygach”, and then used one of these ships
for a cartographic expedition from Vladivostok to the Bering Strait
and Cape of Dezhnev. In 1909 Kolchak published a scientific study
on glaciology (the study of ice). In a few years’ time he started his service
with the Baltic Fleet and became a Captain of the First Rank.
During World War I Alexander Kolchak was in charge of military
sea operations in the Baltic Sea: he personally took part in developing
a mine blockade of German navy bases and organized attacks against
trade ships. In 1916 Kolchak was promoted to Vice-Admiral and was
appointed as Admiral-in-Chief of the Black Sea’ Fleet.
After the February Revolution in 1917 Kolchak was among those who
loyalty to the new Russian Government – Provisional Government. Admiral
Kolchak did his best to save the Black Sea Fleet from a chaotic breakdown
and managed to keep it. When soldiers and sailors decided to disarm
officers, in the protest Alexander Kolchak threw his golden saber, the award
for taking part in the Russian-Japanese War to the water. Then Kolchak left
Petrograd and resigned from his post. Alexander Kolchak blamed
the government of breaking the army and fleet down. By that time Kolchak
had been considered as a potential candidate to be the new leader of Russia.
In August 1917, Admiral Kolchak was invited by the command
of the US Fleet and he went to America to share the experience
of the Russian Navy and to learn American achievements. In SanFrancisco Kolchak was offered to be a head of the department of mining
in the best naval war college, but he declined this opportunity and went
back to Russia. On his way home Admiral Kolchak arrived Japan and
there he heard about the October Revolution of 1917, which gave power
to the Soviets (the Bolsheviks). Kolchak was against the peace
negotiations between the Bolsheviks and Germany (which later resulted
in writing down the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk). He asked the English
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command to let him serve in the British army, and in December 1917
Kolchak was sent to the Mesopotamian Front, where Russian and English
troops were fighting against Turks. But Alexander Kolchak was
redirected to work in Manchuria and Siberia, where he became a member
of the board of the Chinese Eastern Railway. He made an attempt
to gather troops for a fight against the Bolsheviks, but this idea failed,
and in October 1918 Kolchak came back to Russia, to Omsk.
In September 1918 the Provisional All-Russian Government was
formed, the last attempt of a unified anti-Bolshevik administrative body,
which in a month moved to Omsk. Alexander Kolchak was appointed
as the Military and Navy Minister. The Council of Ministers took power
when the major heads of the Provisional All-Russian Government were
arrested, and elected Kolchak as the Supreme Ruler of the Russian State.
His appointment was recognized in several other regions of the country.
The new ruler proclaimed himself in charge of the great part of the gold
supplies of the former Russian Empire. He managed to gather large
military forces and start a war against the Red Army. After several
successful battles, Kolchak’s troops had to leave the occupied territories
and backtracked. The fall of Alexander Kolchak’s regime is explained
by different factors: a lack of experience of ground forces command,
insufficient understanding of the political situation and dependence
on unreliable allies.
On 4 January 1920 Kolchak signed his last decree, delegated his
power to the General Anton Denikin. In a few days Alexander Kolchak
was arrested by Czecho-Slovaks and passed to the Bolsheviks. Admiral
Kolchak was executed without a trial on 7 February 1920. His body was
thrown into an ice-hole of the river.
The personal life of Kolchak was a theme of discussions. He had
three children with his wife Sophia, two girls died in early childhood.
Until 1919 she waited for her husband in Sevastopol, but then Sophia
with their only son Rostislav left to Paris. They lived there to the end
of their lives. Sophia died in 1956.
In 1915, 41-year-old Kolchak met the young 22-year-old Russian
poetess Anna Timiryova. They both already had families but started a long-
32
term relationship. In a few years Timiryova got divorced and after that she
https://uchimklass.ru/biografiya/frunze-mihailvasilevich
Mikhail Frunze was a Bolshevik leader
during and before the Russian Revolution
of 1917. He was a commander of Red
Army in the Civil War. He is famous for
defeating Baron Wrangel in Crimea.
Frunze was born in Pishpek (Bishkek),
a small town of Russian garrison in the
Kyrgyz part of Russian Turkestan. His
father was a Romanian feldsher (originally
from the Kherson Governorate) and his
mother was Russian. He began to study
at Verniy (Almaty) and in 1904 he entered
the Saint Petersburg Polytechnic
University.
was considered as Kolchak’s civil wife. When she heard about Kolchak’s
arrest, she went to jail by herself, to be closer to her beloved admiral.
Between 1920 and 1949 Timiryova was arrested and exiled more than six
times, until she was rehabilitated in 1960. Anna Timiryova died in 1975.
Task. Answer the following questions:
1. What is A. Kolchak famous for?
2. Did Kolchak take part in World War I?
3. What did he do in the expedition around the Arctic Ocean?
4. What was Kolchak’s military career?
5. What do you about his personal life? Had he a wife and children?
6. What relations did he have with Anna Timiryova?
7. What did Kolchak go to the USA for?
8. What post did he have in the Provisional All-Russian Government?
9. Where was he proclaimed a ruler?
10. What was happen with Kolchak?
MICHAIL FRUNZE
(2 February 1885 – 31 October 1925)
33
At the Second Congress of the Social Democratic Party (1903), after
the ideological split between V. Lenin and J. Martov Frunze supported
Lenin's majority. Two years later Frunze became an important leader
in the 1905 Revolution, the head of striking textile workers in Shuya and
Ivanovo. Frunze was arrested in 1907 and sentenced to death, spent
several months waiting for the execution. But he was reprieved and sent
to Siberia in exile. After 10 years of Siberian exile, Frunze escaped
to Chita, where he became an editor of the Bolshevik weekly newspaper
“Vostochnoe Obozrenie”.
After the February Revolution Frunze was elected as a head
of the Byelorussian Soviet. Later he went to Moscow and headed armed
workers in the struggle for control of the city. After the October
Revolution M. Frunze became Military Commissar of the IvanovoVoznesensk province in 1918.
During the Civil War M. Frunze was appointed as a head
of the Southern Group of the Red Army on the Eastern Front in March
1919. When Frunze's troops were defeated by Admiral Alexander
Kolchak and the White Army in Omsk, Leon Trotsky appointed Frunze
a general commander of the Eastern Front. Frunze went to his
native Turkestan to wage war against Basmachi and the White troops. He
captured Khiva in February and Bukhara in September 1920.
In November 1920 Frunze's army occupied the Crimea and swept troops
of General P. Wrangel out of Russia. As a commander of the Southern
front Frunze defeated Nestor Makhno's anarchist movement and
the nationalist movement of S. Petliura in Ukraine.
In December 1921 Frunze visited Ankara during Turkish War
for Independence as an ambassador of the Ukrainian SSR and established
Turkish – Soviet relations. Mustafa Kemal Ataturk considered him as
an ally and a friend, that’s why he placed a statue of Frunze as a part
of the Republic Monument at the Taksim Square in Istanbul.
In 1921 M. Frunze was elected to the Central Committee
of the Russian Bolshevik Party. On 2 June 1924 he became a candidate
of the Politburo and in January 1925 became the Chairman
34
of the Revolutionary Military Council. Frunze's support of G. Zinoviev
brought him into conflict with Joseph Stalin with whom he had been
on friendly terms before.
Frunze had been known as a person possessing a very creative and
almost unorthodox point of view on realization of policy among
communist leaders. He gained the respect and admiration of his comrades
because of his fearless and successful pursuit of complicated military
objectives and his endurance during the illegality period of the communist
party. He had been considered as a potential successor of Lenin, due
to his strength in theoretical and practical matters of the Communist party.
Frunze was suffering from a chronic ulceration, that’s why he had
been suggested to undergo a surgery many times but he preferred
conservative treatment. After a severe episode in 1925, Frunze was
hospitalized. Stalin and Anastas Mikoyan visited him together and
convinced in the need of an operation. Frunze died on 31 October 1925.
There has been speculation that Stalin ordered his death, but there is
no evidence to support this. Frunze was put to sleep by a chloroform dose
that seven times exceeded the normal dose applied for narcosis. Frunze
was buried in the Kremlin Wall Necropolis.
In 1926 the capital of Kyrgyzstan – Bishkek was renamed Frunze in his
honor. It changed name again in 1991. Frunze himself is still
commemorated in this city and his statue was erected in front of the main
railway station. A street and a museum in the center of the city are named
after him; the museum contains the cottage in which he grew up. Multiple
villages were named after Frunze. The Military Academy was also named
in his honour. There are metro stations named Frunzenskaya in Moscow,
Saint Petersburg and Minsk. Shuya is home for a memorial museum
dedicated to Frunze. Streets in many Russian cities are named after him.
After his death the boys’ name Frunzik (Little Frunze) became quite popular
in the Caucasus and Soviet Turkestan, the most famous person with this
name – actor Frunzik Mkrtchyan. There is museum of Civil war in Samara
named after Frunze because he was in Samara as a military commander
during Civil War.
35
Task 1. Answer the following questions:
1. Whites
А. Russian socialists who believed in
using revolution to achieve political
change; also called communists
1. What is M. Frunze famous for?
2. Which connection had Frunze with Samara? Did he visit our city?
3. What family was Frunze born in?
4. What did Frunze take part in Social Democratic Party?
5. What post was he appointed during the Civil War?
6. Who Frunze supported into conflict with Joseph Stalin?
7. What health problems had Frunze?
8. What was the reason of his death?
9. Where was Frunze buried in?
10. What places were named after M. Frunze?
Task 2. Check what statements are true and what are false (T/F):
1. The Russian Civil War waged from 1919 until the start of 1922.
2. The Civil War is divided into three periods.
3. The Romanovs had been sent by A. Kerensky to Omsk in Siberia.
4. The Czech Legion controlled the Trans-Siberian railway from
Simbirsk to Vladivostok.
5. The Whites was under several rival people, such as Yudenich,
Wrangel, Kolchak, Denikin.
6. This was an economic policy that saw the rapid transformation
to communism during the civil war.
7. Lenin achieved his ultimate goal of steering his small Bolshevik
party to total control of Russia.
8. Kolchak was appointed as the Supreme Ruler of the Russian State.
9. Admiral Kolchak was sent to exile on 7 February 1920.
10. During the Civil War M. Frunze was appointed as a head of
the Southern Group of the Red Army on the Eastern Front in March 1919.
Task 3. Match terms and definitions:
36
2. Proletariat
B. soldiers and workers' councils that ran
the cities of Russia in 1917
3. Commissar
C. a minister in the communist
government
4. Bolsheviks
D. Marxist term for the oppressed
working class
5. Soviet
E. the opponents of the communists
during the civil war
37
Lecture 3. JOSEF STALIN AND HIS REGIME
https://histrf.ru/lichnosti/biografii/p/staliniosif-vissarionovich-1
Stalin – a leader of the Soviet
Union from the mid-1920s until his
death. Josef Stalin’s cult
of personality became a prominent
part of Soviet culture in December
1929 after a celebration of Stalin’s
50th birthday. The Soviet press
praised Stalin as “Great,
Beloved, Bold, Wise, Inspire,
Genius, Father of all children”. His
relations with children were key
element of his cult. “Thank you,
Dear Comrade Stalin for our happy
Childhood”.
PART 1
Another part of Stalin’s image was his close association with V. Lenin.
Press said: when Lenin was alive, Stalin was his constant supporter and
considered him as a teacher. After Lenin’s death a photo of Lenin and
Stalin sitting on the bench and chatting became very popular. Numerous
pictures and statues adorned public places. Statues of Stalin were
the same height as ones of Alexander III (190 cm), but in real life Stalin
was 165–168 cm tall.
Josef Dzhugashvili was born on 18 December 1879 in a village
Gori, in Georgia. Gori was then part of the Russian Empire, and was
home to a population of 20,000, the majority of whom were Georgian but
with Armenian, Russian, and Jewish minorities. The family was living
in poverty, in rented rooms. His mother was a house cleaner and
a launderer for some local families, she was a devoted Christian and
wanted Josef to be a priest. The historian Robert Conquest later suggested
that Stalin's class background was "uncertain and indeterminate".
38
He was sent to church school where he did well. Stalin excelled
academically, displaying talent in painting and drama classes, writing his
own poetry, and singing as a choirboy. He got into many fights and his
friend later noted that Stalin “was the best but also the naughtiest pupil”.
Stalin had health problems: in 1884 he was ill with smallpox and after it
his face became with pock scars. When he was 12, he was seriously
injured by a phaeton, resulting in a disability of his left arm.
Stalin was recommended by his school teachers that’s why he entered
Spiritual Seminary in Tiflis in August 1894. Stalin was academically
successful again and received high marks. He continued writing poetry:
five of his poems were published under the pseudonym of “Soselo”
in newspaper “Iveria” (Georgia). Stalin’s poems were included in various
anthologies of Georgian poetry over the coming years. As he grew older,
Stalin lost interest in his studies. Stalin joined a secret group, which was
for Georgian independence from Russia and it was based on socialistic
ideas. He read “Capital” of Karl Marx. Stalin devoted himself to Marx's
social-political theory. In April 1899 Stalin left the seminary and never
come back. Stalin began work as a meteorologist at a Tiflis observatory.
The police attempted to arrest him in March 1901, but he escaped and
went into hiding. In November 1901 he was elected to the Tiflis
Committee of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (RSDLP).
In Batumi at the Rothschild refinery factory Stalin organized several
strikes. He was arrested in April 1902 and sat in Batumi Prison and later
moved to the Kutaisi Prison. In mid-1903 Stalin was sent to exile for three
years to eastern Siberia. Stalin made several escape attempts.
His revolutionary career began when Lenin formed the Bolsheviks.
Stalin’s skills, charm and street-smart won Lenin and Stalin rose rapidly
through the ranks of the Bolsheviks. In November 1905, the Georgian
Bolsheviks elected Stalin as one of their delegates to a Bolshevik
conference in Saint Petersburg. At the conference Stalin met Lenin for the
first time. Stalin respected Lenin. In April 1906 Stalin took part
in the RSDLP Fourth Congress in Stockholm; this was his first foreign
trip. Lenin and Stalin privately discussed how they could receive money
for the Bolshevik revolution.
39
Stalin married Kato Svanidze in July 1906. In March 1907 she bore
their first son Yakov. He attended the Fifth RSDLP Congress in London
(May – June 1907). After returning to Tiflis Stalin organized the robbery
of the Imperial Bank with gunfire and handmade bombs. Stalin moved
to Baku with his wife and son. There Stalin started to edit two Bolshevik
newspapers – “Bakinsky Proletary” and “Gudok”. In August 1907 he went
to the Seventh Congress of the Second International to Stuttgart.
In November 1907 his wife died and he left his son with her family in Tiflis.
In Baku he organized his gang again and continued to carry out robberies.
In early 1908 he travelled to Geneva to meet Lenin and Georgy Plekhanov.
In March 1908 Stalin was arrested and imprisoned in Bailov
Prison, where he led the imprisoned Bolsheviks. He was sent to exile
for two years to the village Solvychegodsk (Vologda Province). In June
he escaped the village as a woman and fled to Saint Petersburg. In March
1910 he was arrested again and sent back to Solvychegodsk. In June
1911 Stalin was given permission to move to Vologda. After two months
Stalin went to Saint Petersburg where he was arrested again
in September 1911 and sent to a three-year exile to Vologda.
While Stalin was in exile, the first Bolshevik Central Committee had
been elected at the Prague Conference. Stalin was invited to be
a member of it. Stalin remained a member of Central Committee for the
rest of his life. Lenin believed that Stalin, as a Georgian, would be useful
to secure support for the Bolsheviks from the Empire's minority peoples.
In February 1912, Stalin escaped to Saint Petersburg with task to change
the Bolshevik weekly newspaper “Star” into a daily – “Pravda”. The new
newspaper was launched in April 1912. Stalin's role as editor was secret.
In May 1912 he was arrested again and imprisoned in the Shpalerhy
Prison before three years exile in Siberia. In Siberian village Narym he
shared a room with Bolshevik Yakov Sverdlov. After two months
of exile Stalin and Sverdlov escaped to Saint Petersburg.
In Saint Petersburg Stalin continued editing and writing articles
for “Pravda”. In 1912 he twice crossed the border of the AustroHungarian Empire to visit Lenin in Krakov to ask Lenin to make union
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