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took the power in its hands. Boris Yeltsin headed those who opposed
the illegally seized power, took decisive and precise actions and destroyed
the plans of the State Emergency Committee. It was Yeltsin who managed
to save the country from a possible civil war. As a result, Boris Yeltsin
became the head of the first Russian government in history and signed
the Belovezhskiy Agreement about the liquidation of the USSR.
The first years of government were very difficult for Russia.
The probability of a civil war appeared. It was necessary to resort
to the publication of the “Agreement about Public Consent” and
the adoption of the new Constitution improved the situation in the society.
The main fault of President Boris Yeltsin was the assumption of military
actions in Chechnya, which led to war. He tried to stop the war, but only
Vladimir Putin managed to finish it in 2001. In this situation the Cabinet
was reorganized and a series of decrees were signed for the sake
of raising the economy.
At elections of 1996 president Yeltsin defeated the main rival
Gennady Zyuganov. Boris Yeltsin focused on stabilizing of the economy
and the social sphere. For this purpose, the program “Seven Main Cases”
was launched, during which the government tried to liquidate huge debts
on wages and salaries, corruption and arbitrariness of officials,
to introduce uniform rules for bankers and entrepreneurs, to activate small
business. One of the stages of development was the resignation of Viktor
Chernomyrdin's government, who was replaced by a young and energetic
Sergey Kiriyenko.
Boris Yeltsin had problems with health resulted in heart operation.
The 1998 world financial crisis did not improve the mood
of the president, which became even more disastrous for Russia than for
the world community. As a result of the financial crisis – multiple
devaluation of the rouble, default and bank collapse. The dominance
of foreign goods on the market was replaced by domestic production.
Boris Yeltsin headed Russia until the last day of the 20th century, and
on December 31, 1999 during the New Year's TV congratulation
of Russians announced his resignation.
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The private life of Boris Yeltsin changed when he was still
studying at the Polytechnic Institute. He met Naina Girina, who became
his wife after graduation. It is interesting that his wife was given
the name Anastasia at birth, but she changed it to Naina, because that's
how she was called in the family. The wife of Boris Yeltsin worked as
a project manager in the Vodokanal Institute.
The wedding of Yeltsin's couple took place in the house of culture
in a collective farmer in the Upper Iseti in 1956 and a year later the family
got a daughter Elena. Three years later Boris and Naina had a younger
daughter Tatiana. In many interviews Boris Yeltsin paid attention to his
wife, stressed her care and support. But some journalists, including
Mikhail Poltoranin argued that Naina Yeltsina was not only moral support
to the first president of Russia, but also significantly affected
the personnel policy in the country.
Last years Boris Yeltsin suffered from a cardiovascular disease. In midApril 2007 the former president was hospitalized due to a complication after
a virus infection. Doctors said that nothing was threatened to his life.
Nevertheless, 12 days after hospitalization Boris Yeltsin died in the Central
Clinical Hospital. The official cause of death was called stop of the heart as
a result of impaired functions of many internal organs. Yeltsin was buried
with military honors at the Novodevichy Cemetery and the funeral process
was broadcast live by all state-owned TV channels. On the grave of Boris
Yeltsin an unusual tombstone was erected. It is made in the form
of a boulder, painted in the colors of the national flag.
Task 1. Answer the questions:
1. What does Russia become after the collapse of the SU?
A. International Monetary Fund.
B. Chechnya declares independence.
C. Crime, corruption, poverty.
D. Constitutional republic.
2. 2 things he advocates.
A. Freedom of speech and free-market economy.
B. Series of radical reforms, worsens economic crisis.
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C. Decline in living conditions, markets left to self-regulation.
D. Prices freed State subsidies ended.
3. Cabinets...
A. Shock therapy.
B. Democracy and prosperity.
C. Impeach him.
D. Come and go.
4. How did Chubais help out with the whole shock therapy thing?
A. Deadly street fights in Moscow, GDP decline of 50%.
B. 2000% hyperinflation.
C. Chernomyrdin, Primakov, Stepashin.
D. EPIC campaign of privatization launched.
5. Reason Yeltsin doesn't really have power anymore.
A. Severe health problems.
B. Exhausted by health problems.
C. Crime, corruption, poverty.
D. Popular statesman.
6. Shock therapy cause who to experience struggle?
A. Severe health problems.
B. Majority of people.
C. Popular statesman.
D. Constitutional republic.
7. How does shock therapy benefit the oligarchy?
A. Makes small elite of oligarchs super rich.
B. Deadly street fights in Moscow, GDP decline of 50%.
C. 2000% hyperinflation.
D. EPIC campaign of privatization launched.
8. Year of Yeltsin's resignation.
A. 1994–1996.
B. 1999.
C. 1993.
D. 1999.
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9. Parliament wants to do this in relation to Yeltsin.
1. popular statesman
А. Yeltsin's successor
2. Putin
B. fetus Yeltsin's career before election
3. US experts and IMF
C. shock therapy is...
4. International Monetary Fund
D. Gaidar's supervisors
5. series of radical reforms
E. IMF stands for
6. wins
F. massive thing that Gaidar launches
7. Chernomyrdin, Primakov,
Stepashin
G. Yeltsin wins/loses the reelection
8. shock therapy
H. most important prime ministers
9. democracy and prosperity
I. Yeltsin's hopes and dreams
A. Severe health problems.
B. Impeach him.
C. Popular statesman.
D. Come and go.
10. Members of the Family.
A. Exhausted by health problems.
B. The Family oligarchs.
C. Berezovsky Gusinsky, Abramovich help him out.
D. Himself, wife Naina and daughter Tatiana Yumasheva and
husband Valentin.
Task 2. Match terms and definitions:
Task 3. Check what statements are true and what are false (T/F):
1. Year of constitutional crisis → 1993.
2. 3 aspects of shock therapy → Markets left to self-regulation, prices
freed, state subsidies ended.
3. Percentages to describe economic issues with shock therapy → GDP
decline of 50%, 2000% hyperinflation.
4. Number of people who die in Moscow street fights → 200.
5. Shock therapy cause who to experience struggle? → broader powers.
6. Gaidar's supervisors → US experts and IMF.
7. Chechen war between these two sides → Chechnya and Russia.
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8. Parliament wants to do this in relation to Yeltsin → shock therapy.
9. Years of 1st Chechen war → 1999.
10. Reason Yeltsin doesn't really have power anymore → severe
health problems.
Task 4. Write more information about …
1. What leads to the 1st Chechen war?
2. Who really has the power?
3. Gaidar makes history as...
4. Yeltsin makes history as the...
5. Massive thing that Gaidar launches …
6. Reason Yeltsin's hopes and dreams would only lead
to disappointment …
7. Percentages to describe economic issues with shock therapy …
Task 5. Watch this video and write an essay about B. Yeltsin and
his time.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s6VqLWtJEJs.
PART 2
One of the most influential politicians in the world is Putin
Vladimir. A brief biography of the country's leader is full of events.
Throughout his career he manifests himself as a strong-willed person,
a strong and confident leader. His popularity rating is one of the highest
not only in Russia, but all over the world.
The future politician was born in Leningrad. He grew up
in the average family. His father worked at the car-building plant. Putin's
parents met in the Tver region in village Pominovo. The father
of the future politician moved there after the end of the First World War.
Having met the love of his life at 17, Maria Shelomova, Vladimir went
to the front.
The family returned to the city on the Neva river only after the war.
There in 1952 in the house in Baskovsky lane the future President
of Russia was born. A politician could have two older brothers, but they
died in childhood because of illnesses.
105
As a child Putin had bad behavior because he was more interested
in sports than studying. Parents did not like the son's desire to do judo,
calling the sport a “fight”. However, when the personal trainer
of Vladimir told parents about the successes of his son everything was
changed.
Vladimir studied at the Leningrad eight-year school № 192. Then
he entered the general education school with in-depth study of chemistry
at the Technological Institute. V. Putin's first teacher, Vera Gurevich said
in an interview that the future leader of the country used to come
to the first lesson with a delay and did nothing special. But it was Vera
Gurevich who saw his talent for languages and a good memory. And
in the sixth year Vladimir realized the importance of education and “took
up his mind”. Then Putin began to get “good” and “excellent” marks,
became a pioneer, he was elected a chairman of the pioneer detachment.
The future President not only studied, but also took active part in sports
competitions.
In 1970 Vladimir easily entered the Faculty of Law of the Leningrad
State University. There he studied international law. Putin took such
decision because of a great desire to work in intelligence service.
In the KGB he was told that to work here one must serve in the army or
have a higher mostly legal education.
Putin had 100 course-mates and only 10 percent of them came
to the university after school. Most of the students served in the Soviet
Army. During his student years Vladimir joined the Communist Party
of the Soviet Union. At the same time, he met associate professor Anatoly
Sobchak (mayor of St. Petersburg in the early 1990's).
Putin wrote his diploma on the economy-law problem of favorable
conditions for all parties prescribed in the international treaty. He defended
the graduation work “Principle of the Most Favored Nation” and obtained
“excellent” mark. During his studies the future politician finally reoriented
his principles to study and sports. Vladimir took part in the All-Union
competitions on judo.
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After the graduation Putin was sent to work to the Committee of State
Security (KGB). He dreamed to work in the KGB from childhood,
playing in the yard as a spy and scout. For this job the future politician
had to finish special courses “Preparing of the operational staff”. So,
in the system of territorial department of the KGB of the USSR a junior
officer appeared – a senior lieutenant of justice Vladimir Putin. A brief
biography of the President is related to the line of countering of foreign
intelligence service against the KGB (Investigation Department). First,
Putin was working in the secretariat, then in the counterintelligence unit,
where a talented employee was noticed by his Moscow colleagues.
Putin was at a special training on foreign intelligence in Moscow for
a year. After that, he served in the so-called “the first department” for four
and a half years, engaged in reconnaissance. In 1984 the Major of Justice
Putin was sent to study at the Andropov’s Institute. There he was
prepared for a trip to Germany. In the Academy of Foreign Intelligence
service, the future leader of the state wore the official name Platov. There
he studied German, which he knows perfectly. In the Academy Vladimir
was the headman of the educational department.
From 1985 to 1990 Vladimir Vladimirovich worked in the German
Democratic Republic. But before his departure, Putin met a wonderful
girl, Lyudmila Shkrebneva. The future first lady of the country worked
on internal airlines as a stewardess and flew with her friend to Leningrad
for a few days. Putin’s friend invited the girls to the theater to the play
of Arkady Raikin, taking, of course, Vladimir for the company. The next
day he found tickets to the theater and then again and again. Lyudmila
realized that Vladimir – “her man” after a few months.
Three years later from the first meeting on July 28, 1983 Putin
married her at the local registry office without a wedding. Shortly before
the family left for Germany. In 1985 the couple had their eldest
daughter, Maria. Younger daughter, Ekaterina was born in Dresden,
Germany. The future President was a loving father for little daughters,
he treated them like little princesses. In June 2013 the presidential
couple announced about their divorce.
107
In Germany when working at the reconnaissance Vladimir received
the rank of lieutenant colonel and took up the post of a chief
of the department. In total, during the German period of his life he obtained
higher ranks twice. Returning to the USSR, Putin refused to work in the
central external intelligence apparatus of the KGB of the Soviet Union and
returned to his native university. In Leningrad State University (today
SPBSU) he worked as a vice-rector for international relations. He planned
to write a thesis for a candidate's degree. In addition, Putin served as advisor
to the chairman of the City Council of Leningrad.
In the summer of 1991 a new chairman of the Committee on External
Relations under the mayor Sobchak became Vladimir Putin. A brief
biography of the future President says that he solved the problems
of attracting foreign investments to St. Petersburg, developed tourism and
worked on a control system of gambling, it was legal business. Two years
later the mayor began to leave Putin as his deputy when traveling abroad.
In 1996 the reelection of the governor in St. Petersburg was
unsuccessful for Sobchak, and Putin went to Moscow to the position
of the vice-chairman of the affairs of the president of the Russian
Federation. The family hurried to move to the capital although Vladimir
preferred St. Petersburg more than Moscow.
A year later he became a deputy head of the Presidential
Administration – head of the control administration. At the same time, he
managed to defend his thesis and received the title of candidate
of economic sciences. His work was written in the St. Petersburg Mining
Institute on the experience of St. Petersburg and the Leningrad region.
V. Putin considered what should be the strategic planning for the success
of the region's mineral and raw material potential in the market.
The politician wrote the work for two years while still being an adviser
to the mayor of St. Petersburg. Then many colleagues were surprised how
an adviser in the liberal government seriously talks about the state
regulation of the mining industry. Time has shown that this is the line
of strategic planning Putin will implement as the President of the Russian
Federation.
108
In the control department Vladimir Putin dealt with fishing issues and
stopped the theft of Russian fish by the Japanese. In May 1998 he took
the post of the first deputy head of the Administration responsible for
regional work. Exactly two months later the politician becomes
the director of the Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation.
The deputies of the head of the FSB were Putin's colleagues
in the KGB – Nikolay Patrushev and Sergey Ivanov. After a couple
of months, the future leader of the country reorganized the Federal
Security Service, abolished two inefficient departments and introduced
six new ones. Thanks to Putin security personnel had become stable
salaries, and the agency had been provided with uninterrupted financing.
For his work he was given the rank of colonel. By the way, before
the appointment, Boris Yeltsin gave Putin the rank of major-general, but
the politician decided to become the first civilian director of the FSB and
not get undeserved rank. In March of the last year of the second
millennium, Vladimir Putin left the job as a director of the FSB. He was
appointed as a Secretary of the Security Council of the Russian Federation.
Yeltsin saw Putin as his successor, as he publicly spoke on the day
when Putin was appointed as a deputy of Prime Minister of the Russian
Federation. 223 deputies of the State Duma voted for this decision,
84 people opposed such rearrangements.
Putin says that at the time of his appointment he knew that Yeltsin
would leave soon and he would be a leader the country. On the Eve
of the new millennium, Vladimir Putin had to fulfill the duties of President
of the Russian Federation and in a New Year's greeting to the Russians
Yeltsin announced his departure.
Officially Putin was elected to the post of the President on March 26,
2000. Two weeks later Russia had a new leader – Vladimir Putin, whose
biography includes three presidential terms: 2000–2004, 2004–2008,
2012 – up to the present. For four years, from 2008 to 2012, he served
as a prime minister of the Government of the Russian Federation.
109
During the leadership of Putin many external and internal political
events took place. He stopped the Chechen wars, reformed
the Parliament, regulated the work of the courts and the media. Under
Putin the movement “Ours”, the party “United Russia”, a public
coalition of activists “All-Russian People's Front” were formed.
As a prime minister of the state, the political leader helped the country get
out of the 2008 crisis. Putin conducts a socially-oriented policy, pays
much attention to the preservation of rare species of animals and
the tourist potential of Russia. As a head of the Government
of the Russian Federation, he conducted a line of close economic ties with
the countries – the former Soviet republics, primarily with the Republic
of Belarus and Kazakhstan. Russia takes active part in the international
alliances.
In 2010 and 2011 in Russia there were protest moods: protesters
called to remove Putin from the leadership. In 2015 the rating of people's
trust in Vladimir Putin among the Russians was 85 percent. The official
authorities call an even higher indicator – almost 90% in October 2015.
According to sociologists of the Levada’ Center the President will keep
such high figures in 2016. The third term in Putin as a national leader
ends in March 2018.
Task 1. Answer the questions:
1. What family was V. Putin born in?
2. What education did V. Putin obtain?
3. When did V. Putin start his career?
4. What dreams and hopes did he get?
5. What do you know about private life of president Putin?
Task 2. Watch the film “The most powerful man in the world”
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZZ-Kwr0VFUE and write an assay
about V. Putin.
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