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PART 2
https://histrf.ru/lichnosti/biografii/p/lieninul-ianov-vladimir-il-ich
Vladimir Ulyanov, better known
as Lenin, was a Russian communist
revolutionary, politician and
political theorist.
Lenin’s father Ilya Ulyanov was
from a peasant family. He had risen
to the middle class from this lower
class by his activity. Ilya Ulyanov
was studying at Kazan Imperial
University and then teaching
at Penza Institute for the Nobility.
He married Maria Blank, welleducated young woman [1, c. 71].
VLADIMIR ULYANOV (LENIN) (22 April 1870 – 24 January 1924)
Lenin’s mother was from a family with German-Swedish and
Russian-Jewish origin. After marriage Ilya Ulyanov started to work
in Nizhniy Novgorod and became a director of Primary School
in the Simbirsk district after six years. Later he got a position
of director of public school in the province and founded 450 schools
according to the governmental programme. He earned the Order
of Saint Vladimir and status of hereditary nobleman. There were six
children in Ulyanovs’ family: Anna, Alexander, Olga, Dmitriy, Maria
and Vladimir, two of them died in childhood. Lenin’s parents were
monarchists and liberal conservatives. Vladimir attended Simbirsk
Classical Gymnasium. His father died when Vladimir was 16. After
this tragedy Lenin’s behavior changed very much. His elder brother
Alexander was a student of Saint Petersburg University and took
active part in political agitation against monarchy and he involved
Vladimir in it. Alexander Ulyanov was one of the conspirators who
tried to kill Emperor Alexander III and for this he was arrested and
executed by hanging [1, с. 71–72].
11
Lenin continued his studying despite of this tragedy and left
gymnasium with gold medal. Then he became a student of law faculty
at Kazan University. He took active part in zemlyachestvo and
demonstrations against government. He was arrested, expelled from
the University and exiled to his family estate Kokushkino. After the
return he joined to revolutionary circle and came under influence
of Karl Marx. His mother bought an estate in Alakaevka in Samara
region to make Vladimir manage it. He had no interest in farming.
In 1889 the Ulyanovs moved to Samara. Lenin joined to discussion
group of Alexey Sklyarenko. They translated the Communist Manifesto
of K. Marx into Russian together [1, с. 72].
Lenin took exams at Saint-Petersburg University externally and
obtained a first-class degree with honors. He worked in Samara as a legal
assistant at regional court and then as a local lawyer. In 1893 Lenin
moved to Saint-Petersburg, there he worked as a lawyer assistant too.
Then he founded Social Democratic party. He also hoped to have good
connections with Russian Marxist group “Emancipation of Labour”
in Switzerland. Lenin visited Switzerland for meeting with a leader of this
group – G. Plekhanov. Then he travelled to Paris to introduce
to K. Marx’s son-in-law and carry out research on Paris Commune. He
had SPA procedures in Switzerland, after it he went to Berlin and studied
in the library. Lenin was always financed by his mother [1, с. 72].
When Lenin returned to Russia he was arrested for a year for his
illegal revolutionary activity. In February 1897 he was sent to exile for
3 years to Siberia. His mother and sisters went with him there, they lived
in a village Shushenskoe under police supervision. Nadezhda Krupskaya
came to exile to his place because she asked government to change
a place of her exile. In 1900 Lenin started preparing for publishing
a newspaper “Iskra” (“Spark”). The party changed the name to Russian
Social Democratic Labour Party. He became “Lenin” in 1901 probably
it was connected with the river Lena in Siberia or because of the name
in his new passport. After this Vladimir used this pseudonym till the death
[1, с. 73].
12
Lenin went to Germany again. Krupskaya became his personal
secretary. The second congress of RSDLP splitted party into two parts:
“minoritarians” (Martov’s supporters) and “majoritarians” (Lenin’s
followers). The third congress of the party took place in London,
in April 1905 after “Bloody Sunday”. Social Democratic Party took
active part in the first Russian revolution 1905. In 1910 Lenin went
to Europe again to attend the Eighth Congress of the Second
International and spent time in France. He had a close friend – Inessa
Armand there. In 1914 he faced the World War I when he was
in Switzerland. He got a chance to come back to Russia with his
supporters. It is believed that German government assisted them. Many
historians thought that Lenin was sent to Russia by Germany to start
revolution and stop fighting against Germany [1, с. 73].
Lenin arrived to Petrograd in April to Finland train station and gave
speech to Bolsheviks. He asked to denounce Provisional Government as
traitors. After demonstration in Petrograd Lenin was ordered to arrest.
Provisional government proclaimed Lenin as German agent. After that he
went to Razliv (a place near Finnish-Russian border). Lenin returned
to Russia again in September only after Kornilov’s revolt. At night
of October 24 Bolsheviks captured Winter Palace, where provisional
government had meeting. Lenin became a leader of new government
[1, с. 73].
After the civil war, workers' strikes and peasant uprisings in opposition
to Sovnarkom's food requisitioning project Lenin introduced a marketoriented reform – the New Economic Policy (NEP).
In May 1922 Lenin had a massive stroke and was partially paralyzed,
he lived at his dacha Gorki. Lenin had connection to Sovnarkom through
Stalin who regular visited him. Lenin twice asked Stalin about poison
because he wanted to make suicide, but Stalin did not assist him. Lenin
told his sister Maria that Stalin was “not intelligent”. At the 11th Party
Congress in 1922, Lenin nominated Stalin as the party's new General
Secretary. Lenin became very angry when Stalin was rude to his wife
Krupskaya during a telephone conversation. In the final years of his life,
Lenin dictated notes about Stalin that became his testament. He criticized
13
Stalin's rude manners and excessive power, suggesting that Stalin should
https://secrethistory.su/1144-aleksandrkerenskiy-1917-god-v-ego-zhizni-otharizmy-do-marazma-odin-shag.html
A. Kerensky was born in a family
of middle class in April 22, 1881
in Simbirsk (now Ulyanovsk) and
died June 11, 1970, New York
(USA). He was a moderate socialist
revolutionary, a head of the Russian
Provisional government from July
to October 1917.
There were some similarities
between early life of Kerensky
and that of Lenin, the man who
later challenged Kerensky for
control of Russia.
be removed from the position of General Secretary. Vladimir Lenin died
at the age of 53 in January 1924. His body was laying for a week. Against
wishes of Lenin's widow he was embalmed and placed into a special
mausoleum first in London then in Petrograd and at last on Moscow's Red
Square. Petrograd was renamed to Leningrad after him [1, с. 74].
Task. Answer the following questions:
1. What do you know about the Ulyanovs?
2. Where did V. Lenin study at?
3. Where did he work?
4. Why did he send to exile to Siberia?
5. How did he meet N. Krupskaya?
6. Why did he organize a Social Democratic Party?
7. What part did he take in October 1917?
8. What relations did Lenin have with Stalin?
9. Who was considered as Lenin successor?
10. What were the reasons of Lenin’s death?
ALEXANDER KERENSKY (4 May 1881 – 11 June 1970)
14
They both were born in Simbirsk, a town on the Volga River, 600 miles
east from Moscow. Both fathers worked in education: Lenin’s – as
an inspector of schools, Kerensky’s – as a director of local gymnasium.
Kerensky’s father was a teacher of Vladimir Ulyanov and supplied him with
a written reference that helped Lenin to enter to Kazan University.
The Kerenskys and Ulyanovs families were known to each other and some
of them were friends. Kerensky and Lenin studied and graduated as lawyers.
Both were socialists: though Kerensky’s socialism was of the moderateliberal, while Lenin’s was radical.
When Kerensky was eight, the family moved to Tashkent, where his
father had been appointed the main inspector of public schools
(superintendent). Alexander finished gymnasium with honors in 1899. After
that he entered St. Petersburg University, where he studied history and
philology. The next year he changed faculty – law. He received his law
degree in 1904 and married Olga Baranovskaya, the daughter
of a Russian general.
While studying law at the University in St. Petersburg, Kerensky was
attracted to the Narodniki revolutionary movement. After graduating (1904),
he joined the Socialist Revolutionary Party (SR). After university Kerensky
became a prominent lawyer, frequently defending revolutionaries accused
of political offenses. At the end of 1904, he was jailed on suspicion
of belonging to a militant group. Afterwards Kerensky received a reputation
for his work as a defense lawyer in a number of political trials
of revolutionaries.
In 1912 Kerensky became widely known when he visited the goldfields
at the Lena River and published material about the Lena Minefields
incident. After this he was elected to the fourth Duma as a delegate from
Trudoviki (a moderate, non-Marxist Labor party founded by Alexis Aladin
that was associated with the Socialist-Revolutionary Party) from Volsk
(in Saratov province). He was a brilliant orator and skillful parliamentary
leader of the socialist opposition to the government of Tsar Nicholas II.
On May 28, 1914 Kerensky appealed to Rodzianko with a request from
the Council of elders to inform the Tsar that to succeed in war he must:
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1) change his domestic policy, 2) proclaim a General Amnesty for political
prisoners, 3) restore the Constitution of Finland, 4) declare the autonomy
of Poland, 5) provide autonomy for national minorities in the field
of culture, 6) abolish restrictions against Jews, 7) end religious intolerance,
8) stop the harassment of legal trade union organizations.
By the beginning of 1917 Kerensky became one of the most popular
members of the Duma. Unlike some of radical socialists, he supported
Russia’s participation in World War I. He became disappointed when
the February Revolution broke out in 1917. He urged the dissolution
of the monarchy. He accepted the posts of vice-chairman of the Petrograd
Soviet of Workers’ and Soldiers’ Deputies and minister of justice
in the Provisional government, formed by the Duma. He was the only
socialist with a cabinet position in the Provisional Government. Kerensky
was the only person who hold positions in both governing bodies,
he assumed the role of contact between them. When members of the Soviet
complained about possible conflict of interest, Kerensky made two speeches
which argued that links between both institutions were essential, he won
the debate. He instituted basic civil liberties – the freedoms of speech, press,
assembly, and religion; equal rights for women; liberalization of the legal
code of Russian Empire; abolition of the death penalty. Kerensky became
one of the most best known and popular persons among the revolutionary
leadership. When Lenin returned on April 1917 Kerensky proposed
to arrange a meeting with Lenin, but the Bolshevik leader refused.
Kerensky became the Minister of War and the dominant figure
in the new socialist-liberal coalition government after the first
government crisis. It took place after Pavel Milyukov's secret note about
original war aims of Russia on 2–4 May. Kerensky joined the new cabinet
of six socialists. Like his predecessors, Kerensky supported idea that
Russia continued participation in the First World War I, though his role as
justice minister had allowed him to avoid this subject. On 10 May
Kerensky visited one division after another on the front, urging the men
to do their duty. His speeches were impressive and convincing but had
little lasting effect. Under Allied pressure he launched what became known
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as the Kerensky Offensive against the Austro-Hungarian / German South
Army in Galicia on 17 June. First the offensive was successful, but soon
stopped and then thrown back by a strong counter-attack. The Russian
army suffered much losses (more than 400,000 people). Despite of these
military failures Kerensky remained popular and trusted partly because
of his good speeches. When the Provisional Government collapsed again
on the ‘July Days’, Kerensky was transferred from the post of minister
of war and navy and became a prime minister of the new government.
On 2 July 1917 the first coalition gad crisis on the question
of Ukraine's autonomy. As a head of government Kerensky ordered
to arrest the Bolshevik leaders, while others were sent into exile. AntiBolshevik propaganda began to flow from Kerensky and the government.
Kerensky also ordered the reintroduction of the death penalty in the army.
In August his authority could be threaten by the actions of General Lavr
Kornilov, whom had appointed by Kerensky as a commander-in-chief
of Russian army some weeks before. Kornilov planned to capture the
power and military dictatorship. Kerensky lost the confidence of the left
wing by refusing to implement their radical social and economic
programs, that’s why he was forced to ask the Soviets for support.
Kerensky tried to consolidate his authority and gain support from
the left wing. In September 1917 he declared Russia a socialist republic.
But Kerensky refused to give the workers of Petrograd – Russia’s
withdrawal from the war. He formed a five-member Directory, which
consisted of himself, minister of foreign affairs Mikhail Tereshchenko,
minister of war General Verkhovsky, minister of the navy Admiral
Dmitry Verderevsky and minister of post and telegraph Nikitin.
He retained his post in the final coalition government in October 1917
until it was overthrown by the Bolsheviks. In October Kerensky
attempted to head off an uprising by raids on Bolshevik buildings,
the destruction of their printing presses and the arrest of their leaders.
Russia was exhausted after three years participation in World War I.
The Provisional government offered little motivation for a victory.
Russian involvement in the war was not popular among the population.
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They all believed that Russia would stop fighting when the Provisional
Government took power. Vladimir Lenin and Bolshevik party were
promising "peace, land, and bread". The army was disintegrating by
a lack of discipline and leading to desertion. By autumn 1917 about two
million men unofficially left the army. Kerensky adopted a policy that
isolated the right-wing conservatives – democratic and monarchistoriented. His philosophy of “no enemies to the left” greatly empowered
the Bolsheviks. The arrest of Lavr Kornilov and other officers left
Kerensky without strong allies against the Bolsheviks.
During the Kornilov Affair, Kerensky had distributed weapons
among the Petrograd workers, and by October most of these workers went
to the Bolsheviks. On 25–26 October 1917 the Bolsheviks started
the second Russian revolution. Kerensky's government had almost
no support in Petrograd, only one – a subdivision of the First Petrograd
Women's Battalion (also known as The Women's Death Battalion). It was
able to fight for the government against the Bolsheviks, but this force was
overwhelmed by the pro-Bolshevik forces. This battalion was defeated
and captured. It took fewer than 20 hours for the Bolsheviks to seize
the government.
Kerensky fled the Winter Palace to Pskov before it was stormed by
Red Guards. There he planned to capture Petrograd. His troops planned
to capture Tsarskoe Selo, but were beaten the next day at Pulkovo. He
was forced to leave Russia. He remained in hiding until May 1918, when
he emigrated to western Europe. During the Russian Civil War Kerensky
supported nobody, as he opposed both the Bolshevik regime and
the White Movement.
He lived in France until 1940. When Germany invaded France he
emigrated to the United States of America. After the German invasion
to the Soviet Union in 1941, Kerensky offered his support to Joseph
Stalin. When his wife Nell became terminally ill in 1945, Kerensky
travelled with her to Brisbane (Australia) and lived there with her family.
She suffered a stroke in February 1946, he remained there until her death
on 10 April 1946. Kerensky returned to the United States, where he spent
the rest of his life.
18
In the USA Kerensky settled in New York City living in Upper East
Side on 91st Street, near Central Park. He devoted himself to writing
books on the revolution and editing émigré newspapers and journals.
In the United States Kerensky lectured at Stanford University, continued
to write books on his revolutionary experiences. Kerensky died
of arteriosclerotic heart disease at St. Luke's Hospital in New York
in 1970. He was the only surviving participants of the events of 1917.
The local Russian Orthodox Church refused to grant Kerensky burial
in New York, because of his association with Freemasonry and because
they saw him as responsible for falling of Russian Empire. A Serbian
Orthodox Church refused burial too. Kerensky's body was sent to London,
where he was buried at the non-denominational Putney Vale Cemetery.
Kerensky was married twice – with the first wife (Olga
Baranovskaya) he had two sons, Oleg and Gleb. They became engineers.
Kerensky and Olga were divorced in 1939 and soon he settled in Paris.
While he visiting the United States, he met and married in 1939
the Australian former journalist Lydia Ellen (Nell) Tritton. The marriage
took place in Martins Creek, Pennsylvania.
Task 1. Answer the following questions:
1. What connections were between the Ulyanov and the Kerensky?
2. What education did A. Kerensky receive?
3. What do you know about his activity in Social Revolutionary Party?
4. What was Kerensky’s role in February revolution?
5. How did he get to the Provisional Government?
6. What common features had Kerensky and Lenin?
7. What was happened with Kerensky during October revolution?
8. What was the fate of Kerensky after October revolution?
9. When and where did he die?
10. Had Kerensky a family and successors?
Task 2. Check what statements are true and what are false (T/F):
1. The result of February revolution was “Dual power”.
2. There was no crisis of Provisional government.
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3. Nicolas II was the last Russian Emperor who died in 1925.
1. 25th October 1917
А. Date massive demonstrations
of workers and soldiers erupted
against the continuation of war
2. October 10 1917
B. Date the provisional
government sent a secret letter
to the allies promising to continue
in the war
3. 20–21st April 1917
C. Storming of the Winter Palace
4. Second leader of the Provisional
Government
D. First Minister of Foreign Affairs
who sent the secret letter to continue
the war
4. Lenin became a head of Provisional government.
5. Kerensky was a leader of Social Democratic Party.
6. Historians consider Kerensky as a brilliant speaker and lawyer.
7. Soviet Russia wrote a peace treaty with France in Brest-Litovsk.
8. Lenin lived in France until 1940 and died when he was 80.
9. Kerensky didn’t support idea that Russia continued participation in
World War I.
10. Petrograd was renamed to Leningrad after Lenin.
Task 3. Write the answers:
1. Phrasing used in the letter to continue in the war _____________.
2. Trotsky's role in the Oct. rev. _____________________________.
3. First Minister of Foreign Affairs who sent the secret letter
to continue the war __________________________________________.
4. Number of Bolshevik party during April ____________________.
5. Order 1 quote _________________________________________.
6. Tsar Nicholas took command of the army, many soldiers lacked
proper military training and the supply of arms was insufficient. As
commander, many people blamed the Tsar for these defeats … there was
a breakdown in food supplies to the cities_________________________.
Task 4. Match dates, names and definitions:
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