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Файл:English for Information Security. Учебник
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5. Put the verbs in the correct present forms, Active Voice
1. The increasing use of digitized information and the rise of the Internet (make)
cryptography a daily tool for millions of people so far.
2. People (use) cryptography when they (purchase) an item via the World Wide
Web, when they (call) on a European (GSM) cell phone, or when they (make) a
withdrawal from a bank machine.
3. In modern cryptography the encryption algorithm (be) public and all secrecy
(reside) in the key.
4. The conference (start) at 10. Hurry up!
5. They (work) over the problem for three months but (not find) the solution yet.
6. Anybody (use) the printer? Can I use it?
7. We (meet) our colleagues from IS Laboratory at 1 p.m. tomorrow. Try not to
be late.
8. What you (do)? The device (not work)!
9. How long you (work) in IT sphere? I (quit) this job.
10. Such a system (provide) far more complex encryption than simple
polyalphabetic substitution.
6. Put the verbs in the correct present forms, Passive Voice
1. DES and Rijndael are "symmetric," or "private-key," systems; the same key
(use) for encryption and decryption and (know) to both sender and receiver.
2. Although cryptography (study) and (use) for thousands of years by
mathematicians, politicians, linguists, and lovers, it became the province of
national security in the half century following World War I.
3. Keep silence, please! The experiment (carry out).
4. Despite controversy, cryptography (turn) from being a tool used solely by
governments into the one that (use) by ordinary people every day.
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5. Asymmetric keys minimize this problem because a pair of keys (use) in a
public-key cryptosystem.
7. Thus, the issue still (consider) by the IT community.
8. Cryptographic system (develop) by MIT researchers. It could help neural
networks identify promising drug candidates in massive pharmacological
datasets, while keeping the data private.
9. Despite advances in cryptology, a known unbreakable code (not discover) yet.
10. Computer operating systems (suppose) to prevent any given program from
looking at the data stored by another.
7. Put the verbs in the correct present forms, Active or Passive Voice
1. The concept, invented by Whitfield Diffie and Martin Hellman in 1975, (base)
on the existence of mathematical functions that (be) fast to compute but which
(take) an extremely long time to invert.
2. The problem in security (arise) from the difficulty of securely transferring the
key so that those receiving the encrypted message (be able) to decrypt it.
3. For 65 years, most information-theoretic analyses of cryptographic systems
(make) a mathematical assumption that (turn out) to be wrong.
) other
notions of entropy, where greater weight (give) to improbable outcomes.
5. The level of security, which (provide) by computer encryption systems,
(permit) such large-scale transmission of data to be reasonably safe.
6. In recent years, pharmaceutical firms, universities, and other entities (become)
open to pooling pharmacological data into larger databases thus testing of these
security systems (can improve) greatly.
7. The DES (consider) secure because it (have) a sufficiently large number of
keys and encryption (do) in eighteen steps, in each of which the bits (permute)
and (scramble).
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8. Decryption basically (involve) running the entire eighteen-step process in
reverse.
9. When a message (encrypt) according to the U.S. Data Encryption Standard,
the coding (rely) on 72 quadrillion (1015) keys.
10. Some professors (express) reservations about the security of Rabin's method,
and even his supporters (remark) that no code will remain unbreakable for very
long.
Reading Section
8. Read the following text about cryptography and answer the following
questions
How can cryptography be defined?
What caused its advent?
When was the first use of cryptography traced?
How did the Caesar Shift Cipher work?
What is the difference between cryptography and steganography, if any?
Where did cryptography develop in the period of Renaissance?
How did government and military organizations use cryptography?
Text A. Origin of Cryptography
and share information and (b) to communicate selectively. These two needs gave
rise to the art of coding the messages in such a way that only the intended people
could have access to the information. Unauthorized people could not extract any
information, even if the scrambled messages fell in their hands.
The art and science of concealing the messages to introduce secrecy in
information security is recognized as cryptography.
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The art of cryptography is considered to be born along with the art of
writing. As civilizations evolved, human beings got organized in tribes, groups,
and kingdoms. This led to the emergence of ideas such as power, battles,
supremacy, and politics. These ideas further fueled the natural need of people to
communicate secretly with selective recipient which in turn ensured the
continuous evolution of cryptography as well.
The roots of cryptography are found in Roman and Egyptian
civilizations.
Hieroglyph − The Oldest Cryptographic Technique
The first known evidence of cryptography can be traced to the use of
messages written in hieroglyph. This code was the secret known only to the
scribes who used to transmit messages on behalf of the kings. One such
hieroglyph is shown below.
Later, the scholars moved on to using simple mono-alphabetic
substitution ciphers during 500 to 600 BC. This involved replacing alphabets of
message with other alphabets with some secret rule. This rule became a key to
retrieve the message back from the garbled message.
The earlier Roman method of cryptography, popularly known as
the Caesar Shift Cipher, relies on shifting the letters of a message by an agreed
number (three was a common choice), the recipient of this message would then
shift the letters back by the same number and obtain the original message.
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Steganography is similar but adds another dimension to Cryptography. In
this method, people not only want to protect the secrecy of an information by
concealing it, but they also want to make sure any unauthorized person gets no
evidence that the information even exists. For example, invisible
watermarking.
In steganography, an unintended recipient or an intruder is unaware of
the fact that observed data contains hidden information. In cryptography, an
intruder is normally aware that data is being communicated, because they can see
the coded/scrambled message.
Evolution of Cryptography
It is during and after the European Renaissance, various Italian and Papal
states led the rapid proliferation of cryptographic techniques. Various analysis
and attack techniques were researched in this era to break the secret codes.
Improved coding techniques such as Vigenere Coding came into
existence in the 15th century, which offered moving letters in the message with a
number of variable places instead of moving them the same number of places.
Only after the 19
th
century, cryptography evolved from the ad hoc
approaches to encryption to the more sophisticated art and science of information
security.
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In the early 20
th
century, the invention of mechanical and
electromechanical machines, such as the Enigma rotor machine, provided more
advanced and efficient means of coding the information.
During the period of World War II,
both cryptography and cryptanalysis became excessively mathematical.
With the advances taking place in this field, government organizations,
military units, and some corporate houses started adopting the applications of
cryptography. They used cryptography to guard their secrets from others. Now,
the arrival of computers and the Internet has brought effective cryptography
within the reach of common people [3].
Vocabulary Section
9. Form different parts of speech
Verb
Noun
encrypt
security
authenticate
simplicity
Noun
Adjective
cryptography
option
communicating
10. Give your definitions of the following terms
plaintext
optional authentication
encryption
vulnerable
ciphertext
key
decryption
embed data
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11. Translate into Russian the following paragraph
Serpent is an AES submission by Ross Anderson, Eli Biham, and Lars
Knudsen. Its authors combined the design principles of DES with the recent
development of bitslicing techniques to create a very secure and very fast
algorithm. While bitslicing is generally used to encrypt multiple blocks in
parallel, the designers of Serpent have embraced the technique of bitslicing and
incorporated it into the design of the algorithm itself. Serpent uses 128 bit blocks
and 256 bit keys. Like DES, Serpent includes an initial and final permutation of
no cryptographic significance; these permutations are used to optimize the data
before encryption. Serpent was released at the 5th International Workshop on
Fast Software Encryption. Serpent 1 resists both linear and differential attacks.
12. Complete the text by translating Russian phrases given in brackets
The use of public key cryptography is thus conceptually simple. But two
immediate worries may spring to mind. A first concern is that although (1
, ) will only see
) and the algorithm that Alice used for encryption. Trudy can thus
mount (3 ), using the known standardized encryption
she chooses. Trudy might well try to encode messages, or parts of messages she
chooses. Trudy might well try, for example, to encode messages, or parts of
messages, that she suspects that Alice might send. Clearly, if public key
cryptography is to work, (4 ) and encryption/decryption must be
done in such a way that it is impossible (or at least so hard to be impossible for
somehow otherwise (5
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), including Alice or someone
claiming to be Alice. In the case of a single shared secret key, the fact that the
sender knows the secret key (7 ). In the
case of public key cryptography, however, this is no longer the case since anyone
Certificates, which we will study later
13. Translate into English
a
a
b
-
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Speaking Section
14. Choose one of the aspects of cryptography or one of the ciphers and
present the information to the group
Which ideas made the greatest contribution to the development of
cryptography (present them in chronological order)?
What are the most famous cryptographic algorithms?
What do you know about their developers?
Which facts from the history of cryptography impressed you most of all?
Reading Section
15. Read the following text and summarize the idea of Blockchain technology
Text B. What is Blockchain Technology?
"The practical consequence […is…] for the first time, a way for one
Internet user to transfer a unique piece of digital property to another Internet
user, such that the transfer is guaranteed to be safe and secure, everyone knows
that the transfer has taken place, and nobody can challenge the legitimacy of the
transfer. The consequences of this breakthrough are hard to overstate."
- Marc Andreessen
A blockchain might not look that different from things you're familiar with,
say Wikipedia.
With a blockchain, many people can write entries into a record of
information, and a community of users can control how the record of
information is amended and updated. Likewise, Wikipedia entries are not the
product of a single publisher. No one person controls the information.
Descending to ground level, however, the differences that make blockchain
technology unique become more clear. While both run on distributed
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networks (the internet), Wikipedia is built into the World Wide Web
(WWW) using a client-server network model.
A user (client) with permissions associated with its account is able to change
Wikipedia entries stored on a centralized server.
Whenever a user accesses the Wikipedia page, they will get the updated
version of the 'master copy' of the Wikipedia entry. Control of the database
remains with Wikipedia administrators allowing for access and permissions to
be maintained by a central authority.
Wikipedia's digital backbone is similar to the highly protected and
centralized databases that governments or banks or insurance companies keep
today. Control of centralized databases rests with their owners, including the
management of updates, access and protecting against cyber-threats.
The distributed database created by blockchain technology has a
fundamentally different digital backbone. This is also the most distinct and
important feature of blockchain technology.
Wikipedia's 'master copy' is edited on a server and all users see the new
version. In the case of a blockchain, every node in the network is coming to the
same conclusion, each updating the record independently, with the most popular
record becoming the de-facto official record in lieu of there being a master copy.
Transactions are broadcast, and every node is creating their own
updated version of events.
It is this difference that makes blockchain technology so useful It
represents an innovation in information registration and distribution that
eliminates the need for a trusted party to facilitate digital relationships.
Yet, blockchain technology, for all its merits, is not a new technology.
Rather, it is a combination of proven technologies applied in a new way.
It was the particular orchestration of three technologies (the Internet, private key
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