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Файл:Сonstruction equipment for civil engineers. Учебно-практическое пособие
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МИНИСТЕРСТВО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ И НАУКИ РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ
Федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение
«МОСКОВСКИЙ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫЙ СТРОИТЕЛЬНЫЙ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ»
высшего профессионального образования
Т.В. Германович, Ю.В. Жидяева
CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT
FOR CIVIL ENGINEERS
Учебно-практическое пособие
Москва 2014
УДК 811.111
ББК 81.2Aнгл
Г38
Р е ц е н з е н т ы:
кандидат педагогических наук М.А. Манакова, заведующая кафедрой
гуманитарных наук филиала «Взлет» МАИ (НИУ);
кандидат педагогических наук И.К. Кириллова, доцент кафедры
ИЯиПК ФГБОУ ВПО «МГСУ»
Германович, Т.В.
Г38
Сonstruction equipment for civil engineers : учебно-практическое
пособие / Т.В. Германович, Ю.В. Жидяева ; М-во образования
и науки Росс. Федерации, Моск. гос. строит. ун-т. — Москва :
МГСУ, 2014. — 96 с.
ISBN 978-5-7264-0845-3
Содержит тексты для изучающего и просмотрового чтения, посвященные
истории развития строительной техники и современным дорожным и подъемным строительным машинам и ро
лексическими и грамматическими упражнениями и коммуникативными
заданиями (ролевыми играми).
Для аудиторной и самостоятельной работы студентов I курса, обучающихся по направлению подготовки 190100 «Наземно-транспортные
системы и технологические комплексы».
бототехнике. Тексты сопровождаются
УДК 811.111
ББК 81.2Aнгл
ISBN 978-5-7264-0845-3 © ФГБОУ ВПО «МГСУ», 2014
Предисловие
Предлагаемое учебно-практическое пособие предназначено для
студентов I курса, обучающихся по направлению подготовки 190100
«Наземно-транспортные системы и технологические комплексы».
Пособие направлено на овладение лексико-грамма-тическими
конструкциями для устного монологического и диалогического
высказывания в межличностном общении в профессиональной
деятельности данной специальности, а также развитие навыков
перевода при различных видах чтения.
Учебное пособие состоит из 5 разделов: “Science and scientists of
the past”(«Наука и ученые прошлого»); “Construction of the building”
(«Здание как объект строительства»); “The construction machinery”
(«Дорожная строительная техника»); “Robotics in construction”
(«Робототехника»); “Building materials” («Cтроительные материалы»). Каждый раздел содержит тексты для изучающего и ознакомительного чтения. Работа с текстом включает предтекстовый
этап, предполагающий подготовительную работу по снятию языковых трудностей и мотивирование на дальнейшее чтение. Обычно это знакомство с новыми лексическими единицами для более
осознанного последующего чтения: работа с интернациональными словами, словообразованием. Послетекстовый этап продолжает работу по закреплению новых лексико-грамматических
конструкций и активизации полученных знаний в речь. Каждый
раздел заканчивается ролевой игрой на темы изученного раздела
(«Интервью у известного изобретателя»; «Представление-реклама
строительной машины на выставке»), обсуждением («Материал для своего дома») или командной соревновательной игрой
(«Преимущества и недостатки нового строительного материалапеностекла»).
Также следует подчеркнуть, что изучаются и отрабатываются
грамматические явления, без которых адекватный перевод технической литературы по строительной специальности невозможен:
неличные формы глагола, причастие и инфинитивные конструкции, сложное подлежащее и модальные глаголы.
3
На усмотрение преподавателя студентам может быть рекомендован самостоятельный подбор текстов по определенной тематике для докладов, реферирования и аннотирования.
Приложение содержит фразы для аннотирования статьи на
английском языке.
Unit 1
SCIENCE AND SCIENTISTS OF THE PAST
Task 1
Exercise 1. Match the inventor and inventions:
1. Ivan Polzunov a) steam locomotive
2. William Otis b) first automobile
3. Cherepanovs c) diesel engine
4. Karl Benz d) steam shovel
5. Karl Deisel e) steam engine
Exercise 2. Before reading the text discuss the following questions:
1. What do you know about Diesel and his invention?
2. What makes the scientist successful: his diligence or talent?
Rudolf Diesel and His Invention
Rudolf Christian Karl Diesel (born 18.03.1858 in Paris — died
30.09.1913 on the English Channel) was an exceptional German
inventor of the famous Diesel engine, talented engineer, and “the James
Watt of the late nineteenth century”.
He spent his peaceful childhood with the friendly Diesel family in
Paris. Rudolf was a very stubborn and persistent young man who loved
music and art. He spoke English, German and French.
Family happiness was broken by the Franco-Prussian War. The Diesels
were deported to London. Rudolf lived with his relatives in Augsburg
where he studied at the Royal Country Trade School. He became an
extraordinary student at Technische Hochschule of Munich.
The idea of inventing a high economical engine appeared in Diesel’s
mind when he was a student. Carl von Linde, the pioneer of refrigeration,
and his lectures influenced young Diesel and sparked his interest in
engines. Now he knew what the sense of his life was. Diesel was a hardworking engineer who dedicated all of his spare time to the invention of
a new engine. At the same time he had to earn a lot of money to help his
family in France. But fortune favours the brave. At last the success came
5
to him in 1892. Diesel was granted a German patent for the engine,
named after him.
In 1883 Diesel published a book titled “Theory and a Rational
Thermal Engine to Replace the Steam Engine and the Combustion
Engines Known Today”. It described major methods of his engine work
that relied on a high air temperature, caused by extreme compression of
the fuel to ignite it, eliminating the spark plug. “It is the diesel’s higher
compression ratio that leads to its greater fuel efficiency. Because the air
is compressed, the combustion temperature is higher, and the gases will
expand more after combustion, applying more pressure to the piston
and crankshaft”.
Besides, Diesel was sure that his engine “can be fed with vegetables
oils and would help considerably in the development of agriculture of
the countries which use it”. That’s why his invention was originally
known as the “oil engine”. Diesel gave us a hi-tech and energy option
that could become an alternative to petroleum.
The first functional engine prototype was built at Maschinefabrik
Augsburg plant in July 1893. That engine test finished with a serious
explosion that practically killed Diesel. Several first engine samples were
not successful at all. Engines were huge in size, heavy and dangerous. Their
inventor heard a lot of reproaches, but nevertheless he didn’t put down
the work of his life. He was famous and rich. But Diesel couldn’t
enjoy
his achievement any more. A not-yet-ready engine, bad investment
and frequent headaches made him nervous. Diesel continued working
like crazy on the engine developing; himself criticizing it and that badly
affected his health and mood.
Some biographers believe his death was accidental in the waters of
the English Channel.
In any case Rudolf Christian Karl Diesel is a prominent personality
in the history of engine building. His engines are alive and they keep our
cars, ships, boats, tractors, electro generators, submarines, etc. going.
s
Exercise 3. Put the sentences in the right order to make the plan of
the text:
1. Carl von Linde, the pioneer of refrigeration and his lectures,
influenced Diesel and helped him to find the sense of his life.
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2. Diesel published the book in which he described major methods of
his engine work that relied on a high air temperature caused by extreme
compression of the fuel to ignite it, eliminating the spark plug.
3. Diesel became famous and wealthy.
4. Rudolf was a stubborn man who loved music and art and spoke
many foreign languages.
5. The first functional engine phototype was built at Ausburg plant.
6. He was a student at Technische Hochschule of Munich.
7. In 1892 Diesel granted a German patent for his engine.
Exercise 4. Make a story about Diesel as an inventor and his contri-
bution to the development of civilization and industry.
Task 2
Exercise 1. Before reading the text answer the questions:
1. What countries were the inventors of steam engines from?
2. What are their names?
Who Invented The Steam Engine?
It may be hard to believe that technology made the steam engine a
possibility all the way back in the first century AD. A Greek man was the
first person to combine water, steam, and air and use it to power certain
objects.
The uses for the steam engine may seem limitless, but it was
only originally used for a few different items. The following is a list of
few facts related to the invention of the steam engine.
a
Heron of Alexandria
Heron of Alexandria is the first person to have combined elements
to produce steam power. Initially he used the steam to power his steam
engine and he also developed the technology in order to power fountains
and a fire engine. His early work would not be abandoned, but significant
work on the steam engine would not come for centuries later.
Thomas Savery
In England, Thomas Savery started out trying to work on creating a
device that would remove large amounts of water from mining areas, but
instead ended up creating an improvement to Heron’s very old design.
7
Savery’s machine used pressure from the machine to force the water out
of the enclosed area.
Thomas Newcomen
Thomas Newcomen, who was also from England, worked on
improving the steam engine that Savery had stumbled upon years earlier.
His major addition to the steam engine was the singular usage of steam
to power. The steam powered and pumped the water more efficiently,
which garnered greater power than had ever been achieved before.
James Wyatt
Later, in Scotland, James Watt developed an idea to use condenser
to help aid in powering the steam engine. Watt also used both hot and
cold elements that he found to have a forceful affect. Also, Watt was
the first person who received a patent for the steam engine, and after it
was completely finished, he began selling and promoting his improved
invention. James Watt also has the distinction of having the unit of power
named after him and he was also the first to use the term “horsepower”
to describe how powerful his steam engine was. Because of all of his
efforts in studying and developing power, power is often measure in
“watts” after Watt and his contributions to the study of steam engines
and power.
Exercise 2. Make a story about one of the scientists who invented the
first steam engine and the features of his invention.
Task 3
Exercise 1. Before reading the text discuss the following questions
in pairs:
1. What Russian inventors do you know? What did they invent?
2. What would you like to invent?
Ivan Polzunov and the first steam engine in Russia
Ivan Ivanovich Polzunov (1728 — May 27, 1766) was a Russian
inventor. He created the first steam engine in Russia and the first twocylinder engine in the world.
Ivan Polzunov was born in the family of a soldier of peasant origin
in the town Turinsk (currently Sverdlovsk Oblast region, Russia). After
8
graduating in 1742 from Mining school in Ekaterinburg he worked as a
mechanic’s apprentice for the Chief Mechanic of Ural Plants Nikolay
Bakharev. Beginning in 1748 he worked in Barnaul.
In the library of Barnaul plant he found works of Mikhail Lomonosov,
that he studied by himself as well as the descriptions of contemporary
steam machines by I. Shlatter. In 1763 he proposed an original 1.8 h.p.
(1.2kW) steam machine. The design used two cylinders on the same shaft
that allowed its operations completely independently from water power
even on dry places or in mountains. This design was a great step forward
from contemporary steam machines that used hydropower to return the
pistons and so could not be used if the hydropower was not available.
The project was sent to Empress Catherine II. She awarded him 400
rubles and promotion two ranks (to captain-poruchik) but did not seem
to appreciate the new technology, as she recommended hydropower be
used to return the pistons as done in Britain.
In 1765 Polzunov designed a large 32 h.p. steam machine for air pumps
for steel furnaces. The director of Barnaul plants general Porshin agreed
to use Polzunov’s two-cylinder design as Barnaul steel mills were in a very
dry area and in summer they often did not have any hydropower at all.
The machine was assembled in the winter and spring of 1766; the
machine hall had very thin walls and a lot of draughts. Ivan Polzunov’s
tuberculosis became much worse, he coughed blood but still worked. He
died on May 27, 1766 at the age of 37, three days before the machine
was finished. The machine worked three months, then was disassembled
and replaced by convenient hydropower, despite paying off its costs in
those three months. A working model of the steam machine made by
Ivan Polzunov is in the museum of Barnaul and it still works.
Exercise 2. True or false? Correct the wrong statements:
1. Ivan Polzunov created a first steam engine in Russia.
2. Polzunov invented the first three-cylinder engine in the world.
3. After graduating in 1742 from Mining school he worked as a chief
Mechanic of Ural Plants.
4. Beginning in 1748 he worked in Ekaterinburg.
5. The power of his steam engine was 1.8 h.p.
6. Polzunov’s engine didn’t need hydropower.
7. Catherine II didn’t appreciate the new invention.
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8. This steam engine machine could be used in a dry area.
9. There is no working model of Polzunov’s machine left.
Exercise 3. Put the sentences in the right order to make a plan of the
text. Retell the text:
1. The director of Barnaul plants agreed to use Polzunov’s engine
because it didn’t need hydropower.
2. The design of his steam engine and its difference from the previ-
ous steam engines.
3. His engine worked for three months but Polzunov will always be
remembered as the great Russian inventor.
4. Ivan Polzunov was a Russian inventor.
5. His origin, his studies and occupation.
Task 4
Exercise 1. Before reading the text discuss the following question in
pairs:
1. Who invented the first automobile?
2. Do you like Mercedes-Benz cars? Have you, your family or your
friends got one? Are they of good quality?
Karl Benz (Carl Benz)
In 1885, German mechanical engineer, Karl Benz designed and
built the world’s first practical automobile to be powered by an internalcombustion engine. On January 29, 1886, Benz received the first patent
(DRP No. 37435) for a gas-fueled car. It was a three-wheeler; Benz
built his first four-wheeled car in 1891. Benz & Company, the company
started by the inventor, became the world’s largest manufacturer of
automobiles by 1900.
Karl Friedrich Benz was born in 1844 in Baden Muehlburg,
Germany (now part of Karlsruhe). He was the son of an engine driver.
Benz attended the Karlsruhe grammar school and later the Karlsruhe
Polytechnic University. In 1871, he founded his first company with
partner August Ritter, the “Iron Foundry and Machine Shop” a supplier
of building materials.
Benz began his work on a two-stroke engine, in hopes of finding a
new income. He received his first patent in 1879. In 1883, he founded
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