Добавил:
ivanov666
Опубликованный материал нарушает ваши авторские права? Сообщите нам.
Вуз:
Предмет:
Файл:Сonstruction equipment for civil engineers. Учебно-практическое пособие
.pdf
Unit 4
ROBOTICS IN CONSTRUCTION
Task 1
Exercise 1. Before reading the text answer the following questions:
1. Where is robotics used?
2. What advantages of application of robotics in civil engineering
do you know (your ideas)? Then look through the text and find what do
application of robotics improve in civil engineering.
Exercise 2. Find the equivalents of the international words in the
text:
Стадия постройки; гражданское строительство; эффективный;
сложность; робототехника; оптимизировать; обеспечивать условия; житель; промышленный; стационарный; конвейер; идентичный; перепрограммировать; функционировать; разновидность;
производительность; рабочая сила.
Exercise 3. Translate the words paying attention to the suffixes and
prefixes:
Important, importance; differ, different, difference; available, availability; apply, application; safe, safety; occupy, occupant, occupancy;
humid, humidity; danger, dangerous, dangerously.
Exercise 4. Create a participle using an example:
For example: сarry out (выполнять) — выполняющий (сarrying out),
выполненный (carried out)
improve (улучшать) — улучшенный план; организация, улучшающий условия жизни;
apply (применять) — строитель, применяющий робототехнику; примененный метод;
incorporate (инкорпорировать)
кoмпания, инкорпорирующая новые методы.
Robotics in construction
Construction phase is one of the most important aspects of civil
engineering structures. The success of a project depends on how well the
construction phase is carried out. Efficient and economical construction
— инкорпорированная деталь;
61
is important because of the increasing complexity of structures are being
built, the availability of improved materials and construction equipment.
Applications and activities of robotics started in the early 1990s
aiming to optimize equipment operations improve safety and provide
quality conditions for building occupants.
Construction robots have certain characteristics different from
industrial robots. Typically in industry, robots are stationary and product
moves along the assembly line. Automation is easier to incorporate
because each product is identical done over and over. However,
construction robots and industrial robots have different functions. They
must move about the site, because buildings are stationary and of a large
size. Construction robots also work in changing site conditions and
must be reprogrammed with each new condition. They must be able
to function under different weather conditions including variations in
humidity and temperature.
Applications of automation and robotics improve productivity,
quality, working conditions and skilled labour shortages in the
construction industry. Construction industry needs a lot of labour and
is conducted in dangerous situations and therefore the importance of
construction robotics has grown rapidly.
Exercise 5. Find the equivalents in the text:
Возрастающая сложность; доступность материалов; строительное оборудование; нацеленный на оптимизацию; повышать
безопасность; двигаться вдоль; производимый снова и снова; изменение во влажности; нехватка квалифицированного труда.
Exercise 6. Answer the question:
Why is efficient construction important? — It is important because of...
1) the availability of cheap material;
2) complexity of construction;
3) increasing population;
4) complexity of design.
Exercise 7. Find the wrong statements:
1. Application of robotics aiming to replace human activity by robots
completely.
2. Application of robotics provide quality conditions for workers.
3. Application of robotics improve building material.
62
Exercise 8. Answer the questions:
What is the difference between robotics in construction and in
industry?
1. Robotics in construction is much more expensive.
2. Robotics in construction works in changing condition.
3. Industrial robotics function in different weather condition.
Exercise 9. Complete the sentence:
Application of automation...
1. ... needs skilled labour.
2. ... improve working conditions.
3. ... is conducted in dangerous situations.
Exercise10. Make a plan to the text in question form.
What does the process of a construction project depend on?
Task 2
Exercise 1. Read the text and say if the text is advertising, scientific,
entertaining or just news. Prove your answer.
Exercise 2. Find the international words and translate them.
Demolition robot
Perfect for demolition
and out, the demolition robot is also ideal for pile-driving
in limited spaces such as basements
lightweight. The extra-low-weight, fixed arm
1
and smaller excavation work both indoors
3
. The DXR 250 is powerful and
4
is durable enough to
2
and working
guarantee stability, 15 feet from machine to tip of breake. A low-body
guarantees the operator can see over the machine when working, creating
5
a safer and more efficient working environment. The dozer blades
make
the chassis shorter, which enables easy maneuvering in limited spaces
and during transportation.
A new robot has been developed because there is a demand for a
machine in this size class. The DXR 250 is compact and flexible to operate;
1. Demolition — cнос, разборка разрушение.
2. Pile-driving — забивка свай.
3. Basement — подвал.
4. Fixed arm — рычаг.
5. Doser blade — лезвие бульдозера.
63
it weighs only 3,594 pounds and has an output of 25 hp (horsepower).
There is also a 30-hp option, says Thomas Nilsson, Business Manager
Demolition Equipment.
The main features include a remote control that is easy to use with
one-hand operation, a 3.5-inch colour display and Bluetooth technology
which is less sensitive to environment. The strong, durable baseplate
1
is
in a single piece for optimal weight distribution and balance. The plate
includes fasteners
2
, lifting loops3 and LED spotlight4 giving the machine
durability and unbeatable workplace illumination. An electric fan
provides efficient cooling and the electric proportional control of the
6
hydraulic pump
ensures pressure is efficiently controlled.
Exercise 3. Find the equivalents in the text:
Для мелких земляных работ; ограниченное пространство; более эффективная окружающая среда; давать возможность легкого
маневрирования; требования в этом калибре; пульт управления;
цветной дисплей; чувствительный к окружающей среде; прочная
подкладка; великолепную иллюминацию рабочего места
Exercise 4. Look through the sentences and say if there is information
about it in the text.
1. Lightweight of the demolition robot cannot give opportunity of
doing any excavation work.
2. The demolition robot can maneuver in limited spaces because the
operator can see over the machine while working.
3. Demolition robot can be operated with remote control.
4. The electric proportional control of the hydraulic pump makes
demolition robot less sensitive to environment.
5
Task 3
Exercise 1. Look through the text and say what invention is described?
Why was it invented? Title the text.
Exercise 2. Have you ever invented something in your life? What was it?
1. Baseplate — плита.
2. Fastener — крепление.
3. Loop — петля.
4. Spotlight — прожектор.
5. Fan — вентилятор.
6. Pump — насос.
64
The goal of the Robot Design Project was to create a computercontrolled machine. The machine needed to operate for 30 to 60 seconds
without any human interaction. It was also necessary to design it durable
enough to be transported to the show. Construction of the robot needed
to fit within a $30 budget.
1
I chose to design a robotic wrecking crane
as I had an experience in the
construction field. The crane had two main goals: 1) to find and pick up a
steel ball and 2) swing the ball around to knock over a wall of soda cans.
To save on time and money, I started off with a toy crane that I
had and built a wooden box for the crane to sit on, as well as to hide
the electronic components that would control the crane. For esthetics,
2
I removed the fake lights and replaced them with yellow LEDs
(that
would flash while the crane was operating).
I pressed two 12-volt gear motors onto the crane, one to raise and lower
3
the ball and the other to turn the turret
. A single position sensor, mounted
to the base of the crane, controlled the motor attached to the turret.
The device I created to pick up the steel ball was an upside-down U
shaped piece of metal with a magnet in its center. On opposite sides of
the U were an infrared emitter and a phototransistor detector. The crane
slowly swung this pickup apparatus around until the magnet took the
steel ball. When this happened, the infrared beam would be broken and
the phototransistor detector would become an open switch, telling the
computer that the magnet had something to catch.
Exercise 3. Match the words and their equivalents:
1) swing a) поднимать, собирать
2) knock over b) вращать, кружить, вертеть
3) pick up c) опрокинуть
4) spin d) качать, раскачивать
Exercise 4. Make a plan to the text in question form.
For example: What was necessary for computer controlled machine to
be taken to the show?
1. Wrecking crane — кран для сноса зданий.
2. LEDs light emitting diods — светоизлучающий диод.
3. Turret — башенка.
Unit 5
BUILDING MATERIALS
Task 1
Exercise 1. Translate the international words:
Material, naturally, substance, construct, product, synthetic,
manufacture, industry, typically, segmented, specific, structure,
generally, categorize, minimally, manipulation, plastics, basic, tent,
local, general.
Natural and man-made building materials
Building material is any material which is used for construction
purposes. Many naturally occurring substances, such as clay, rocks, sand,
and wood, even twigs and leaves, have been used to construct buildings.
Apart from naturally occurring materials, many man-made products are
in use, some more and some less synthetic. The manufacture of building
materials is an established industry in many countries and the use of
these materials is typically segmented into specific specialty trades, such
as carpentry, insulation, plumbing, and roofing work. This reference
deals with habitats and structures including homes.
Building materials can be generally categorized into two sources,
natural and synthetic. Natural building materials are those that are
unprocessed or minimally processed by industry, such as lumber or glass.
Synthetic materials are made in industrial settings after much human
manipulations, such as plastics and petroleum based paints. Both have
their uses.
Natural materials. Mud, stone, and fibrous plants are the most basic
building materials, aside from tents made of flexible materials such as
cloth or skins. People all over the world have used these three materials
together to create homes to suit their local weather conditions. In
general stone and/or brush are used as basic structural components in
these buildings, while mud is used to fill in the space between, acting as
a type of concrete and insulation.
A basic example is wattle and daub mostly used as permanent housing
in tropical countries or as summer structures by ancient northern
people.
66
Exercise 2. Find the equivalents:
1) construction purpose a) изоляционные работы
2) naturally occurring substances b) цель строительства
3) man made products c) волокнистое растение
4) manufacture d) водопроводное дело
5) carpentry e) вещества природного происхождения
6) plumbing f) промышленная установка
7) insulation work g) продукция, сделанная людьми
8) unprocessed h) необработанный
9) industrial setting i) плотничные работы
10) fibrous plant j) производство
Exercise 3. Answer the questions:
1. What natural substances have been used to construct buildings?
2. What are specific specialty trades of the manufacture of building
materials?
3. What sources can be all building materials categorized into?
4. What is the difference between natural and synthetic materials?
5. What are the most basic natural building materials?
Exercise 4. Retell the text briefly.
Task 2
Exercise 1. Answer the questions:
1. What building materials do you know?
2. What are the most popular materials nowadays?
3. What property of material do you know?
4. What property is the most important for a building material to be
heavy or light?
5. How will the material be used?
6. Should it be flexible or stiff (жесткий)?
7. Should it be waterproof?
8. How strong must it be?
9. Are colour and texture important?
67
Exercise 2. Before reading complete the table about properties of
materials. The property can be:
Tough — жесткий, brittle — хрупкий, transparent — прозрачный, strong, durable, fire-resistance, easy or difficult in maintenance,
heap, expensive.
Building Material Properties of materials
Concrete
Wood
Bricks
Steel
Plastics
Glass
Building material. Part 1.
The Basic Properties of Building Materials
In the civil engineering, building materials plays different roles, so they
should possess corresponding properties. For example, structural materials
should have good mechanical characteristics; waterproof materials should
be water-resistant; wall materials should be heat-insulating and soundabsorbing. In addition, building materials should be durable because they
often affected by various external factors, such as wind, rain, sun and
frost. The basic properties of building materials include physical property,
mechanical property, durability and decorativeness.
As with all buildings, before construction can start the designer
has to decide which are the best materials to use. In all buildings many
different materials are used. Different properties make materials suitable
for different uses.
There are special ways of strengthening concrete. Concrete is very
1
hard and resists squashing
extremely well. But it is brittle and tends to
crack when bent. Sometimes it is reinforced by steel bars or meshes. These
strengthen the concrete and help to stop it bending and breaking.
2
Bricks are made of clay, shale
or various other materials. Clay is
cheap and plentiful and can be formed in to a variety of shapes and sizes.
Bricks are strong, hard and resistant to fire and damage to the weather.
1. Squashing — сплющивание.
2. Shale — глинистый сланец.
68
Steel is one of the world’s cheapest and most useful metals. It is hard
and durable. Steel is a strong metal yet it is light.
Plastics are man-made materials that can be shaped in to almost
any form. Plastic is light weight. Plastic can be coloured, opaque or
transparent. Plastic is strong, it is a good insulator and is waterproof.
Glass is made from heating sand. Glass has many useful properties. Glass
is transparent. Glass is strong but it can shatter. Glass can be moulded or
blown or coloured.
Metals have many useful properties. Metals are strong and tough
Metals are easy to shape. Metals are shiny.
Exercise 3.
1) водонепроницаемый a) durable
2) водостойкий b) heat-insulating
3) теплоизолирующий c) waterproof
4) звукопоглощающий d) sound-absorbing
5) прочный, долговременный e) water-resistant
Find equivalents:
Exercise 4. Make the words using the suffix -en. Translate them:
strength (cила) — strengthen (усиливать)
Length, wide, fast, soft, weak.
Exercise 5. True or false?
1. Metal is strong, hard, shiny and easily shaped.
2. Plastic is magnetic.
3. Plastic can be transparent, translucent or opaque.
4. Glass cannot be made into objects with different shape.
5. Clay is easily shaped.
6. Wood is not flexible.
7. Steel is an expensive but useful material.
8. For construction purpose any type of timber may be selected.
9. Plastics are a natural material that decompose quickly.
10. Concrete is frequently reinforced to make it stronger.
Task 3
Exercise 1. Look through the text and say what it is about in Russian:
69
Building materials. Part 2
Concrete
Concrete is a composite building material made from the combination
of aggregate (composite) and a binder such as cement. The most common
form of concrete is Portland cement concrete, which consists of mineral
aggregate (generally gravel and sand), portland cement and water. After
mixing, the cement hydrates and eventually hardens into a stone-like
material. When used in the generic sense, this is the material referred to
by the term concrete.
For a concrete construction of any size, as concrete has a rather
low tensile strength, it is generally strengthened using steel rods or bars
(known as rebars). This strengthened concrete is then referred to as
reinforced concrete. In order to minimise any air bubbles, that would
weaken the structure, a vibrator is used to eliminate any air that has been
entrained when the liquid concrete mix is poured around the ironwork.
Concrete has been the predominant building material in this modern
age due to its longevity, formability, and ease of transport. Recent
advancements, such as Insulating concrete forms, combine the concrete
forming and other construction steps (installation of insulation).
Metal
Metal is used as structural framework for larger buildings such as
skyscrapers, or as an external surface covering. There are many types of
metals used for building. Steel is a metal alloy whose major component
is iron, and is the usual choice for metal structural building materials.
It is strong, flexible, and if refined well and/or treated lasts a long time.
Corrosion is metal’s prime enemy when it comes to longevity.
The lower density and better corrosion resistance of aluminium
alloys and tin sometimes overcome their greater cost. Brass was more
common in the past, but is usually restricted to specific uses or specialty
items today.
Metal figures quite prominently in prefabricated structures such as
the Quonset hut, and can be seen used in most cosmopolitan cities. It
requires a great deal of human labour to produce metal, especially in the
large amounts needed for the building industries.
Other metals used include titanium, chrome, gold, silver. Titanium
can be used for structural purposes, but it is much more expensive than
steel. Chrome, gold, and silver are used as decoration, because these
70
Соседние файлы в предмете [НЕСОРТИРОВАННОЕ]