Добавил:
ivanov666
Опубликованный материал нарушает ваши авторские права? Сообщите нам.
Вуз:
Предмет:
Файл:Сonstruction equipment for civil engineers. Учебно-практическое пособие
.pdf
What is concrete? What are the proportions of concrete ingredients? What
type of aggregate should be used? How much water should be added while
mixing? What procedures should be followed after placing the concrete?
Exercise 2. Answer the questions:
1. What are main three groups of building materials?
2. What are the selection criteria for building materials?
3. How can you define the strength of a building material?
4. What are three requirements of durability of building materials?
5. What can you say about availability and manufacturability
requirements?
6. Will you give the examples of environment friendly building materials?
7. What is the key factor governing the choice of material?
8. What is the purpose of standardization?
Exercise 3. Make a plan to the text and retell it.
Task 9
Exercise 1. Before reading the text answer the following questions:
1. What new building materials do you know?
2. What are advantages of these materials?
Modern Building materials
Foamed glass
Foamed glass is considered to be a unique material due to its features,
advantages of application of this material in industry.
Foamed glass was mentioned as potentially achievable material by
the Russian scientist in 1932.
Nowadays advanced technologies and modern facilities for foamed
glass production are available in the United States, Japan, China and
Byelorussia.
What are the basis features of this insulating material. They are flame
resistance, water resistance and stability in chemically and biologically
hostile environment.
The foamed glass is composed of higher oxides of such material as calcium, sodium, aluminum, and magnesium. They are no any organic inclusions
in it. It is well known that higher oxides are inflammable and incombustible.
Practically, it does not burn even in oxygen inflow! The material becomes soft
at a temperature exceeding 500°С, and it starts melting at over 1500°C. The
flame is not known to pass through a barrier made of foamed glass.
81
The next feature is water resistance. It is impossible to get this material
wet if it even completely sink in water. The texture of this material is isolated silica bubbles of spherical and hexagonal shape. Due to it water absorption rate of the material stays stable with time. This material can be used in
humidity environment or even fully sank in water. So water resistance and
vapour insulating abilities of foamed glass can provide 100 %
insulation.
Also the foamed glass is absolutely stable to any impacts from active
chemicals of both non-organic and organic nature. This material is
absolutely “non-passable” for rodents and insects it is very abrasive.
None of existing insulating materials has such resistance against attacks
by different animals, as foamed glass.
The characteristics of this material such as heat transfer rate,
mechanical stability, shape stability, water and fire stability make this
unique insulating material with actually unlimited life time.
Exercise 2. Look through the text and find out if all the chemical
elements are mentioned
Exercise 3. Match the equivalents:
1) foamed glass a) приток кислорода
2) insulating b) влиять
3) flame resistance c) пеностекло
4) oxygen inflow d) пар, испарения
5) isolated e) непроводящий звук
6) vapour f) впрыск кислорода
7) impact g) изолированный
Exercise 4. Translate the words paying attention to suffixes and prefixes:
Flame (пламя), flammable; inflame (воспламеняться) inflammable, uninflammable; include (включать), inclusion, inclusive, inclusively; resist (сопротивляться), resister, resistant, resistible, irresistible; combust (гореть, воспламеняться), combustion, combustive
(топливный), combustible, incombustible, combustibility.
Exercise 5. Find the equivalents in the text:
Достижимый материал; продвинутые технологии; враждебная
окружающая среда; способность пароизоляции, скорость теплопередачи
82
Exercise 6. Choose the right answer:
Why is foamed glass stable in chemically and biologically hostile
environment?
a) as water and flame resistance of this material;
b) as it is composed of higher oxides;
c) as silica bubbles of spherical and hexagonal shape;
d) foamed glass can provide 100 % insulation.
Exercise 7. Join suitable part:
1. The material is non-passable for rodents and insects:
a) as it is water resistance;
b) as it is incombustible;
c) as there are no organic inclusion in it.
2. This material can be used in humidity environment:
a) it s is abrasive;
b) due to vapour insulating abilities;
c) as there are calcium, sodium, magnesium in foamed glass.
Exercise 8. Find the sentences with complex subject and translate:
Foamed glass is considered to be a unique material due to its features, advantages of application of this material in industry. — Счита-
ют, что пеностекло....
Exercise 9. Translate into English:
1. Говорят, что биологический пластик завоевывает рынок.
2. Предполагают, что композитные материалы, такие как углепла-
стик (carbon fiber — reinforced plastic) будут материалами XXI века.
3. Известно, что пеностекло является устойчивым к атакам
грызунов.
4. Маловероятно, что железо будет много использоваться в
строительстве.
5. Оказывается, что свойство материала не загрязнять окру-
жающую среду является важным.
Task 10
Exercise 1. Look through the text and say why comprehension resis-
tance so important is:
Compression resistance — предел прочности при сжатии;
прочность на сжатие; сопротивление сжатию
83
Comprehension resistance
Do you know that compression resistance of this material several
time exceeds the same character of any fiber insulating material?
First of all, the higher value of compression strength factor the less
deformation can be caused by outer loads. Another advantage of an
insulating material with high strength resistance is that material can bear
a portion of total structural loads due to its physical strength, and it can,
in some cases eliminate the use of auxiliary steel support, to improve
total heat resistance. It is known that the more foreign inclusions into
any insulating material the more so called “ice bridges” occur.
The next advantage is environment and sanitary safety. The foamed
glass can make heat insulation not only in those areas with extra clean
environment like hospitals, education facilities, sport facilities, museums,
hi-tech production facilities, but also in those areas classified to meet special
sanitary requirements food and pharmacy, saunas, cafes, restaurants.
What is more remarkable? Foamed glass is considered to save the
environment, because common glass scrap is used in the material
production process.
Nowadays foamed glass is used in food industry as glass heat protection
of buildings and equipment at slaughtering and meat processing plants.
Closed bubbles in foamed glass is known to prevent development of
specific smell one can often fell in food processing plant.
Moreover, there is no “ice bridge” formation even at extremely cold
cryogenic temperatures. So, foamed glass is successfully used for heat
insulation in those cryogenic systems industries that operate condensed
gas (ammonia, hydro carbonate).
As for the future of this insulating material nanometer-bubbles of
foamed glass and other incredible properties of it may be used to build
up powerful energy-storage capacitors. They will accumulate energy
in electric car batteries. This magic foam may also help to build up
modified lithium batteries, new types of accumulators. It is not often
happened when such a small quantity of material can have so many
potential applications.
Exercise 2. Find the equivalents:
Фактор прочности сжатия, внешние нагрузки, вспомогательная
стальная нагрузка, безопасность окружающей среды, стеклолом,
мясоперерабатывающий завод, конденсатор сохранения энергии.
Exercise 3. Agree or disagree:
84
1. There is no “ice- bridges” in foamed glass so it is water resistance.
2. Foamed glass eliminates the use of auxiliary steel support as there
are a lot of foreign inclusions in it.
3. Closed bubbles in foamed glass is known to be energy storage
capacitors.
4. In the future nanometer-bubbles of foamed glass can change the
weather outside your home.
Exercise 4. What is the main idea of the text:
1. Foamed glass is successfully used for heat insulation in those
cryogenic systems industries.
2. Foamed glass is an insulating material with high strength
resistance.
3. Foamed glass is a unique insulating material.
4. Foamed glass is absolutely stable to any impacts from active
chemicals of both non-organic and organic nature.
Exercise 5. Put the plan of the text in the right order:
1) the application in food industry;
2) flame resistance;
3) sanitary safety of foamed glass;
4) application in different countries;
5) nanometer bubbles of foamed glass;
6) water resistance;
7) resistance against attack by different animals;
8) application in cryogenic system industry.
Exercise 6. Make an interview with a director of foamed glass
company production:
— Hi, I am a reporter from Civil Engineering journal.
— Hi, Glad to meet you.
— Could I ask you some questions about this unique material?
— Sure.
— I wonder when was it first mentioned?
Discussion. Prove that foam glass has actually unlimited time.
Do you know some drawbacks of using foamed glass? (Give your
ideas then read the text).
Today, despite the advantages, it has also some drawbacks. The
spray foam insulation is very pricey than other conventional standard
85
and traditional products out there that offer exactly the same insulation.
This kind of insulation demands defense against exposure to the sunshine
and strong kitchen area or bathroom solvents. Lots of people are allergic
to the chemical used for this product which perhaps lethal also to young
children who may inadvertently ingest the products. The gases that it
produces maybe hazardous in cases of fire. And most importantly this
sort of insulator can cause emission of garden greenhouse gas.
Task 11
Exercise 1. Before reading the text answer the following questions:
1. What has changed in construction industry over recent years (your
ideas, then find answers in the text)?
2. Look through the first passage of the text and say what standards
a product
is required to achieve the market.
Standards promote advances in construction technologies
For any product, standards are a critical step along the way from
research and development to adoption in the marketplace. New products
would not be accepted by the marketplace and the public without
standardization that ensures quality and safety. Many industries today are
faced not only with managing the march of technological development,
but with pressures to do so efficiently, cost-effectively and with public and
environmental safety. The construction industry is no exception.
The appearance, component materials, energy efficiency and
environmental impact of habitable structures has changed dramatically
over recent years due in large part to the successful standardization of
new materials, processes and technologies.
Task 12
Exercise 1. Read the text and do the the exercises:
Stone Masonry Veneer
The cost savings and design freedom offered by stone masonry
veneer products have led to their increased use in architectural
projects. Compared to natural stone, manufactured stone veneers can
be reinforced with steel, can be coloured, and have a durable life. The
manufactured product’s consistency of appearance makes repetitive
use of the material. In addition, older structures can be rehabilitated
86
with manufactured stone veneer that replicates the appearance of
deteriorating stone.
Exercise 2. Find the equivalents:
1) masonry veneer a) ухудшаться
2) reinforce b) каменная облицовка стены
3) deteriorate c) укреплять
Exercise 3. Find international words in the text and translate them.
Exercise 4. Look through the text and find the advantages of using
masonry veneer.
Task 13
Exercise 1. Read the text and do the the exercises:
Structural glazing
Structural glazing1 is a technology in which glass is attached to
a buildi
ng using adhesives2. Although it first appeared into the 1960s,
structural glazing has, in the last 20 years, experienced growth; now it
can be seen in high-rises and other buildings in cities all over the world.
ASTM (American society for testing material) International has had
a hand in the research in and standardization of structural sealant
3
glazing
for 30 year. It has developed 12 standards for this material. These include
specifications, guides and testing methodologies for such critical features
as making sure a sealant is compatible
determining the tensile
5
adhesion properties of a sealant and more.
4
with accessories in a glazing system,
Exercise 2. Find the equivalents in the text:
Прикрепленный к зданию; переживать рост; детализация для
важных особенностей; сочетаться со вспомогательными материалами; определять адгезионные свойства.
Exercise 3. Is this information in the text about structural glazing or not?
1. Glazing — остекленение.
2. Adhesive — клей, клейкое вещество.
3. Sealant — материал для уплотнений.
4. Compatible — сочетаемый.
5. Tensile — растяжимый.
87
1. Structural glazing is used in high rises in Arab Emirates.
2. Structural glazing has been used for more than 50 years.
3. The research of a sealant makes it possible to hang glass panel
using 1 mm of adhesive.
Exercise 4. True or false?
1. Structural glazing is a technology in which glass is used for walls,
floor and roofs of the building.
2. Specifications, guides and testing methodologies are made to see
the properties of a sealant.
Task 14
Exercise 1. Read the text and say about new types of cements, its
composition and properties:
New types of cements
Everything in the world is improving. Building materials is no
exception, because the needs of people in them more and more. Your
attention given the latest news in the area.
One of the most popular construction material is concrete. Concrete
buildings are better known for their strength, than good lighting. All this
was true before the invention of translucent concrete, which promises
to soon go on sale. Translucent concrete mixed with glass fiber strands,
creating a sturdy, but lightweight unit.
70 % of the material is made from recycled paper, but it’s very
strong. First, Richmit was used in the aerospace, shipbuilding, the sports
industry as a reinforcing coating like fiberglass, but today it is available
for construction purposes.
Self-healing cement. It may seem that most of the above materials
were created as an alternative to concrete, but develops and cement
itself. Today is the development of self-healing cement that it will be
able to “patch” their own crack. This cement is mixed with capsules that
release the glue automatically the sealing any cracks. In future, we will
save money on repairs, and save energy by creating buildings that can
regulate their own temperature.
Another material we would like to consider is liquid granite. According
to its creators, liquid granite has the ability to completely replace cement
in concrete. The material is lightweight and has the same power load,
as the cement, it is made from recycled materials. Liquid granite does
not have any of those negative influences that have on the environment
88
and cement concrete. It consists of a recycled material by 30...70 % , and
in the concrete it should be only one third of the conventional cement.
Finally, liquid granite is very heat-resistant. It withstands temperatures
up to 100 degrees Celsius, while retaining their basic structural features.
Next thing is flexible concrete.
Plane concrete is a brittle material, any
break or bend leads to fracture. A new type of concrete reinforced with fiber
optics, will help solve this problem. New concrete about 500 times more
resistant to cracking than conventional concrete, thanks to small patches of
fiber by weight is only 2 % of the mass of material. When a bending material,
fiberglass slides inside the concrete, allowing it to avoid cracks. But it’s not
just fiber, the material is adapted to the concrete maximum flexibility. And
thanks to all the measures taken, this concrete has a much longer service
life, which means its promising efficiency in construction.
Exercise 2. Write annotation of the text.
Task 15
Exercise 1. Before reading the text answer the following question:
What is green building?
— Building that is constructed of only natural material.
— Building that is painted in green colour that is so comforting for
eyes like green leaves.
— Building that uses saving up technology.
Green building
Ecological building has been one of the most interesting tendency in
construction field for last decade.
Do you know that all buildings, existing in the world, consume about
40 % of the world energy, 67 % of electricity, 40 % of raw materials
and 14 % of water. So they produce 35 % of world emission of carbonic
gas and 50 % of firm waste. Such statistics has forced engineers and
architects to think of the protection of the building technologies. That’s
why green building have appeared.
The main role of green building is the following:
— decrease negative influence of building activity on environment
and health of people;
— research of new technologies and creation of modern industrial
products;
— reduce in consumption of electricity;
89
— reduction of expenses for building and maintenance of building.
This branch is being very actively developed nowadays; ecological
houses: ecological houses and even ecological skyscraper are under
construction all over the world. Now let’s see the main principles of
“green building”:
— Economy and power efficiency — rational use of resources (soil,
energy, building materials).
— Comfort for people who live or work in these building.
— Ecological compatibility — maintenance of minimum level effect
of building on environment and health of the person.
Every green building should be ecologically safe and power effective
at all stages from designing and building to a pulling down. In spite of
the term of “green building”, the building isn’t based on use only 100 %
natural materials. On the contrary, in this branch the most advanced
technologies are used.
What are the most widespread “green” technologies? One of the
main principles of ecological building is energy saving. For this reason
big attention is given to research of technologies which lower energy
losses as much as possible.
The higher the rating of a building the more convenient, safely and
harmlessly it is.The second thing is maintenance of effective thermal
protection. Manufactures of heater and isolation materials have offered
set of modern technological decisions. The most widespread and
effective materials that are used in green building are the following.
Plates from expanded polystyrene: give the chance to cut expenses
on building, to increase speed of erection of walls of a building and
provide an effective thermal protection. Organic thermal protection.
It is created on the basis of the use of natural, non-polluting materials
(foamed glasss, the procesed wood).
Other thermal protection materials of inorganic origin: plates of
fiber glass, plates from stone cotton wood, mineral cotton wood.
Another thing that decreases losses of heat in ventilation system is
installation of recuperators.
Recuperator is the device, providing heat exchange between entering
and leaving streams of air. It is used for maintenance warm and pure
air. So for example, in a cold season the warm air, leaving a building,
exchanges heat with the cold air entering from street. Installation of such
system provides indoors heat exchange and constant inflow of fresh air.
90
Соседние файлы в предмете [НЕСОРТИРОВАННОЕ]