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Файл:Сonstruction equipment for civil engineers. Учебно-практическое пособие
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1) running water a) водоснабжение, водопровод
2) framework structure b) современник
3) water pump c) железобетон
4) load-bearing wall d) каркасная конструкция
5) reinforced concrete e) водяной насос
6) protrude f) несущая стена
7) contemporary g) выступать, высовываться
Exercise 3. Answer the questions:
1. What is a skyscraper?
2. What construction materials are used to build modern skyscrapers?
3. Why were tall buildings rare until the XIX century?
4. What was the first steel frame skyscraper?
5. How many “Stalin Towers” were planned to build in Moscow?
How many were built?
6. What was Fazur Khan innovation in skyscraper design and con-
struction?
7. What are the most famous American tall buildings?
8. Where is the tallest building located?
9. Do some of modern skyscrapers draw inspiration from Islamic
art? Give some examples.
Task 4
Exercise 1. Before reading the text answer the following questions:
1. What skyscrapers do you know?
2. Where are the modern skyscrapers located (in what countries)?
3. Have you visited any skyscraper? What were your impressions?
Burj Khalifa
Burj Khalifa is a skyscraper in Dubai, the United Arab Emirates, and
the tallest man-made structure ever built (828 m).
Burj Khalifa skyscraper resembles the stalagmite. Construction began
on 21 September 2004, with the exterior of the structure completed on
1 October 2009. The building officially opened on 4 January 2010. The
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building is part of the 2 km
flagship development called Downtown
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Burj Khalifa at the “First Interchange” along Sheikh Zayed Road, near
Dubai’s main business district.
The tower’s architecture and engineering were performed by Skidmore, Owings, and Merrill of Chicago. Adrian Smith was the chief architect, and Bill Baker was the chief structural engineer for the project.
The primary contractor was Samsung C&T of South Korea, who also
built the Taipei 101 and Petronas Twin Towers. Major subcontractors
included Belgian group Besix and Arabtec from the UAE.
The total cost for the Burj Khalifa project was about US$ 1.5 billion;
and for the entire new “Downtown Dubai”, US$ 20 billion.
Burj Khalifa is expected to hold up to 35,000 people at any one time.
A total of 57 elevators and 8 escalators are installed.
Exercise 2. False or True? Correct the wrong statements:
1. Burj Khalifa is the tallest man-made structure ever built.
2. Burj Khalifa is located in the USA.
3. This skyscraper resembles stalactite.
4. Burj Khalifa officially opened on 1 October 2009.
5. Adrian Smith was the chief architect of the project.
6. The primary contractor Samsung also built Taipei 101 and
Petronas Twin Towers.
7. The total cost for the entire Downtown Dubai was US $ 1.5 bil-
lion.
8. More than 35,000 people can be held in Burj Khalifa at one time.
Exercise 3. Make a graphical representation of the text and retell the
story about the greatest skyscraper.
Task 5
Exercise 1. Before reading the text answer the following questions:
1. How many “Stalin Towers” are there in Moscow?
2. Have you seen all of them?
3. Have you ever visited any of the Moscow skyscrapers?
Stalinist High-Rise Living
Moscow’s national and international symbol is the Kremlin, with
red stars glowing at night at the tip of each spire and the clock on the
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Spasskaya tower. But what it actually symbolizes is Russian statehood,
Russia as a country. Stalin’s high-rise buildings symbolize Moscow not
only for Russians, but also for the whole world. Thanks to a Russian
architectural tradition running from the Kremlin towers to Stalin’s highrise buildings, Moscow is one of the few cities to have its own symbol,
comparable only with Paris with its Eiffel tower.
Despite the fact that Stalin’s seven vysotki, or high-rise buildings,
are aging and losing out to new luxury apartment blocks in terms
of comfort and prestige, their location is and always will be beyond
compare. Four out of the seven wedding cake-like structures were
built on or near the now ultra-exclusive Garden Ring, while two were
built not far away on the embankment of the Moscow river. This radical
architectural mega-project could only have been possible in the era
when power over the country and the capital was concentrated in the
hands of a single man —
Josef Stalin. Stalin’s high-rise buildings have
become not only the symbol of Moscow but also a monument to the age
of gigantomania. On January 13, 1947, when his personality cult was at
a peak, Stalin signed special decree No. 53 of the Council of Ministers of
the USSR concerning the construction of high-rise buildings in Moscow.
The foundation stones of all the buildings were laid in September that
year, as part of the celebrations of the 800th anniversary of the founding
of Moscow.
There are many versions as to why such uncompromising high-rise
buildings were driven into the historic heart of what until then had been
a predominantly low-rise city. Vera Bordyugovskaya, one of the oldest
architects in Moscow, who was part of the group that drew up the designs,
wrote in her memoirs that “President Truman gave a speech when he
laid the cornerstone of the 39-story building of the United Nations in
New York City. Stalin became angry and made a firm decision to take
‘adequate measures’ in response.” As legend has it, Stalin personally
preferred medieval architecture and so he added pinnacles, spires and
detail to the high-rise buildings to make them look like the towers of the
Kremlin. Thus the American idea of saving space by building upwards
was given a local, Muscovite flavour.
The skyscrapers were built in conscious competition with those that
had already appeared in American cities like New York and Chicago. At
the time there was real concern that visitors to Moscow who had seen
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American skyscrapers would be left with the distinct impression that the
capital of the USSR was not keeping pace with cities behind the enemy
lines that were quickly being formed by the developing Cold War.
While they had to make the same impact, Moscow skyscrapers had to
be recognizably distinct and to emulate and not imitate their American
counterparts.
The tallest of all the Stalin skyscrapers is the Moscow State University
building, and thanks to its enormous height — 240 meters — and location
on the Sparrow Hills is visible from all over the city. The planned, but
unbuilt “eighth sister” is almost the stuff of legend. A skyscraper housing
office space was intended for the site of the Zaryadye district opposite
the Kremlin, right on the bank of the Moscow river, in the late 1940s.
But although there was a foundation stone laying ceremony there in
1947, construction work was frozen when only the stylobate had been
built, the building was never completed and eventually the site was used
instead for the hotel Rossiya in the 1960s.
Many architectural historians have noticed similarities between the
Stalin skyscrapers and early high-rise buildings in New York, such as the
Woolworth building, which the first design for the skyscraper at Krasnye
Vorota closely resembled. Construction was carried out by Ministries of
the Interior and Defense, using thousands of prisoners from the Gulag
system and prisoners of war.
The Foreign Affairs Ministry building on Smolenskaya Ploshchad was
finished in 1952, while Stalin was still alive. Legend has it that Stalin added
the spire to the blueprints in his own hand, deciding that the building needed
more vertical emphasis, and it certainly looks a little like an afterthought
from some angles. But following the death of Stalin and the ascendancy
of Nikita Khrushchev, a campaign began against what an official decree
described as “architectural superfluities”. Khrushchev sharply criticized the
almost ecclesiastical decoration of the Leningradskaya hotel, the skyscraper
near Komsomolskaya Ploshchad with interiors based on medieval Russian
buildings. He went as far as to order the ceiling mouldings to be removed.
The architects — Leonid Polyakov and Alexander Boretsky — were even
deprived of their Stalin prizes.
The Moscow skyscrapers have a cousin in Warsaw — The Palace
of Culture and Science, which at 230 meters is the second tallest of
all Stalin’s “wedding cakes” and the tallest building in Poland. It was
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started in 1952, finished in July 1955 and all construction costs were
borne by the Soviet government, which also provided the building materials, and 3,500 construction workers. The detailing of the design by Lev
Rudnev was drawn in part from Polish Renaissance architecture. Since
then, modern skyscrapers have crowded the palace, although it remains
a very prominent landmark. “For us as an international school it is a
trademark,” said Dr. Sergiusz Pukas, director of international studies at
Collegium Civitas, a private university on the thirteenth floor. “Foreign
students send pictures to their families with pride. And as a an old Warsaw joke has it, the Palace of Sciences was built for those unfamiliar with
the city — they can always find their way back to the railway station by
finding the Palace on the horizon!”
Exercise 2. Find the equivalents:
1) high-rise building a) удалять
2) emulate b) аналог
3) counterpart c) высотное здание
4) keep place d) соперничать
5) enormous e) лепнина
6) blueprint f) дополнение
7) afterthought g) идти в ногу
8) moulding h) огромный
9) remove i) чертеж
Exercise 3. Translate the following word combinations:
1) Garden Ring;
2) Sparrow Hills;
3) Wedding cake-like structures;
4) Cold War.
Exercise 4. Complete the sentences:
1. Moscow is one of the few cities...
a) …to have the Kremlin;
b) …to have skyscrapers;
c) …to have its own symbol.
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2. High-rise buildings were driven into…
a) historic heart of what until then had been a low-rise city;
b) Garden Ring;
c) the Kremlin.
3. The skyscrapers were built in competition with those that had
already appeared in…
a) …Warsaw, capital of Poland;
b) …American cities like New York and Chicago;
c) …The United Arab Emirates.
4. The tallest of the Stalin skyscrapers is…
a) …the Foreign Affairs Ministry building;
b) …the Leningradskaya Hotel;
c) …the Moscow State University.
Exercise 5. Retell the text using no more than 10 sentences giving
the main ideas of the text.
Grammar/Participle
Exercise 1. Укажите номер предложения, в которых слова в
-ing-форме отвечают на вопросы «какой?», «какая?», «какие?»:
1. The student living in our hostel came from different part of Russia.
2. Making this experiment we can understand the process better.
3. They are visiting the Kremlin when we met them.
Exercise 2.
Укажите номер предложений, в которых слова в
-ing-форме отвечают на вопросы «что делая?»:
1. Saving a lot of money he can go abroad.
2. A girl saving money was from our university.
3. Constructing a new bridge a government try to solve the problem
with the traffic jam.
4. They are constructing a new gigantic supermarket.
5. Architectures constructing this building are from Germany.
Exercise 3.
Укажите номер предложения, в котором выделен-
ное слово переводится, как «построенный»:
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1. They were building a new underground station.
2. Building a new underground station they make a lot of traffic jam.
3. A structure built was the highest in the world.
4. “Moscow city” was built some time ago.
Exercise 4. Укажите номер предложения, где выделенные слова
следует переводить как «увеличивая» (может быть один и более
ответов):
1. Increasing the price on houses the company lost its potential
buyes.
2. The company increasing the price on houses lost its potential
buyers.
3. Increasing population density is one of the reason for constructing
skyscrapers.
Unit 3
THE CONSTRUCTION MACHINERY
Task 1
Exercise 1. Before reading the text answer the following questions:
1. What heavy equipments
2. Do you know what century people started using the first heavy
machinery?
3. What types of fuel for machinery do you know? What is used
mostly nowadays?
4. Look through the text “From horses, through steam, to diesel”
and find all the heavy equipment mentioned.
From horses, through steam, to diesel
It was not until the 20th century that steam powered engines started
to drive heavy equipment. Before that, heavy machine were driven by
humans or animals. However, the first heavy machine is believed to have
been invented as early as the 15th century. And even before, there had
been records of a heavy type of equipment by roman engineer Vitruvius,
cranes and other heavy equipment were already being used in the 1st
century.
During the midst of the 20th century, internal-combustion engines
had replaced steam powered engines and became the main source of
power for heavy equipment. At that time the main fuels used were
kerosene, ethanol and gasoline. The main fuel used today is diesel. Also,
mechanical transmission had given way to hydraulic machinery. This
period also saw the development of electric-powered machines such as
the Forklift. The Fordson tractor was the first heavy machine to be used
by the masses.
The first commercial track vehicle was the Lombard Steam Log
Hauler from 1901. Tracks became extensively used for tanks during
World War I, and after the war they were used in heavy machine such as
the bulldozer. The largest land machine is bucket-wheel excavators built
from the 1920s.
1
(machinery) do you know?
1. Heavy equipment is a machine especially designed for performing construc-
tion tasks and earthwork operations.
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Exercise 2. Find the equivalents:
1) steam powered engines a) гусеничный движитель
2) internal combustion engines b) электромобиль
3) mechanical transmission c) гидравлический привод
4) hydraulic machinery d) двигатель внутреннего сгорания
5) electric powered machine e) паровой двигатель
6) bucket wheel excavator f) механическая передача
7) continuous track g) роторный экскаватор*
* Роторный экскаватор — самоходная выемочно-погрузочная машина непрерывного действия на гусеничном или шагающерельсовом ходовом оборудовании с
выдвижной или невыдвижной стрелой, выбирающая горную породу ковшами,
укрепленными на роторном колесе, построенная в 1920 г.
Exercise 3. Agree or disagree. Give the right answer:
1. It was till the 20th century that heavy machine were driven by
animals.
2. Heavy equipment is mentioned in 2 BC by Greek philosopher.
3. Electric powered car had replaced steam powered engines.
4. The main fuel used today is gasoline.
5. Forklift was the first tractor used by masses.
6. Firstly continuous tracks were excessively used during the World
War II.
Exercise 4. Say all the ways to drive heavy equipment beginning from
the ancient time: by animal, humans, by steam powered engine, internal
combustion engines, hydraulic machine, electric powered machine.
Exercise 5. Translate the word combination with infinitive:
machines to be used — машины, которые использовались (которые
можно, нужно, следует использовать)
the problem to be solved;
the theory to be considered;
the instrument to be used;
the bridge to be constructed;
the new branches of industry to be developed.
Exercise 6. Translate the sentences:
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It is (was) ... who (that).
It’s untill the 20th century that animals and human drove heavy
equipment. — Именно до 20-го века животные и люди приводили
в движение землеройно-транспортные машины.
1. It is she who speaks over the phone for hours.
2. It was in India that chess was invented.
3. It was Alexander Bell who transmitted human speech over the
telephone on the 10th of March in 1876.
4. It is the gravitation that makes satellites move round the Earth.
5. It was the ashes of old volcano in New Zealand that reached China
and Europe.
6. It isn’t a foreign country that is going to solve the Russian
problems.
7. It is the knowledge of foreign languages that make you understand
your own language much better.
Task 2
Exercise 1. Read the text and do the exercises.
Asphalt Cutter
Asphalt road cutter is a machine which removes the existing asphalt
surface of roadways, runways, or other asphalt surface. Asphalt road cutter
can be operated both manually and mechanically. It can be attached with
any tractors or backhoes which gives it maximum downward pressure.
It is suitable for working in tight conditions or where precise cutting is
required. The width and diameter of the cutter varies and depends on
the nature of the work. The asphalt removed by the cutter can be used
in hot mix plants. The maneuverability of asphalt cutter depends on the
nature of the machine in which it is attached.
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