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Файл:Сonstruction equipment for civil engineers. Учебно-практическое пособие
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help of the die. The size of the bricks vary according to demand. The
die is also used for making hollow bricks, perforated bricks and designer
bricks. The clay is cut by the cutting machines and taken to the drying
sheds for initial drying.
The basic raw materials used for making the blocks are fly ash, gypsum,
cement, sand etc. Concrete blocks are generally made by machines having
different molds. The tabletop vibrator in machine provides optimum
vibration in the mix so that the ratio of cement used can be reduced
substantially without affecting the strength of the blocks.
Exercise 2. Find the equivalents:
1) concrete a) высыхание
2) clay b) бетон
3) technique c) изменяться
4) raw materials d) существенно
5) quarry waste e) глина
6) mix f) метод
7) shape g) сырье
8) vary h) смешивать
9) drying i) форма
10) substantially j) отходы карьера
Exercise 3. Find the following expression in the text:
1) главным образом;
2) машины бетонного блока;
3) машина формования глиняного кирпича;
4) с помощью выдавливания;
5) согласно требованию;
6) полые кирпичи;
7) сушильные навесы.
Exercise 4. Answer the questions:
1. How many types of bricks do you know?
2. What are the raw materials for making bricks?
3. Describe the process of making clay bricks.
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Task 9
Exercise 1. Read the text and answer the following questions:
Boring Machines
Boring machine is a device which is used for making holes of
different diameters in equipments, heavy machines, building or earth for
specific purpose. Boring machines produces bores in the shortest time
and produce the highest possible surface finish and tolerances. There
are different types of boring machines which includes vertical boring
machines, horizontal boring machines, line boring machines, cylinder
boring machines, tunnel boring machines, coupling boring machines
and jig boring machines
2
. These boring machines are used for different
purpose. For example tunnel boring machines produces smooth tunnel
wall after boring hard rocks and sands. On the other hand cylindrical
boring machines bores engine cylinder in automobiles.
Types of Boring Machines. Depending upon the functions, boring
machine is of two types: vertical boring machine; horizontal boring
machine.
Vertical Boring Machine
1
A vertical boring machine is a device available in different configuration for turning, milling, drilling and boring operations. A vertical boring
machinery is designed for manual vertical drilling and it has a drill chuck.
Spindle speed and the spindle axle are the most important determinant
of the vertical boring. It has the following applications:
Used f• or fine boring high accurate holes of cylinder body.
Used to bore engine sleeves. •
1. Coupling boring machine — стыковая бурильная машина.
2. Jig boring machine — бурильная машина зажимного приспособления.
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Can also be applied for drilling, milling, boring and reaming. •
Can also bore, drill, ream the pipe seat hole of gas valve. •
Horizontal Boring Machine
A horizontal boring machine is a time-saver machine used to bore holes
in highly rigid constructions. A directional boring machine includes a frame
and a drive mechanism that is slideable and is mounted on the frame. It has
great utility and is available in different shapes and sizes depending on the
usage. The principal applications of the horizontal boring machines are:
Boring earth and rocks.•
Installing wells of small diameters. •
Laying pipes.•
Water and sewer treatments. •
Digging or boring pit holes. •
Helps in the construction of underground loops as a part of
geoexchange system to cool or heat the house.
Exercise 2. Find the equivalents:
1) installing a) cверление
2) engine b) включать
3) hole c) установка
4) include d) двигатель
5) available e) доступный
6) milling f) бурить
7) drilling g) труба
8) bore h) отверстие
9) pipe i) размалывание
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Exercise 3. Find the following expressions in the text:
1) цилиндрические бурильные машины;
2) гладкая туннельная стена;
3) с другой стороны;
4) ручное вертикальное сверление;
5) зажимный патрон для сверла;
6) ось шпинделя;
7) рукава двигателя;
8) установлен на станине;
9) укладка труб;
10) подземные сети.
Exercise 4. Answer the questions:
1. What kind of device is a boring machine?
2. What types of boring machines do you know?
3. Describe a horizontal boring machine and its applications.
Task 10
Exercise 1. Read the text and answer the following questions:
Asphalt Plant
Asphalt is the most important ingredient for the construction of
infrastructures like roads, highways runway of airports etc. It is a durable
petroleum product which is mixed or processed either in stationary
or mobile plants. Hot mix plants (both stationary and mobile), wet
macadam mix plant, asphalt mix plants etc are some of the asphalt based
plants that are widely used for the production of asphalts for various
constructions.
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Types of Asphalt Plant. There are two types of asphalt plant:
Mobile asphalt plant.•
Stationary asphalt plant.•
Mobile asphalt plant
Asphalt is a crude petroleum product which is cheap, durable and
hence the popular material for carrying out various constructions.
Asphalts are produced and processed in a asphalt plant which is either
stationary or mobile. Mobile asphalt plants are generally truck or trailer
mounted in which asphalts are mixed in certain proportion for the
purpose of constructing various infrastructures. The mobility gives new
dimensions and versitality to asphalt mix plants and higher degree of
capacity utilization. Plants can also be erected on the job site without
concrete foundation or can be assembled on wheels.
Mechanical Operations. The plant consists of blower, filler, dryer,
bitumen pump, conveyor, four bin feeder, bitumen tank, fuel tank etc.
The filler units and blowers are made from steel plates. For drying and
mixing of the asphalt there are two drums. For liquid asphalt there is a
heated tank. After being thoroughly dried and heated they are discharged
directly into an insulated holding or surge bin at the back of the mobile
asphalt plant. Through electric heating system liquid asphalt is heated.
After the end of the process, materials are ready for road construction.
Applications. There are certain advantages and applications of mobile
asphalt mix plants:
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Mobile asphalt can relocate themselves on job site thereby sav-•
ing enough time and money.
They are utilized for the construction of roads and pavements •
highways.
Runw• ay of airport etc.
Exercise 2. Find the equivalents:
1) durable a) трубач
2) petroleum b) долговечный
3) hence c) нефтепродукт
4) carry out d) возводить
5) processed e) измерение
6) truck f) cледовательно
7) dimension g) обработан
8) erect h) выполнять
9) blower i) грузовик
Exercise 3. Find the following expressions in the text above:
1) завод влажного смешения щебня;
2) передвижной асфальтовый завод;
3) широко используется;
4) для различных целей строительства;
5) участок работы;
6) бетонный фундамент;
7) битумный насос;
8) жидкий асфальт;
9) сильно нагретый резервуар.
Exercise 4. Answer the questions:
1. Where is asphalt used?
2. What kind of product is it?
3. What are the main types of an asphalt plant?
4. Describe the mobile asphalt plant.
Task 11
Exercise 1. Read the text and discuss the following questions:
1. What modern construction or engineering vehicles do you know?
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2. Do you know what century people started using the first heavy
machinery? What was the first heavy machinery invented?
3. Could you tell the difference between early heavy equipment and
modern ones? What is the difference in the process of constructing of building
a millennium ago and nowadays(your ideas). Look through the text.
Exercise 2. Say the Russian words with similar roots:
Lift, manually, complexes, provided, extensive, trained, refined.
Exercise 3. Compare two things or phenomena using the following
words:
For example: talking is easier than doing.
Easy, heavy, bulky, durable, fast, cheap, strong, reliable, complicated,
little, speedy.
Exercise 4. Make new words using the suffix -ly and translate them
into Russian:
Manual, speedy, easy.
Heavy equipment in civil engineering nowadays
In the old days, building skyscrapers and large construction would
take years to finish as the processes are done manually. Transporting
big pieces of stones and rocks, for example, would require hundreds of
individuals to lift the bulky materials. But thanks to the advancement of
technology, there are now heavy machineries that help make the work
finish speedily and easily. The old method to apply manually took hours
of labour and also had poor durability due to manual errors. Now with
automation in this field, work is not only faster but also cheaper as very
less labour is required.
Moreover the results are much stronger and durable as compared to
old methods. While advances in technology may make heavy equipment
more functional and reliable, they also make caring for individual pieces
far more complicated. Sophisticated technology has created a specialized
field when it comes to heavy equipment repair, and maintenance. Few of
the people that have the equipment can work on them anymore. Repairs
from the simple to the extensive, and even routine maintenance, must
often be provided by specially trained mechanics and technicians.
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Nowadays most heavy equipment uses hydraulic components,
and today’s designs are becoming even more refined with advances
in technology such as sophisticated electronics. Many modern heavy
equipment rely on computers to function, and they are maintained using
computers that test working parts and report specific problems.
Exercise 5. Match the words and their equivalents:
1) advancement a) землеройно-транспортные
машины
2) heavy equipment b) содержание и техническое
обслуживание
3) durability c) сложно устроенный
4) repair d) развитие, прогресс
5) maintenance e) долговечность
6) sophisticated f) ремонт
Exercise 6. Answer the following questions:
1. Will you tell the advantage of using automation in construction
field?
2. What are the disadvantage of automation of construction process?
— It is expensive.
— A lot of people lose their job place.
— It is difficult to repair.
Exercise 7. Correct false statements:
1. In the old times building skyscrapers and large construction would
take years to finish as there were no civil engineering universities.
2. The old method to apply manually made building more reliable.
3. Nowadays most heavy equipment are diesel powered.
4. Heavy equipment is very easy to repair and maintained.
5. Heavy machinery makes work faster.
Exercise 8. Find the infinitive in the text and translate. Translate the
expressions below:
the conference to open — конференция, которая должна скоро
открыться
the work to be done —
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the robot to be created —
something to get —
the bridge to be constructed —
the question to be asked —
cтарый метод, который нужно применить
—
Exercise 9. Translate from Russian into English:
Язык, который нужно изучить; здание, которое нужно построить; оборудование. которое нужно применить; образование, которое нужно получить; здание, которое нужно разрушить.
Role play. You are a sales representative at the exhibition of the
modern construction equipment. You have to advertise one of the exhibit. Say about your machine as much as possible paying attention to
the structure, advantages and functions.
Grammar/Modal verbs
Exercise 1. Translate the sentences:
1. He can speak Italian. 2. He couldn’t come. 3. She will be able to
come in 3 days. 4. You may swim in the river soon. 5. You were allowed
to pass your exam the second time. 6. You will be allowed to go to Moscow. 7. You must cross street on green lights. 8. You have to do all the
exercises to understand the grammar. 9. You will have to clean windows
they are dirty. 10. You may stay here till 9 o’clock. 11. He had to go to
petrol station.
Exercise 2. Say the sentences in the past and in the future tense:
1. They can get good results.
2. You have to go there.
3. He may visit the Rome Pope.
Exercise 3. Choose the right modal verbs: can, must, may:
1. All students ... bring their documents to the dean’s office.
2. He ... speak three foreign languages.
3. ... I invite my friends to the party.
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Exercise 4. Choose the sentences where “have” means «должен,
должны»:
1. Mary has a lot of French books.
2. In the past we had to use only natural materials for production.
3. You must go to the doctor.
4. A soldier has to obey orders.
5. You have seen this film.
6. You will have to go through Carisle on the way to Glasgow.
7. You will have all the flowers tomorrow.
Exercise 5. Choose the sentences where “to have” means «прихо-
дится, вынужден»:
1. She has a lot of work today.
2. She has to do a lot of work.
3. She has done a lot of work today.
Exercise 6. How can you say the sentence in the past? Chose the
right answer:
You must save water.
1) had; 2) had to; 3) was able to; 4) was allowed to.
Exercise 7. Say the sentence in the future:
You may use the English-Russian dictionary at the exam.
1) will have to; 2) will be able to; 3) will be allowed to; 4) can.
Exercise 8. Choose the sentences where “have” means «должен,
должны»:
1. You have learnt a lot of information about this island.
2. You have to use solar energy if you want to save your money.
3. You have got a lot of difficult subjects this term.
4. You must know about the highest skyscraper in the world.
5. A student has to work hard to pass the exam in physics.
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