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Benz & Company to produce industrial engines in Mannheim,
Germany. He then began designing a “motor carriage”, with a fourstroke engine (based on Nicolaus Otto’s patent). Benz designed his
engine (0.75hp) and the body for the three-wheel vehicle with an electric
ignition, differential gears, and water-cooling. The car was first driven
in Mannheim in 1885. On January 29, 1886, he was granted a patent for
his gas-fueled automobile (DRP 37435) and in July, he began selling his
automobile to the public.
Karl Benz showed his real genius, however, through his successive
inventions registered while designing what would become the production
standard for his two-stroke engine. Benz soon patented the speed
regulation system, the ignition using sparks with battery, the spark plug,
the carburetor, the clutch, the gear shift, and the water radiator.
In 1893, the Benz Velo became the world’s first inexpensive, massproduced car.
In 1903, Karl Benz retired from Benz & Company; his designs were
already outdated by Gottlieb Daimler. He served as a member of the
supervisory board of Daimler-Benz AG from 1926, when the company
was formed, until his death.
He married Bertha Ringer in 1872, who played an active role in
his business, together they had five children. Karl Benz passed away in
1929.
Exercise 2. Find the equivalents:
1) internal-combustion engine a) сцепление
2) three-wheeler b) двигатель внутреннего сгорания
3) two-stroke engine c) свеча зажигания
4) income d) трехколесный автомобиль
5) ignition e) последующий
6) gear f) двухтактный двигатель
7) successive g) переключение передач
8) spark plug h) переключение передач
9) clutch i) зажигание/запуск
Exercise 3. Answer the questions:
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1. What is Karl Benz famous for?
2. When did Benz receive the patent for a gas-fueled car?
3. How many wheels did the first car have?
4. When did Benz begin selling the automobiles to the public?
5. What mechanisms in car did he invent?
6. When was the first inexpensive car produced?
7. Who played an active role in his business?
Exercise 4. Make a story about the life of Karl Benz and his invention.
Task 5
Exercise 1. Before reading the text answer the following questions
in pairs:
1. Do you know what Kulibin’s invention is exhibited in
Hermitage?
2. Was it hard for scientists of the past to put into life their inventions?
Why?
Kulibin and his inventions
Ivan Petrovich Kulibin (April 21, 1735 — August 11, 1818) was a
Russian mechanic and inventor. He was born in Nizhny Novgorod in
the family of a trader. From childhood, Kulibin displayed an interest
in constructing mechanical tools. Soon, clock mechanisms became a
special interest of his. His realizations as well as his prolific imagination
inspired the work of many.
During 1764–1767 he built an egg-shaped clock, containing a
complex automatic mechanism. In 1769 Kulibin gave this clock to
Catherine II, who assigned Kulibin to be in charge of the mechanical
workshop in the Academy of Sciences of Saint Petersburg (established
in 1724). There, Kulibin built a “planetary” pocket-clock, which
showed not only the current time, but also the month, day of the week,
the season and the current moon phase. Kulibin also designed projects
for tower clocks, miniature “clock-in-a-ring” types and others. He also
worked on new ways to facet glass for use in microscopes, telescopes and
other optical instruments.
During the 1770s, he designed a wooden one-arch bridge over the
Neva river with a span of 298 metres (instead of the typically used 50–60
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metre spans), offering to use an original girder with a cross grate. In
1776 a model 1/10 the natural size of this bridge was tested by a special
commission of academics. Kulibin’s project was praised by Leonhard
Euler and Daniel Bernoulli, but was never realized. After 1780, Kulibin
worked on possibilities for a metallic bridge, but these projects were also
rejected by the government. Altogether Kulibin designed three projects
for wooden and three projects for metallic bridges.
In 1779, he built a lantern that could emit a powerful light using
a weak light source. This invention was used industrially for lighting
workshops, lighthouses, ships, etc. In 1791, Kulibin constructed a pushcycle cart, in which he used a flywheel, a brake, a gearbox and roller
bearing. The cart was operated by a man pressing pedals. In the same
year, he also designed “mechanical legs”, a prosthetic device, which was
later used by a French entrepreneur. In 1793, Kulibin constructed an
elevator that lifted a cabin using screw mechanisms. In 1794, he created
an optical telegraph for transmitting signals over distance.
In 1801 Kulibin was fired from the academy and returned to Nizhny
Novgorod, where he designed a method of sailing upstream and built a
ship which he had started to design back in 1782. Tests indicated that
such ships were indeed feasible, but they were never used. During the
same time, Kulibin had projects on using steam engines to move cargo
ships, on creating salt mining machines, different kinds of mills, pianos
and other projects. Kulibin died in 1818 after spending his last years in
poverty.
The International Astronomical Union’s Minor Planet Center has
named an asteroid in Kulibin’s honour: 5809 Kulibin.
Exercise 2. Answer the questions:
1. When and where was Ivan Kulibin born?
2. What mechanisms became special interest of Kulibin?
3. What showed Kulibin’s “planetary clock”?
4. Were his metallic bridges built?
5. Where were Kulibin’s lantern used industrially?
6. What other inventions of Kulibin do you know?
Exercise 3. Make a story about the invention of Kulibin.
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Task 6
Exercise 1. Before reading the text answer the following question:
What did William Otis invent?
William Otis and his invention
William Otis (1813–1839) was an American inventor of the steam
shovel. Otis received a patent for his creation on February 24, 1839.
In 1839, William Smith Otis, civil engineer of Philadelphia,
Pennsylvania, was issued a US patent for the steam shovel (No. 1089)
for excavating and (removing earth). Officially the patent drawing is
missing but a drawing exists which is said to be the one from the patent
and this shows the crane mounted on a railroad car. A load of earth
could lifted by the bucket, raised by the crane and turned to be dumped,
such as in railcars. The patent described how a steam engine of a type
then in ordinary use, was installed with a power control mechanism for
the crane, and a system of pulleys to move its arms and bucket. It could
move about 380 cubic metres of earth a day, with its 1.1 cubic metre
capacity shovel and 180° slewing wooden jib. It was first used on the
Western Railroad in Massachusetts.
William Smith Otis was born on September, 20, 1813, in Pelham,
Massachusetts, and was cousin to Elisha Otis of elevator fame. At an
early age, William was interested in earthworks and mechanics. At
the age of 22, he had shown an uncommon mechanical ingenuity and
created the first steam powered mechanical excavator.
Using materials obtained in vicinity of Canton, Massachusetts,
William created the machine in 1835 which was used building railroad
lines between Norwich and Worcester. Working with the company,
”Carmichael and Fairbanks”, William Smith Otis devised an apparatus
carrying out the same actions as the person with a shovel.
Otis moved to Philadelphia and enlisted the talents of Joseph
Harrison to help construct a prototype. Harrision operated the company
“Garrett and Eastwick”, and fabricated a pre-production model in
1836. On June 15, 1836, William Smith Otis received the patent for
the invention; however during a fire, the engineering specifications had
been destroyed.
On February 24, 1839, the patent behind number 1089 officially entered
validity, and called “Crane-Excavator for Excavating and Removing Earth”.
William Smith Otis died on November, 13, 1839 at the age of 26.
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Exercise 2. Find the equivalents:
1) steam shovel a) выгружать
2) to dump b) осуществить, выполнить
3) to install c) паровой экскаватор
4) pulley d) полученный
5) capacity e) устанавливать, сооружать
6) wooden jib f) стрелка подъемного крана
7) obtained g) белок
8) carry out h) грузоподъемность
Exercise 3. Answer the questions:
1. When did Otis receive a patent for the steam shovel?
2. What did the patent describe?
3. How many cubic metres of earth could the steam shovel move
a day?
4. When was this invention first used?
5. What did William’s uncle – Elisha Otis – invent?
6. How old was William Otis when he created the first steam powered
mechanical excavator?
7. How was the patent officially called?
Exercise 4. Make an interview with William Otis.
Task 7
Exercise 1. Before reading the text discuss the following question:
What was the main Cherepanovs’ invention?
Cherepanovs and their inventions
Cherepanov, Yefim Alekseyevich (1774–1842) and Miron Yefimovich
(1803–1849), Russian inventors and industrial engineers, father and
son. They were peasants of the Demidovs – a famous family of factory
owners. In 1810s, Yefim built a progressive machine-building plant,
equipped with a full range of innovative metal-cutting lathes (such as
screw-cutters, gear-cutting serrating machines and others). From 1822
until his death, Yefim had been chief mechanic of all the factories in the
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town of Nizhny Tagil. His son Miron was his apprentice and in 1819 was
appointed his deputy and eventually replaced his father after his death.
Industrial machinery. Cherepanovs significally improved the
machinery that had been used in blast-furnace and gold-mining
industries, iron and copper works, sawmills and flourmills.
Steam engines. The most interesting aspect of the Cherepanovs’
work were steam engines which they stubbornly tried to introduce into
industrial production. Since 1820, the Cherepanovs had built about 20
steam engines (ranging from 2 to 60 h.p.).
Railroad. In 1833–1834 they built the first Russian steam locomotive.
They also built a cast-iron railroad from one of their factories to the
copper mine. Track gauge was 5 ft 6 in (1670 mm). These are the figures
quoted in the reference, although 1670 mm is actually 5 ft 5¾ in. In
1835, a second locomotive was built to be sent to Saint Petersburg.
Despite the successful performance and operation of their locomotives,
the Cherepanovs’ invention found no support outside the factory and,
subsequently, their steam locomotive was replaced with horse traction.
Exercise 2. Translate the following word combination:
Steam engine; gold-mining industry; blast-furnace; iron and copper
works; industrial production; cast-iron railroad; tract gauge.
Exercise 3. Find the equivalents:
1) peasant
2) screw cutter b) поддержка
3) gear cutting serrating machine c) крестьянин
4) replace d) впоследствии
5) steam locomotive e) винторезный станок
6) support f) станок по нарезанию зубьев
7) subsequently g) паровоз
a) заменить
Exercise 4. Make a story about inventions of Cherepanov.
Task 8
Exercise 1. Before reading the text answer the following questions:
1. What kind of period is the Renaissance?
2. What legendary men of that time do you know?
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Leonardo da Vinci (1452–1519)
Da Vinci was one of the great creative minds of the Italian
Renaissance, hugely influential as an artist and sculptor but also
immensely talented as an engineer, scientist and inventor.
Leonardo da Vinci was born on 15 April 1452 near the Tuscan town
of Vinci, the illegitimate son of a local lawyer. He was apprenticed to
the sculptor and painter Andrea del Verrocchio in Florence and in 1478
became an independent master. In about 1483, he moved to Milan to
work for the ruling Sforza family as an engineer, sculptor, painter and
architect. From 1495 to 1497 he produced a mural of “The Last Supper”
in the refectory of the Monastery of Santa Maria delle Grazie, Milan.
Da Vinci was in Milan until the city was invaded by the French in
1499 and the Sforza family forced to flee. He may have visited Venice
before returning to Florence. During his time in Florence, he painted
several portraits, but the only one that survives is the famous “Mona
Lisa” (1503–1506).
In 1506, da Vinci returned to Milan, remaining there until 1513. This
was followed by three years based in Rome. In 1517, at the invitation of
the French king Francis I, Leonardo moved to the Château of Cloux,
near Amboise in France, where he died on 2 May 1519.
The fame of Da Vinci’s surviving paintings has meant that he has been
regarded primarily as an artist, but the thousands of surviving pages of his
notebooks reveal the most eclectic and brilliant of minds. He wrote and
drew on subjects including geology, anatomy (which he studied in order
to paint the human form more accurately), flight, gravity and optics,
often flitting from subject to subject on a single page, and writing in lefthanded mirror script. He “invented” the bicycle, airplane, helicopter,
and parachute some 500 years ahead of their time.
If all this work had been published in an intelligible form, da Vinci’s
place as a pioneering scientist would have been beyond dispute. Yet his true
genius was not as a scientist or an artist, but as a combination of the two: an
“artist-engineer”. His painting was scientific, based on a deep understanding of the workings of the human body and the physics of light and shade.
His science was expressed through art, and his drawings and diagrams show
what he meant, and how he understood the world to work.
Exercise 2. Answer the questions:
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1. What were Leonardo’s other interests besides sculpture and
painting?
2. What is the most famous picture of Leonardo da Vinci?
3. Why did he study anatomy?
4. What were his inventions?
5. Why can we speak about Leonardo da Vinci as an “artist-scientist”?
Exercise 3. Make a story about Leonardo da Vinci as a scientist and
his inventions.
Speaking. Make a report:
a) what invention you consider to be the greatest;
b) the name of inventor;
c) where it was invented;
d) what it was made for;
e) how it is used now;
f) how it influenced our life.
Role play. Choose one of the scientist of the past, study his
biography and scientific achievements. Other students of the group are
reporters who are interviewing you while you are playing the part of the
greatest scientist.
Grammar/Participle
Exercise 1. Translate participles:
1) to build — cтроящий, строивший, строя, построенный;
2) to make — делая, делавший, сделанный, делающий;
3) to paint — рисуя, рисующий, нарисованный, рисовавший.
Exercise 2. Translate participles:
1) a built house — a man building a house;
2) an eaten apple — a girl eating chocolate;
3) an explained rule — a teacher explaining new grammar;
4) given money — organization giving money;
5) sent message — a boy sending a message;
6) designed building — an engineer designing a supermarket;
7) used method — a student using a new method.
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Exercise 3. Translate the following participle into Russian:
1) the student translating the article;
2) translating the article she listened to music;
3) the worker building a new house;
4) building a new house he didn’t have money on holiday;
5) the engineer using a new method;
6) using new equipment they got better results;
7) the student studying foreign languages;
8) studying new material a student understood the old material better;
9) moving at high speed he didn’t notice his friend on the road.
Exercise 4. Translate into English:
Падая с дерева; упавшее яблоко; человек, получающий хорошие
результаты; переводя с русского на английский; испанец, переводящий с русского на английский; переведенная книга; слушая музыку;
прослушанная музыка; ребенок, слушающий классическую музыку.
Exercise 5. Find the right equivalent:
1. Очищенная вода —
a) purifying water;
b) to purify water;
c) purified water;
d) water to be purified.
2. Обеспечивая потребности —
a) provided demands;
b) providing demands;
c) demands provided;
d) demands to be provided.
3. Принятые деньги —
a) accepting money;
b) money to be accepted;
c) accepted money;
d) accept money.
4. Done work —
a) чтобы сделать работу;
b) сделанная работа;
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c) выполняя работу;
d) работу, которую нужно сделать.
5. Students studying new subject —
a) изучая новый предмет;
b) изучающие новый предмет;
с) изученный предмет;
d) чтобы изучить новый предмет.
6. Развивая новое направление —
a) a new trend to be developed;
b) developing a new trend;
c) a new trend has been developed;
d) a new trend developed.
7. Built a skyscraper —
a) строя небоскреб;
b) небоскреб, который строят;
с) небоскреб, который нужно построить;
d) построенный небоскреб.
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