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Файл:Практический курс первого иностранного языка. 3 курс = Practical course of the first foreign language. Third-year students. Учебное пособие
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INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
9. Should you find yourself in a disagreement, seek common
ground and try to find a solution together.
10. Should you find success, remember to remain humble and
grateful.
B.
Use this model with ‘should + subject + predicate’ to create 5 sentences.
6.3. Creative writing.
Title: The Mysterious Key
Instructions:
Write a story using the following elements:
— The protagonist is a young detective named Alex.
— There is an abandoned mansion rumored to be haunted.
— Alex receives a mysterious key in the mail with no explanation.
— The key leads Alex on a journey to uncover the mansion’s
secret.
— Along the way, Alex meets interesting characters.
— The story should have a surprising twist.
— The story should contain 10 examples of inverted word order.
Word count: 350—800 words.
6.4. Read and translate the following extract.
International relations is the study of relationships between
countries, including the roles of states, intergovernmental organizations (IGOs), non-governmental organizations (NGOs), and multinational corporations (MNCs). It is both an academic and public
policy field, and can be positive or normative as it both seeks to
analyze as well as formulate the foreign policy of particular states.
The scope of international relations encompasses issues such as
globalization, diplomatic relations, state sovereignty, international
security, ecological sustainability, nuclear proliferation, nationalism, economic development, global finance, terrorism, and human
rights. International relations can also be defined as a branch of political science dealing with questions of how organized communities (nation-states) interact with each other. The term “international
relations” was coined by the English philosopher Jeremy Bentham
in 1789, but the study and practice of it dates back to antiquity.
41
Module 3
In the history of international relations, the concept of power as a
state’s ability to influence other states’ behavior has been central
to mainstream thinking. Theories of international relations are essentially a set of ideas aimed at explaining how the international
system works. Realism, for example, explains international relations in terms of power, while liberalism emphasizes the role of
institutions and cooperation. Other theories include constructivism,
Marxism, feminism, and postmodernism. Important actors in international relations include states, IGOs, NGOs, MNCs, and individuals. States are the primary actors because they have the ability
to make laws and enforce them, regulate trade, collect taxes, and
maintain a military. Examples of IGOs include the United Nations,
World Trade Organization, and International Monetary Fund. Examples of NGOs include Amnesty International, Greenpeace, and
Human Rights Watch. Examples of MNCs include General Electric, Toyota, and Exxon Mobil. Superpowers are states that have
the ability to project their power globally, such as the United States
and Russia. Key concepts in international relations include anarchy,
balance of power, collective security, diplomacy, international law,
national interest, sovereignty, and the nation-state system. Major
events in the history of international relations include World War I,
World War II, the Cold War, the Cuban Missile Crisis, the Vietnam
War, and the fall of the Berlin Wall.
6.5. Choose the title for the extract.
• The Study and Practice of International Relations
• Understanding the Impact of Nuclear Proliferation
• How States Regulate Global Trade
Consult the following additional resources: [10, p. 68—69; 25,
p. 322—329].
Section 7. TRANSLATION.
Translate the following text from Russian into English:
Деятельность дипломатов является одной из наиболее важных составляющих современной международной политики.
Они играют активную роль в поддержании мира и урегулировании конфликтов, представляют свои страны на международных
переговорах и конференциях, ведут дипломатические перегово-
42
INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
ры, осуществляют защиту интересов своих государств и принимают активное участие в разрешении международных споров и
кризисов.
Дипломатия включает в себя не только работу на руководящих должностях правительства, но и деятельность дипломатического корпуса, весьма широкий спектр профессий, включая
посла, консула, специалиста по международным отношениям
и другие. Важными чертами успешного дипломата являются
знание иностранных языков, умение находить компромиссы,
стремление к диалогу и умение устанавливать доверие. Он должен быть готов к обмену информацией и принять на себя роль
посредника в международных отношениях.
Дипломатия также включает в себя культурный обмен и
содействие взаимопониманию между народами. Дипломаты
проводят культурные мероприятия, организуют выставки, фестивали и другие культурные события, чтобы укрепить связи и
понимание между своими странами.
Дипломаты занимаются разрешением международных конфликтов и кризисов. Они проводят мирные переговоры, согласовывают условия перемирия или прекращения огня, участвуют
в миссиях по поддержанию мира, разрабатывают дипломатические соглашения, направленные на разрешение конфликтов.
Важной частью дипломатической деятельности является работа в международных организациях.
В современном мире деятельность дипломатов приобретает
все большую актуальность и значимость. При обилии глобальных вызовов и проблем дипломаты играют ключевую роль в
поиске компромиссов и мирного разрешения конфликтов. Они
способствуют установлению дружественных дипломатических
отношений между государствами, созданию союзов и альянсов,
а также сохранению и укреплению глобального мира.
Section 8. HOME READING. SQUARING THE CIRCLE by
O. Henry.
8.1. Pre-reading tasks: Find the information about the mathematical term “squaring the circle”. What does it mean? Find the
picture of the corner of Broadway, Fifth Avenue and Twenty-third
Street in New York. What is this place famous for?
43
Module 3
8.2. Read the story [4, с. 40—44].
8.3. Translate the following passage:
Nature moves in circles; Art in straight lines. The natural is
rounded; the artificial is made up of angles. A man lost in the snow
wanders, in spite of himself, in perfect circles; the city man’s feet,
denaturalized by rectangular streets and floors, carry him ever away
from himself.
The round eyes of childhood typify innocence; the narrowed line
of the flirt’s optic proves the invasion of art. The horizontal mouth
is the mark of determined cunning; who has not read Nature’s most
spontaneous lyric in lips rounded for the candid kiss?
Beauty is Nature in perfection; circularity is its chief attribute.
Behold the full moon, the enchanting golf ball, the domes of splendid temples, the huckleberry pie, the wedding ring, the circus ring,
the ring for the waiter, and the “round” of drinks.
8.4. Answer the questions and complete the tasks:
1. Give the summary of the story.
2. What is special about the composition of the story?
3. What is the function of the introductory part?
4. Where does the action of the story take place?
5. Characterize Cal Harkness.
6. Characterize Sam Folwell.
7. How does the author describe New York?
8. Comment on the antithesis “New York — provincial America”
in the story.
9. Why does the author chose the corner of Broadway, Fifth Ave-
nue and Twenty-third Street for the meeting of the characters?
10. Speak on the role of details in the story.
11. Comment on the title of the story.
12. What is the message of the story?
8.5. Find the equivalents to the following words and phrases
in the text. Remember the situations where they appear:
сильные эмоции
непреложные правила
процветать
наследственный, потомственный
шум центральных проспектов
44
MODULE 4
ENVIRONMENT AND CONSERVATION
DEBATE TOPICS: What, Why, and How of environmental
conservation. Types of environmental conservation (organization of
space, protection of heritage, etc.). Measures for the conservation of
the environment (environmental education, environmental laws, use
of alternative energies). Renewable energy vs. fossil fuels.
ACTIVE VOCABULARY.
abiotic factors абиотические факторы
acid rain кислотный дождь
adverse conditions неблагоприятные условия
“band aid” measures поверхностные меры
biosphere биосфера
carnivore плотоядное животное
chemical and physical factors физико-химические факторы
conservation сохранение
cornucopianism потребительское отношение к природе
depletion истощение ресурсов
deterioration of soil деградация почвы
disposal удаление (отходов)
drought засуха
emissions выбросы
endangered (находящийся) под угрозой
energy saving экономия энергии
environmentalism движение (политическое, этическое
и т. д.) в защиту окружающей среды
extinction исчезновение
food chains пищевые цепи
food web пищевая сеть (пищевые связи
в сообществе)
Green Diesel экотопливо
greenhouse effect парниковый эффект
45
Module 4
habitat alteration изменение среды обитания
heritage наследие
herbivore травоядное животное
indigenous peoples коренные народы
interbreeding скрещивание
leakage течка
legislation for environmental
protection
livestock farming животноводство
management of waste управление отходами
mining добыча ископаемых
nature reserve природный заповедник
noxious вредный
omnivore всеядное животное
ozone layer озоновый слой
pollution control legislation законодательство о борьбе
polluter pays выплаты за загрязнение окружающей
power plant электростанция
preservation сохранение
primitive tribes первобытные племена
processing переработка
productive grasslands продуктивные пастбища
remediation восстановление
renewable возобновляемый
sediment отложение
shortage нехватка
sustainable development устойчивое развитие
waste dumps свалки отходов
wastewater treatment очистка сточных вод
законодательство об охране
окружающей среды
с загрязнением
среды
Section 1. WARM UP. WHAT IS ECOLOGY?
The environment is where we all meet; where we all
have a mutual interest; it is the one thing all of us share.
Lady Bird Johnson
1.1. Share your opinion on the quote written above. Could one
say that it highlights the sum and substance of the concept of environment?
46
ENVIRONMENT AND CONSERVATION
1.2. Read the following article (Ecology // Encyclopedia Britannica [20]) and answer the questions: What is the subject of ecolo-
gy? When did ecology emerge? Name the scientists who contributed
into the pre-ecological studies. What is their input? Which branches
of ecology exist and what do they study?
1.3. Watch the video ‘5 Human Impacts on the Environment:
Crash Course Ecology’ [13].
Questions for discussion: What are the “four categories” of the
services the ecosystems provide for us? What are their functions?
How are they interrelated? What is peculiar about the high-biodiversity ecosystems? What are the main five human impacts on the
environment? Explain what are the actual and probable consequences of the each type of the impact.
1.4. Share your opinion on the following issues. Speak for
2 minutes.
А.
Posters with illustrations
and information on environmental issues of your
area
What kind of measures
would be useful to raise
environmental awareness?
Special classes for people
of all ages
TV and Internet commercials and advertisement
Environmental events and
volunteer clean-ups
B.
Extinction of species Raising sea levels
How do these environmental problems affect
our lives?
Air and water pollution Unauthorized landfills
47
Module 4
Section 2. WHAT DO YOU KNOW ABOUT CONSERVA-
TION?
2.1. Study the excerpts [48] and find out which types of conservation exist and what their peculiarities are. Complete the
additional tasks below.
1. Discuss the questions: What is the difference between the two
types of conservation mentioned in the experts? Is ex-situ or in-situ
conservation more efficient? Prove your opinion. Which areas need
conservation? Do you know any examples of conservation sites in
your area? What type of conservation they belong to?
2. Fill the gaps with suitable words and phrases:
__________ stands for preservation of __________ (for instance
water or oxygen) and wildlife in general. It’s possible to ensure persistence of the variety of __________ that are endangered in consequence of human activities by the biodiversity conservation.
There are two main kinds of conservation that are referred to as
__________.
In-situ conservation type applies to the measures of conservation
of ecosystems in a whole (habitats and their inhabitants and their
__________) in the places where they are naturally to be found.
Ex-situ conservation refers to conservation of the separate species of the biosphere __________.
3. Fill the gaps with the suitable words from the box below.
logging, acidity, mutualism, soil erosion, land clearing, salinity,
coastal erosion, alkalinity
1. The problem of __________ in Sri Lanka is considered to be
tremendously serious. It results in damaging buildings and disrupting nautical activities.
2. After __________ that had been undertaken by the farmer
there was a high risk of soil erosion.
3. Proliferation of trees and other plants can result in mitigation
of __________.
4. Illegal __________ has destroyed the vast area of the Amazonian Rainforest.
5. Measuring the pH helps to find out the __________ or
__________ of water or soil.
48
ENVIRONMENT AND CONSERVATION
6. There is a large difference in __________ in the different
zones of the Baltic sea.
7. The beneficial relationship between bees and flowers are referred to as __________.
2.3. Conservation of culture and conservation of nature.
Give your own definition to heritage. What types of heritage exist? Have you ever heard of heritage preservation? What do you
know about it? Do heritage or environment related issues draw
more attention around the globe?
2.4. Read the excerpts [45; 46]. For questions 1—8, choose
the option A—D. Justify your choices.
In which text(s) does the author:
1. Mention a dichotomy that serves for reaching the vital target.
2. Write about a strategy that can be implemented to
two main types of conservation.
3. Describe one exact kind of conservation.
4. Mention a type of conservation that is multidisciplinary valuable.
5. Tell us about the process of estimation of the probable objects of conservation.
6. Offer a new outlook on preservation.
7. Foreground an idea about the nonstandard way of
sorting old problems out.
8. Show different views on the same phenomena.
2.5. Write an abstract for any scientific article on ecology.
Consult the following additional resources: [11, Unit 13; 3,
с. 16—17, 84—86].
2.6. Listening.
Watch the video “Building Conservation | Introduction” by London Union Chapel [36]. Summarize the key points of the video.
Make up several questions on the contents of the video and ask your
colleagues.
2.7. Watch the video ‘Reef Cleaner’ in Student book video [7]
and answer the following questions: What are fishing lines and
49
Module 4
why are they dangerous? What can sunken objects form in the sea?
How do people affect marine ecosystems? How can people benefit
from cleaning reefs?
2.8. Turn to assignments in Save the planet in Unit 13 [11,
p. 110].
Consult the following additional resources: watch video ‘Environmental Theme Pack’ [7].
What do you think about the proposed way of teaching about the
environment? Would the approach like that be applicable in all the
countries or not? Give arguments.
Watch the video again and write a summary in 180 words. Prepare several questions and discuss the video with your partner.
2.9. Speaking.
Speak for 2 minutes:
A. In-Situ and Ex-Situ conservation:
○ the most effective way to save the whole ecosystem;
○ protection of endangered species;
○ individuals, small business and government responsibilities in
conservation.
designation, set up a sanctuary, habitat destruction, consequences
of over-harvesting, internationally sanctioned measures, meet the
targets of conservation, natural resources management, national
development, beneficial results, coercive conservation
B. Cultural preservation:
○ why cultural conservation matters;
○ what kind of heritage should be preserved;
○ the problem of intangible heritage in the globalized world.
tangible and intangible heritage, libraries and museums in cultural
conservation, digitalization and cultural heritage, the problem of
subjectivity, the use of 3D modeling, meet the targets of conservation, as significant as natural conservation, cultural tourism, beneficial results, language rights
2.10. Watch the video ‘Three Ways Your Money Can Fight Cli-
mate Change’ [12].
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