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INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
1. What was the seminal role of the Silk Road in promoting cul-
tural diffusion and technological transfer across Eurasia?
A. It enabled the exchange of luxury commodities such as silk,
porcelain, and precious metals.
B. It facilitated the dissemination of innovations like papermaking, gunpowder, and printing.
C. It established standardised pricing for a range of traded
goods.
D. It led to the emergence of vast colonial empires under European domination.
2. How did the prevailing economic doctrine of Mercantilism in
the 17th and 18th centuries diverge from the principles of free trade
and comparative advantage?
A. Mercantilism emphasised accumulating national wealth
through exports and monopolistic control over trade.
B. Mercantilism promoted the establishment of multilateral
trade agreements and institutions.
C. Mercantilism focused on reducing trade barriers and enabling global trade networks.
D. Mercantilism advocated for countries to specialise in producing goods they could most efficiently manufacture.
3. What was the pivotal impact of the Age of Exploration on patterns of international commerce during the 15th and 16th centuries?
A. It led to the development of sophisticated global supply
chains and distribution networks.
B. It ushered in an era of protectionism and the imposition of
restrictive trade policies.
C. It prompted European powers to embark on voyages of discovery in search of new trade routes and sources of valuable
commodities.
D. It facilitated the widespread dissemination of technological
innovations and scientific knowledge.
4. How did the establishment of the General Agreement on Tariffs
and Trade (GATT) and its successor, the World Trade Organization
(WTO), transform the landscape of international trade cooperation?
A. They codified standard pricing mechanisms for a range of
traded goods and services.
31
Module 3
B. They exerted greater control over colonial trade networks
and commercial monopolies.
C. They worked to systematically dismantle trade barriers and
foster greater global economic integration.
D. They promoted the accumulation of national wealth through
mercantilist trade policies.
5. In what ways have technological advancements in the modern
era, such as the rise of e-commerce and digital platforms, reshaped
patterns of international trade and commercial engagement?
A. They have enabled large multinational corporations to consolidate monopolistic control over global supply chains.
B. They have facilitated cross-border transactions and empowered small businesses to participate in the global trade network.
C. They have led to the retrenchment of protectionist trade policies and the resurgence of mercantilist economic doctrines.
D. They have undermined the role of multilateral trade institutions and fostered greater economic fragmentation.
6. Which of the following is NOT cited as a key driver of international trade throughout history, according to the passage?
A. Cultural exchange
B. Technological innovation
C. Economic growth
D. Territorial colonisation
7. How did The Code of Hammurabi, an ancient Babylonian legal code, regulate and formalise patterns of international commerce
in the ancient world?
A. It established standard pricing mechanisms for a range of
traded commodities.
B. It facilitated the exchange of luxury goods and the dissemination of new technologies.
C. It promoted the emergence of vast colonial empires under
European domination.
D. It laid the groundwork for the development of multilateral
trade agreements and institutions.
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INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
2.3. Match words with their definitions:
1. emergence a. to make an action or process easier or smoother
2. commodities b. to encourage the development of something
3. facilitate c. to apply physical or mental effort to achieve a result
4. exert d. to take apart or disassemble something
5. retrenchment e. involving three or more parties or countries
6. multilateral f. the reduction of costs or spending in order to improve
financial stability
7. dissemination g. the preliminary work or foundation laid for a project
or idea
8. groundwork h. the process of coming into view or becoming known
9. dismantle i. the act of spreading information or knowledge widely
10. foster j. raw materials or primary agricultural products that
can be bought and sold
2.4. Rephrase these sentences using the words from the previ-
ous exercise or their derivatives.
1. The arrival of new technologies has transformed the way we
communicate.
2. The preparation for the project was carefully planned months
in advance.
3. The agreement involving many countries was signed by all
participating countries.
4. The mediator helped to ensure a smooth transition of the pow-
er in the company.
5. The company announced staff reduction measures due to fi-
nancial difficulties.
6. The charity aims to promote a sense of community within the
neighbourhood.
7. He put all his energy into completing the marathon.
8. The government decided to take down the old building for re-
development.
9. The spread of information through social media channels
reached a wide audience.
10. The trade fair displayed a variety of goods from different
countries.
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Module 3
2.5. WHO IS WHO in diplomatic service:
3
8
4 2 5
1
9
7
6
Clues:
Across:
1. A senior representative who is sent by one Commonwealth
country to live in another in order to work as an ambassador
6. A person sent by one government of political leader to another
to take messages or take part in discussions
7. A person who works in an embassy and has a particular area of
responsibility in which they have special knowledge, e.g. military,
press, cultural, etc.
8. An official who is sent by his or her government to live in a
foreign city in order to look after all the people there that belong to
his or her country
9. An official whose job is to represent one country in another,
and who usually works in an embassy
Down:
2. A professional who enables two or more organizations to communicate, collaborate on projects and coordinate their activities
3. A person who represents the leader of his or her government,
either temporarily while the ambassador is away, or permanently in
a country where there is no ambassador
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INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
4. An important official who works in a foreign country representing his or her own country there, and who is officially accepted
in this position by that country
5. A diplomat in an embassy who is immediately below the ambassador in rank.
2.6. Match the following quotes to the people who uttered
them. Do some of them sound odd or amusing? Why?
1. …I have nothing to offer but blood, toil,
tears and sweat. We have before us an ordeal of the most grievous kind. We have
before us many long months of toil and
struggle.
2. Great events make me quiet and calm; it
is only trifles that irritate my nerves.
3. Ideas are more powerful than guns. C. J. Stalin, Soviet leader
4. Victory has a thousand fathers, but de-
feat is an orphan.
5. Nothing in the world is worth having or
worth doing unless it means effort, pain,
difficulty…
6. Politics is the art of agitating the people
before using them.
7. I like to praise and reward in a loud
voice and scold in a whisper.
8. If you want a thing done well, do it
yourself.
9. Only fools learn from their own mistakes. Wise men learn from mistakes of
others.
10. Act! Act! Courageously, decisively
and constantly… disarm the counter-revolution, arm the masses, occupy all positions of power. Act quickly!
A. C.-M. de Talleyrand-Périgord [ˌtælɪrænd ˈpɛrɪɡɔːr],
French diplomat
B. Catherine the Great, Russian empress
D. J. F. Kennedy, American
president
E. Napoleon Bonaparte,
French emperor
F. O. von Bismark, German
Chancellor
G. Queen Victoria
H. R. Luxemburg, Pol-
ish-German revolutionary
I. Theodore Roosevelt, Amer-
ican president
J. W. Churchill, British
Prime-minister
2.7. The diplomatic language has developed peculiar expressions to make other people feel in a particular way or to hide the
feelings of the speaker. Can you match the halves into full sen-
35
Module 3
tences and translate them afterwards? The expressions so widely used by diplomats and politicians are given in bold. (Some
may match more than one ending.)
1. I see where you’re coming
from,
2. Let’s find a middle ground b. Can we explore this further to
3. I understand your concerns. c. Could you please review my
4. I appreciate your feedback d. could we discuss the pros and
5. Let’s revisit this topic later. e. How can we solve this together?
6. We’ve considered one approach, f. How would you approach it?
7. Your idea is innovative and
interesting.
8. I value your expertise in this
area.
9. Could you elaborate on your
plan?
10. This is a complex problem. j. Let’s explore how we can better
11. I could use your insight on
this.
12. Before we decide, l. Thank you for your dedication
13. Your effort hasn’t gone
unnoticed.
14. You handled that brilliantly. n. what are your thoughts on
15. Before finalizing the plan, o. once we’ve had a chance to
a. and will use it to improve my
future presentations.
understand all its implications?
code?
cons?
g. but I believe the policy could
have certain unintended negative
consequences.
h. I could learn from your
approach.
i. I want to make sure I fully
understand it.
manage your tasks.
k. let’s consider all possible
options.
m. that benefits both of us.
this?
consider all viewpoints
Consult the following additional resources: [30, p. xi—xvi; 5,
p. 23—46; 32, p. 24—25; 27, Unit 42].
Section 3. VOCABULARY.
3.1. Complete the following sentences with the terms from
‘Active vocabulary’:
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INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
1. That organization conducts preventive diplomacy through
__________ and other activities.
2. They discussed the important task for the United Nations, that
of __________ and sustaining peace.
3. She was designated as a __________ in several countries.
4. A __________ states the general powers of the diplomatic
agent.
5. An __________ is a diplomat in an embassy who is immediately below the __________ in rank.
6. __________ is one of the keys to formal contact between
states and between states and international organisations.
7. This country is a party to numerous disarmament __________
8. They adopted the __________ on Equal Treatment several
years ago.
9. We do not __________ the rights and responsibilities.
10. In a __________ procedure, a neutral entity helps the parties
to reach a mutually satisfactory settlement of their dispute.
3.2. There are various types of diplomacy. Will you be able to
match the definitions with the names? Please translate the final
sentences.
appeasement, big stick diplomacy, dollar diplomacy, gunboat diplomacy, ping-pong diplomacy, secret diplomacy, shopkeeper diplomacy, shuttle diplomacy, summit diplomacy, telephone diplomacy
1. The success of __________ in the 1970s helped improve relations between China and the United States.
2. __________ became essential during the COVID-19 pandemic as world leaders had to communicate remotely.
3. __________ involves using economic incentives and financial
aid to achieve diplomatic goals.
4. __________ focuses on making deals and negotiations to benefit both parties involved in international relations.
5. __________ can sometimes lead to suspicion and mistrust
among nations if it is not conducted transparently.
6. __________ by a skilled negotiator can help bridge the gap
between conflicting parties and reach a compromise.
37
Module 3
7. __________ involves using a combination of military threats
and diplomacy to assert dominance in foreign affairs.
8. __________ relies on the threat of military force to achieve
diplomatic objectives in international relations.
9. __________ allows world leaders to engage in direct discussions and negotiations on important global issues.
10. __________ as a diplomatic strategy can sometimes be controversial, as it involves making concessions to avoid conflict.
Section 4. LISTENING INTO DISCUSSION / WRITING.
4.1. Refer to: [10, p. 88].
4.2. Watch the video ‘Aspects of International Relations: Interna-
tional Political Economy’ [35].
Answer the following questions by choosing the only possible
alternative.
1. What is the core focus of International Political Economy
(IPE)?
a. The influence of markets on politics
b. The influence of politics on markets
c. The interaction between economics and military power
d. The interaction between international trade and investment
2. According to the video, what does IPE bring together?
a. Economic and political factors
b. Military power and economic forces
c. Political institutions and international organizations
d. Security goals and foreign economic policy
3. What does the video suggest about the relationship between
economics and politics?
a. Economics explains how markets work, while politics explains timing and persistence of certain issues.
b. Economics and politics are completely separate and do not
influence each other.
c. Politics is based on power, while economics is based on market forces.
d. Economics and politics have a collaborative and cooperative
relationship.
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INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
4. According to the video, why is studying IPE worth it?
a. It provides an objective assessment of government and interest group slants.
b. It helps understand current events and headlines from an IPE
perspective.
c. It offers better job opportunities and working hours compared to other fields.
d. It allows for a deeper analysis of the cost-benefits for the
economy and society.
5. What is one area of IPE mentioned in the video?
a. International money and finance
b. International security and defense
c. International law and human rights
d. International culture and communication
4.3. Discuss the questions based on the video with the partner: How is International Political Economy (IPE) traditionally
defined? Why is it problematic to only focus on economic forces
or political forces when trying to understand the world? What are
the core areas of IPE? Give an example of an area in IPE that involves both economic and political factors. Why is it important to
consider power dynamics and political institutions in understanding markets? What is the relationship between security and political
economy in IPE? How does IPE provide an analysis of government
and interest group influence on public debate?
4.4. Write a summary in 180 words.
Consult the following additional resource: [15, p. 15].
Section 5. WRITING.
5.1. Read the theoretical material about ARTICLE writing in
Unit 9 [22, р. 139—143].
5.2. An international current affairs magazine has invited readers
to contribute articles entitled ‘Globalisation — good news or bad?’
for its next issue. You decide to write an article explaining your personal views on this topic.
Write your article [10, p. 91].
39
Module 3
Section 6. GRAMMAR
Inversion happens when we reverse (invert) the normal word order of a structure, most commonly the subject-verb word order. It is
frequently used as emphatic device.
6.1. Rewrite the following sentences using inversion:
1. He went to the store after work.
2. She always eats breakfast before going to work.
3. They will complete the project by the end of the week.
4. I have never seen such a beautiful sunset before.
5. We should start preparing for the exam now.
6. The teacher introduced a new topic in class yesterday.
7. They had been friends for years before they became business
partners.
8. He won’t be able to attend the meeting because of a conflicting
appointment.
9. They always go on vacation during the summer months.
10. She rarely eats fast food.
6.2. Translate the sentences from English into Russian.
A.
1. Should you find yourself in a difficult situation, remember to
stay calm.
2. Should you find a lost wallet, it’s best to turn it in to the au-
thorities.
3. Should you find a new job opportunity, consider all the pros
and cons before making a decision.
4. Should you find yourself with extra free time, use it to pursue
a hobby or learn something new.
5. Should you find that you have made a mistake, take responsi-
bility and learn from it.
6. Should you find a stray animal, contact a local animal shelter
for assistance.
7. Should you find yourself feeling overwhelmed, don’t hesitate
to ask for help and support.
8. Should you find a book you enjoy, share it with others and
spread the joy of reading.
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