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Ɇɢɧɢɫɬɟɪɫɬɜɨ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɚ Ɋɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɣ Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɰɢɢ
Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɛɸɞɠɟɬɧɨɟ
ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɭɱɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɟ
ɜɵɫɲɟɝɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ
©ȽɈɋɍȾȺɊɋɌȼȿɇɇɕɃ ɍɇɂȼȿɊɋɂɌȿɌ ɉɈ ɁȿɆɅȿɍɋɌɊɈɃɋɌȼɍª
Ɏɚɤɭɥɶɬɟɬɡɟɦɥɟɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ
Ʉɚɮɟɞɪɚ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɬɟɨɪɢɢ ɢ ɦɟɧɟɞɠɦɟɧɬɚ
ɈɋɈȻȿɇɇɈɋɌɂɊȺɁȼɂɌɂə ɆɂɊɈȼɈɃ
ɗɄɈɇɈɆɂɄɂɂȼɇȿɒɇȿɗɄɈɇɈɆɂɑȿɋɄɈɃ
ȾȿəɌȿɅɖɇɈɋɌɂȼɍɋɅɈȼɂəɏ
ȽɅɈȻȺɅɂɁȺɐɂɂ
ɂɊȿȽɂɈɇȺɅɂɁȺɐɂɂ
Мɨɧɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ
2-е издание, стереотипное
электронное
Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ
2
024
ɍȾɄ 339.9
ȻȻɄ 65.5
Ɇ 25
ɉɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɨɢɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɨɜɚɧɨɤɩɟɱɚɬɢ
ɤɚɮɟɞɪɨɣɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣɬɟɨɪɢɢɢɦɟɧɟɞɠɦɟɧɬɚ
Ƚɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɚɩɨɡɟɦɥɟɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɭ
ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɥʋɨɬɢɸɥɹɝ
ɍɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɨɤɢɡɞɚɧɢɸɭɱɟɧɵɦɫɨɜɟɬɨɦ
Ƚɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɚɩɨɡɟɦɥɟɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɭ
ɮɚɤɭɥɶɬɟɬɚɡɟɦɥɟɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ
ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɥʋɨɬɢɸɧɹɝ
Ɋɟɰɟɧɡɟɧɬɵ
ɇɂɂɜɚɧɨɜ, ɞɷɧɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɨɪ
ȺȺɎɨɦɢɧ, ɤɷɧɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɨɪ
ȺȽȽɟɪɦɚɧɨɜɢɱɤɷɧɞɨɰɟɧɬ
ɘȺɑɟɦɨɞɢɧɤɬɧɞɨɰɟɧɬ
ɆɚɪɝɚɥɢɬɚɞɡɟɈɇȽɨɪɛɭɧɨɜȼɋ
Ɉɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɣ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ ɢ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ дея-
Ɇ
ɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ
ɢ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ: ɦɨɧɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ Ɉɇ
ɆɚɪɝɚɥɢɬɚɞɡɟȼɋȽɨɪɛɭɧɨɜ. – 2-е изд., стер. электрон. – Ɇɂɡɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ
©ɇɚɭɱɧɵɣ ɤɨɧɫɭɥɶɬɚɧɬª– 2024. – 170 ɫ – Текст: электронный.
ISBN 978-5-907084-93-3
Ɇɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ ɦɨɧɨɝɪɚɮɢɢ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɩɨɥɟɡɧɵ ɩɪɟɩɨɞɚɜɚɬɟɥɹɦ ɧɚɭɱɧɵɦ
ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɤɚɦ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɚɦ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɧɚɭɱɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɣ ɢ
ɭɱɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɣ ɞɟɩɭɬɚɬɚɦ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɢ ɦɭɧɢɰɢɩɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɫɥɭɠɚɳɢɦ ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ
ɚɫɩɢɪɚɧɬɚɦ ɦɚɝɢɫɬɪɚɧɬɚɦ ɢ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɚɦ ɨɛɭчɚɸɳɢɦɫɹ ɩɨ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɸ
ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ©Ɇɟɧɟɞɠɦɟɧɬª ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ ɩɨ ɞɢɫɰɢɩɥɢɧɚɦ
©ɇɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɚª ©Ɋɟɝɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɚª ©Ɇɢɪɨɜɚɹ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɚ ɢ
ɜɧɟɲɧɟɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶª.
Margalitadze O.N., Gorbunov V.S.
Features of the world economy and foreign economic activity in the context of
globalization and regionalization: monograph / O.N. Margalitadze, V.S. Gorbunov. – 2nd,
ster. digital. – Moscow: Scientific ɋonsultant Publ., 2024. – 170 p. – Text: digital.
The materials of the monograph will be useful to teachers, researchers,
specialists of industrial, scientific enterprises, organizations and institutions, as well as
graduate students, undergraduates and students in specialties of training "Management",
including "Regional economy", "National economy", "World economy".
ɍȾɄ
ȻȻɄ
ISBN 978-5-907084-93-3 © ɆɚɪɝɚɥɢɬɚɞɡɟɈɇ 2019
© Ƚɨɪɛɭɧɨɜȼɋ 2019
Ƚɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɩɨ
ɡɟɦɥɟɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɭ
Ɉɮɨɪɦɥɟɧɢɟɂɡɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ©ɇɚɭɱɧɵɣ
ɤɨɧɫɭɥɶɬɚɧɬª
ɋɈȾȿɊɀȺɇɂȿ
ȼȼȿȾȿɇɂȿ .......................................................................................... 5
ɑȺɋɌɖɉȿɊȼȺəɌȿɈɊȿɌɂɑȿɋɄɂȿȺɋɉȿɄɌɕɊȺɁȼɂɌɂə
ɆɂɊɈȼɈɃɗɄɈɇɈɆɂɄɂɂȼɇȿɒɇȿɗɄɈɇɈɆɂɑȿɋɄɈɃ
ȾȿəɌȿɅɖɇɈɋɌɂ................................................................................ 8
Ɇɢɪɨɜɚɹɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɚɗɬɚɩɵɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹɗɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ
ɚɫɩɟɤɬɵɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɵɯɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ............................................. 8
Ɇɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɚɹɬɨɪɝɨɜɥɹɢɜɧɟɲɧɟɬɨɪɝɨɜɚɹɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ
ȼɧɟɲɧɟɬɨɪɝɨɜɵɟɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ...............................................18
ɋɜɨɛɨɞɧɵɟɨɫɨɛɵɟɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟɡɨɧɵ........................28
Ɇɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɚɹɜɚɥɸɬɧɚɹɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɢɜɚɥɸɬɧɵɟ
ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ...........................................................................33
Ɇɢɪɨɜɨɣɪɵɧɨɤɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɚ ...................................................43
Ɇɢɪɨɜɨɣɪɵɧɨɤɪɚɛɨɱɟɣɫɢɥɵ ...........................................50
ɉɪɢɪɨɞɧɨ-ɪɟɫɭɪɫɧɵɣɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɦɢɪɨɜɨɣɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ.... 58
Ɇɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɟɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ.................67
ɉɨɧɹɬɢɟɮɨɪɦɵɢɦɟɬɨɞɵɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɹ
ɜɧɟɲɧɟɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢȼɗȾ
ɊɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟȼɗȾɜɊɨɫɫɢɢ........................................... 73
Ʉɨɧɴɸɧɤɬɭɪɚɦɢɪɨɜɨɝɨɪɵɧɤɚɢɰɟɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ....... 78
ȼɵɛɨɪɩɚɪɬɧɟɪɚɜɨɜɧɟɲɧɟɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ
ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹɉɪɨɰɟɞɭɪɵɡɚɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ
ɜɧɟɲɧɟɬɨɪɝɨɜɵɯɫɞɟɥɨɤ....................................................80
Ɍɨɪɝɨɜɨ-ɩɨɫɪɟɞɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢɌɨɪɝɨɜɵɟ
ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢɫɨɫɬɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨɬɢɩɚ........................................84
1.13. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟɮɨɪɦɵɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɯɪɚɫɱɺɬɨɜ.................. 90
1.14. Ɇɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɚɹɬɨɪɝɨɜɥɹɧɚɭɱɧɨ-ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ
ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɹɦɢɈɩɟɪɚɰɢɢɧɚɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯɩɨɞɪɹɞɚ
ɢɚɪɟɧɞɵ..............................................................................92
1.15. Ɍɨɪɝɨɜɥɹɫɵɪɶɟɜɵɦɢɬɨɜɚɪɚɦɢɦɚɲɢɧɚɦɢ
ɢɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ................................................................94
1.16. Ɍɨɪɝɨɜɥɹɤɨɨɩɟɪɢɪɭɟɦɨɣɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɟɣ
ɬɨɜɚɪɨɨɛɦɟɧɧɵɟɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢɢɭɫɥɭɝɢɧɚɦɢɪɨɜɨɦ
ɪɵɧɤɟ ...................................................................................98
3
ɑȺɋɌɖȼɌɈɊȺəɉɊȺɄɌɂɑȿɋɄɂȿɁȺȾȺɑɂ
ɍɉɊȺɀɇȿɇɂəɂɌȿɋɌɕɇȺɁȺɄɊȿɉɅȿɇɂȿ
ɉɈɅɍɑȿɇɇɕɏɁɇȺɇɂɃ .............................................................103
Ɇɢɪɨɜɚɹɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɚɗɬɚɩɵɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ
ɗɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟɚɫɩɟɤɬɵɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɵɯɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ.............103
2.2. Ɇɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɚɹɬɨɪɝɨɜɥɹɢɜɧɟɲɧɟɬɨɪɝɨɜɚɹ
ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ............................................................................107
ɋɜɨɛɨɞɧɵɟɨɫɨɛɵɟɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟɡɨɧɵɋɗɁ ..........110
Ɇɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɚɹɜɚɥɸɬɧɚɹɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɢɜɚɥɸɬɧɵɟ
ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ.........................................................................112
Ɇɢɪɨɜɨɣɪɵɧɨɤɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɚ .................................................115
Ɇɢɪɨɜɨɣɪɵɧɨɤɪɚɛɨɱɟɣɫɢɥɵ .........................................117
ɉɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɟɪɟɫɭɪɫɵɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɝɨɦɢɪɨɜɨɝɨ
ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɚ...........................................................................119
Ɇɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɟɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ...............120
2.9 – ȼɧɟɲɧɟɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ...................122
ɉɪɢɦɟɪɵɪɟɲɟɧɢɹɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯɡɚɞɚɱ.........................129
ɁȺɄɅɘɑȿɇɂȿ................................................................................153
ɋɉɂɋɈɄɊȿɄɈɆȿɇȾɍȿɆɕɏ ɂɋɌɈɑɇɂɄɈȼ
ɂɂɋɉɈɅɖɁɈȼȺɇɇɈɃɅɂɌȿɊȺɌɍɊɕ .....................................155
4
ȼȼȿȾȿɇɂȿ
Ɋɵɧɨɱɧɚɹ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɚ ɩɪɟɞɴɹɜɥɹɟɬ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɵɟ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤ
ɡɧɚɧɢɹɦ ɋɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɚɦ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɹ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦ ɡɚɩɚɫ
ɡɧɚɧɢɣ ɢ ɭɦɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɶ ɚɞɟɤɜɚɬɧɵɟ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ
ɪɚɡɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɬɶ ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɭɬɶ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ɢɥɢ
ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɫ ɭɱɺɬɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɵ
ɭɫɩɟɲɧɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɧɚ ɨɬɟɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦ ɢ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɦ ɪɵɧɤɟ
ɋ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɚ ɟɝɨ ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɧɟɞɠɦɟɧɬ ɛɵɥ ɢ ɨɫɬɚɟɬɫɹ
ɨɞɧɨɣ ɢɡ ɫɚɦɵɯ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɧɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɧɚɭɤ
ȿɠɟɝɨɞɧɨɜɫɮɟɪɟɦɟɧɟɞɠɦɟɧɬɚ ɩɨɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹɞɟɫɹɬɤɢɧɨɜɵɯɢɞɟɣ
ɢ ɬɟɨɪɢɣ ɫɨɝɧɢ ɬɪɭɞɨɜ Ⱦɥɹ ɦɟɧɟɞɠɟɪɚ ɠɢɡɧɟɧɧɨ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ
ɛɵɬɶɜɝɭɳɟɫɨɛɵɬɢɣɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɨɡɚɧɢɦɚɬɶɫɹɫɚɦɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ
ɩɨɫɟɳɚɬɶɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟɦɟɪɨɩɪɢɹɬɢɹɨɛɦɟɧɢɜɚɬɶɫɹɨɩɵɬɨɦɛɵɬɶ
ɜ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɦ ɩɨɢɫɤɟ ɱɟɝɨ-ɬɨ ɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɭɫɩɟɬɶ ɭɜɢɞɟɬɶ ɬɨ ɱɬɨ ɧɟ
ɡɚɦɟɬɢɬɶɞɪɭɝɨɣ ȿɫɥɢɥɟɝɱɟɜɫɟɝɨ ɩɟɪɟɞɨɜɵɟɢɞɟɢɝɟɧɟɪɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ
ɢ ɜɧɟɞɪɹɬɶ ɜ ɚɝɥɨɦɟɪɚɰɢɹɯ ɬɨ ɧɚ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɟɳɟ
ɬɨɥɶɤɨɩɪɟɞɫɬɨɢɬɪɟɲɚɬɶɡɚɞɚɱɢɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ
ɩɨɢɫɤɚ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɮɨɪɦ ɢ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ
ɧɨɜɵɟɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ
Ⱥɜɬɨɪɵ ɩɨɫɬɚɪɚɥɢɫɶ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɬɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ
ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɡɚɞɚɱ ɋɩɟɪɜɚ ɪɚɫɤɪɵɜɚɟɦɵɟ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬ
ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɟ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɢɡ ɬɟɨɪɢɢ ɡɚɬɟɦ ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɬ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɨɰɟɧɢɬɶ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ ɢ
ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɹ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɚ. ɉɨɫɥɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɪɹɞ
ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɡɚɞɚɧɢɣ ɢ ɬɟɫɬɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɬɪɟɛɭɸɬ
ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɢ ɭɦɟɧɢɹ
ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɚɪɢɟɦ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ
ɇɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɺɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɵ ɢ
ɡɚɞɚɱɢ ɜɡɹɬɵ ɢɡ ɭɱɟɛɧɨɣ ɧɚɭɱɧɨɣ ɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ
ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɚɜɬɨɪɵ ɧɟ ɩɪɟɬɟɧɞɭɸɬ ɧɚ ɭɧɢɤɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ
ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ȼɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɬɟɦ ɞɚɧɧɚɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ
ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɚɤɚɞɟɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫ ɜ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ
ɲɢɪɨɤɢɦ ɨɫɜɟɳɟɧɢɟɦ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɦɵɯ ɩɨ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɨɜ
Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɜɚɠɧɨ ɬɨ ɱɬɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧ ɬɚɤɢɦ
ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɱɬɨ ɭ ɱɢɬɚɬɟɥɹ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɩɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɧɨ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɫɜɨɣ
ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɣɨɬɜɟɬɧɚɞɜɚɜɚɠɧɟɣɲɢɯɜɨɩɪɨɫɚ
5
– ©ɇɚɤɚɤɢɯɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɚɯɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɨɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɟɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ
ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɨɊɨɫɫɢɢ"ª
– ©Ʉɚɤ ɜɵɜɟɫɬɢ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɵ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɧɚ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɵɟ ɬɟɦɩɵ
ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨɪɨɫɬɚ"ª
Ɋɚɛɨɬɚ ɩɪɢɡɜɚɧɚ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɸ ɢ ɭɝɥɭɛɥɟɧɢɸ
ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɹɯ
ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɨɣɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɚɧɚɪɨɫɬ ɬɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɢ
ɩɪɢɤɥɚɞɧɨɝɨ ɡɧɚɧɢɹ
x ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɵ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɚ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɢɥ ɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɦɢɪɟ
ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɯ ɫɭɛɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɯ ɦɟɠɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɨɸɡɚɯ
ɤɪɭɩɧɟɣɲɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ
x ɜɧɟɲɧɢɟ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɢɯ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɮɨɪɦɵ
ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɟ ɪɵɧɤɢ ɢ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɡɨɧɵ ɨɛɴɟɦɵ
ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɝɧɨɡɵ ɧɚ ɛɥɢɠɚɣɲɭɸ
ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɭ
x ɦɢɪɨɜɚɹ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɥɹ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɵ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɚ
ɬɨɜɚɪɧɵɟ ɩɨɬɨɤɢ ɷɤɫɩɨɪɬɚ ɢ ɢɦɩɨɪɬɚ ɛɢɪɠɢ ɢ ɛɢɪɠɟɜɵɟ ɬɨɜɚɪɵ
ɬɨɪɝɨɜɥɹ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɦɢ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɚɦɢ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɟ ɪɵɧɤɢ
ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɚ ɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɵɯ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɵɯ ɩɨɫɪɟɞɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ
ɭɫɥɭɝ
x ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɚ ɤɪɭɩɧɟɣɲɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɜ
ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɟ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɝɨ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɚ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɨ-ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ
ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɢ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ
ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɚ ɚɝɪɨɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ
ɩɪɨɞɨɜɨɥɶɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɧɟɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ
ɫɮɟɪɵ ɜɧɟɲɧɢɟ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ ɢ
ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɹ ɢɯ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ
x ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɟ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɈɈɇ ɢ ɟɟ
ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɢ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɵɟ
ɨɬɪɚɫɥɟɜɵɟ ɢ ɩɪɨɱɢɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ
x ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɚ Ɋɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɣ Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɋɇȽ
ɢɯ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɜ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɦ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ
ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ ɢ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɵ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ
x ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɢ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɝɨ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɚ
ɢ ɦɢɪɨɜɵɯ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ
6
ɉɨɫɥɟ ɩɪɨɱɬɟɧɢɹ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɫɬ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɭɜɟɪɟɧɧɨ
ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɨɛɳɢɯ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɚɯ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ
ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ ɛɥɢɠɚɣɲɢɯ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜ ɷɜɨɥɸɰɢɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ
ɫɢɥ ɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɦ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟ
ɜɨɩɪɨɫɚɯ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɜɹɡɟɣ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ
ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ ɤɪɭɩɧɟɣɲɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɦɢɪɚ
ɂɡɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ
ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɢɟɦɨɜ ɥɟɤɰɢɢ ɫɟɦɢɧɚɪɵ ɛɟɫɟɞɵ
ɞɢɫɤɭɫɫɢɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ ɫɨ ɫɩɪɚɜɨɱɧɵɦɢ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚɦɢ ɢ ɬɞ Ⱦɥɹ
ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɨ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ
ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɪɚɛɨɬ
ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɨɫɜɨɟɧɢɹ ɢɡɥɨɠɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ȼɵ ɛɭɞɟɬɟ
ɡɧɚɬɶ
ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɵ ɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ
ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ
ɩɪɢɪɨɞɭ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɬɪɭɞɚ
ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɭ ɰɟɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɦ ɪɵɧɤɟ
ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɭ ɢ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɯ
ɬɨɪɝɨɜɵɯ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ
ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɦɢɪɨɜɵɟ ɢ ɪɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɢɟ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɟ
ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɢɯ ɪɨɥɶ ɜ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ
ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɯ
ɂ ɭɦɟɬɶ
ɪɚɫɤɪɵɜɚɬɶ ɫɭɳɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɯ
ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ
ɨɩɟɪɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɹɦɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɳɢɦɢ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɟ
ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɨ
ɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɹ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ ɩɟɱɚɬɢ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ ɞɥɹ
ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɢ ɟɟ
ɩɚɪɬɧɟɪɨɜ
ɦɨɞɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɢ ɩɨ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɸ ɜɨ
ɜɧɟɲɧɟɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɟɟ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɸ
7
ɑȺɋɌɖ ɉȿɊȼȺə ɌȿɈɊȿɌɂɑȿɋɄɂȿȺɋɉȿɄɌɕ
ɊȺɁȼɂɌɂəɆɂɊɈȼɈɃɗɄɈɇɈɆɂɄɂɂ
ȼɇȿɒɇȿɗɄɈɇɈɆɂɑȿɋɄɈɃȾȿəɌȿɅɖɇɈɋɌɂ
1.1. Ɇɢɪɨɜɚɹ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɚ ɗɬɚɩɵ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ
ɗɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɵ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ
Ɇɢɪɨɜɚɹ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɚ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɟ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɨ ɜɫɟɦɢɪɧɨɟ
ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɨ — ɷɬɨ ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɶ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜ
ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨ-ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɨɜ ɢ
ɧɟɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪ ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢɯ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ
ɜɡɚɢɦɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ Ɉɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɶɸ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɣ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ
ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɟ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ – ɷɬɨ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɜɹɡɟɣ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɢ
ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɥɢɰɚɦɢ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɫɬɪɚɧ
Ɇɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɨɫɧɨɜɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɝɨ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɚ
ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɟ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɬɪɭɞɚ ɫɭɳɧɨɫɬɶ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ
ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟ ɞɜɭɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɚɹ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɢ ɟɝɨ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɟ
ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɚɹ ɤɨɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ȼ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɷɬɢɯ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɥɟɠɢɬ ɭɝɥɭɛɥɟɧɢɟ ɧɚɭɱɧɨ-ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɝɪɟɫɫɚ
ɩɭɬɟɦ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɚ ɜ ɤɨɧɰɟ XX ɜ ɤ ɧɨɜɨɦɭ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɭ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɤ
ɩɨɫɬɢɧɞɭɫɬɪɢɚɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɭ ȿɝɨ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɱɟɪɬɚ ɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɨɟ ɝɟɧɟɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɣ ɨɫɜɨɟɧɢɟ ɧɨɜɵɯ
ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ ɤɥɸɱɟɜɵɦ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɦ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɹɬɫɹ ɡɧɚɧɢɹ
ɧɚɭɤɚ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥ
Ɉɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɜ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɵɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞ ɤ
ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɦɭ ɬɢɩɭ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ȿɝɨ ɧɚɱɚɥɨ ɛɵɥɨ
ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɨ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɟɦ ɦɚɫɫɨɜɵɯ ɧɟɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɟɣ
ɜ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɭɝɚɯ ɜ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɢ ɝɭɦɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ
ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɬɪɭɞɚ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɢ ɜ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɂɯ ɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɟ
ɪɚɡɞɜɢɧɭɥɨ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɵ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ
ȼɚɠɧɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɧɟɣ ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɥɢ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ©ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ
ɫɢɥɵª ɡɪɟɥɚɹ ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɢɹ ɨɛɳɚɹ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɚ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɫɬɶ
ɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɚɹ
ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ
ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨɣ
ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɜɟɫɶ ɫɩɟɤɬɪ
8
ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ
ɝɭɦɚɧɢɬɚɪɧɵɯ ɢ ɦɨɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ
ɋɭɛɴɟɤɬ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɣ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɤɚɤ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɬɚɤ
ɢ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɥɢɰɨɦ ȼ ɩɟɪɜɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɜɢɞɭ
ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɟɥɶ ɜɨ ɜɬɨɪɨɦ — ɤɨɦɦɟɪɱɟɫɤɢɟ
ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɮɨɪɦ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ
ɬɨɜɚɪɢɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɚɤɰɢɨɧɟɪɧɵɟ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɤɨɨɩɟɪɚɬɢɜɵ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɢ
ɦɭɧɢɰɢɩɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɭɧɢɬɚɪɧɵɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɢ ɫɨ
ɫɦɟɲɚɧɧɵɦ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɨɦ ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɧɟɤɨɦɦɟɪɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɶɫɤɢɟ ɤɨɨɩɟɪɚɬɢɜɵ ɢ ɮɨɧɞɵ Ⱦɨɦɢɧɢɪɭɸɳɟɟ
ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɟ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɸɬ ɚɤɰɢɨɧɟɪɧɵɟ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ
ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɢɢ
Ɂɚ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɨɲɥɢ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɜ
ɩɪɢɪɨɞɟ ɛɚɡɨɜɨɣ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɵ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ - ɮɢɪɦɵ ɉɨɹɜɢɥɨɫɶ
ɩɨɧɹɬɢɟ ©ɧɨɜɚɹ ɮɢɪɦɚª ɜ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɟ ɨɬ ɮɢɪɦɵ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ
©ɇɨɜɭɸ ɮɢɪɦɭª ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɬ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɢɚɥɶɧɨ ɢɧɵɟ ɱɟɪɬɵ
x ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɤɚɤ ɜɚɠɧɟɣɲɢɣ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬ
ɚɤɬɢɜɨɜ
x ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɚɤɬɢɜɵ ɩɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɧɨ ɩɟɪɟɫɬɚɸɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɦ
ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɦ ɞɨɯɨɞɚ
x ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɸɳɭɸ ɞɨɥɸ ɜ ɚɤɬɢɜɚɯ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɸɬ ɧɟɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ
ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ ɛɪɟɧɞɵ ɩɚɬɟɧɬɵ ɧɨɭ-ɯɚɭ
ɋ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɛɢɡɧɟɫ ɞɟɥɢɬɫɹ ɧɚ
ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɳɢɣɫɹ ɜ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɩɨɞ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ
ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɚ ɢɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɧɵɣ - ɜ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɩɨɞ
ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɢɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɚ ɢ ɛɢɡɧɟɫ ɫɨ ɫɦɟɲɚɧɧɵɦ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɢ ɢɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɧɵɦ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɨɦ ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ
ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɢ
ɬɪɚɧɫɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɦ
Ʉ ɤɥɸɱɟɜɵɦ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɦ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɚɦ ɜ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɣ
ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɟ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɸɳɢɦ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɣ ɛɢɡɧɟɫ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ
x ɬɪɚɧɫɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɢɢ ɌɇɄ - ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ
ɤɪɭɩɧɵɟ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɵ ɫ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɮɟɪɨɣ
ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ȼ ɷɬɭ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɜɯɨɞɹɬ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɧɫɤɚɹ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɹ
ɮɢɥɢɚɥɵ ɞɨɱɟɪɧɢɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ɨɬɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɋɢɫɬɟɦɚ
ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɢɡ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɰɟɧɬɪɚ
9
x ɬɪɚɧɫɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɛɚɧɤɢ ɌɇȻ - ɤɪɭɩɧɵɟ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɟ
ɤɪɟɞɢɬɧɨ-ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɵɟ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ
ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ ɢɦɟɸɳɢɟ ɡɚ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɟɣ ɪɚɡɜɟɬɜɥɟɧɧɭɸ ɫɟɬɶ
ɮɢɥɢɚɥɨɜ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɸɳɢɯ ɛɚɧɤɨɜɫɤɢɟ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɜɨ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ
ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ ɢ ɤɨɧɜɟɪɬɢɪɭɟɦɵɯ ɜɚɥɸɬɚɯ
x ɬɪɚɧɫɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɨɪɵ ɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɵɟ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɢ ɧɟɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɟɧɫɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɮɨɧɞɵ
ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɵ ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ
ɮɨɧɞɵ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɢ
x ɬɪɚɧɫɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɨ-ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ
ɎɉȽ - ɢɧɬɟɝɪɚɰɢɹ ɌɇɄ ɢ ɌɇȻ ɋɪɟɞɢ ɦɧɨɝɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɮɨɪɦ
ɎɉȽ ɟɫɬɶ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɪɧɵ ɜɨ ɝɥɚɜɟ ɫ ɤɪɭɩɧɨɣ
ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɢɟɣ ɢ ɦɧɨɝɨɨɬɪɚɫɥɟɜɵɟ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɵɟ
ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɫɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɜɲɢɟɫɹ ɜɨɤɪɭɝ ɛɚɧɤɚ
x ɦɢɪɨɜɵɟ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɵɟ ɰɟɧɬɪɵ - ɦɟɫɬɚ ɫɨɫɪɟɞɨɬɨɱɟɧɢɹ
ɤɪɭɩɧɵɯ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɨɜ ɢ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ
ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɵɯ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɣ Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ
ɨɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɵ ɞɟɥɨɜɵɯ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɵɯ ɰɟɧɬɪɨɜ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɜ Ʌɨɧɞɨɧɟ
Ɍɨɤɢɨ ɇɶɸ-Ƀɨɪɤɟ ɉɚɪɢɠɟ ɐɸɪɢɯɟ Ɏɪɚɧɤɮɭɪɬɟ-ɧɚ-Ɇɚɣɧɟ
ɋɢɧɝɚɩɭɪɟ ɋɹɧɝɚɧɟ Ƚɨɧɤɨɧɝɟ
x ɤɪɭɩɧɟɣɲɢɟ ɛɢɪɠɢ - ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɵ ɢ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ
ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɬɨɪɵ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɥɢ ɰɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɛɭɦɚɝɚɦɢ ɮɨɧɞɨɜɵɟ ɛɢɪɠɢ
ɬɨɜɚɪɚɦɢ ɬɨɜɚɪɧɵɟ ɛɢɪɠɢ ɢ ɜɚɥɸɬɨɣ ɜɚɥɸɬɧɵɟ ɛɢɪɠɢ
Ʉɪɭɩɧɟɣɲɢɟ ɮɨɧɞɨɜɵɟ ɛɢɪɠɢ ɜ ɋɒȺ — ɇɶɸ-Ƀɨɪɤɫɤɚɹ ɜ
ȼɟɥɢɤɨɛɪɢɬɚɧɢɢ - Ʌɨɧɞɨɧɫɤɚɹ ɜ əɩɨɧɢɢ - Ɍɨɤɢɣɫɤɚɹ ɜ
Ƚɟɪɦɚɧɢɢ - Ɏɪɚɧɤɮɭɪɬɫɤɚɹ
Ɉɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɫ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɨɜ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ
ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɨɜ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɯ ɤɚɪɤɚɫ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɛɢɡɧɟɫɚ
ɭɫɢɥɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɹ ɤ ɢɧɬɟɪɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɦɚɥɨɝɨ ɢ
ɫɪɟɞɧɟɝɨ ɛɢɡɧɟɫɚ ɋɬɢɦɭɥɨɦ ɞɥɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ
ɜɟɧɱɭɪɧɨɝɨ ɪɢɫɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɚ - ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɷɬɚɩɟ ɜɧɟɞɪɟɧɢɹ ɧɨɜɲɟɫɬɜ ɢ
ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɜɵɩɭɫɤɚ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɬɨɜɚɪɨɜ
ȼɬɨɪɚɹ ɝɪɭɩɩɚ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɝɨ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɚ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ
x ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ - ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ
ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɩɨ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɸ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ
ɢ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɜɹɡɟɣ
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