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Файл:Кожа. Обувь. Кожгалантерея. Учебное пособие
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1. The structure of hides and skins is studied in order to …
2. The main tool for this purpose is …
3. Several operations are covered by the term …
4. The end product of tanning is …
5. Morphology skins and hides is essential because …
6.
One has to possess good knowledge of chemistry in order to …
9. Translate the following
1. The people elaborating the plan are Pete and Jane.
2. Our engineer is the man performing a test over there
3. The contracts signed are to improve our financial position.
4. The building being constructed there will house our new shop.
5. The management is to approve the plan elaborated by our
department.
6. The equipment chosen will greatly increase our productivity.
7. All seeking employment here cannot be hired.
8. The students entering the labour market usually get low-paid jobs.
9. The existing methods of testing hides here are not good.
10. The money borrowed from the bank will be used to buy new
equipment.
11. The students taking part in this test are among the best of our group.
12. The programme being discussed by the management is to increase
ourproduction.
13. An increased productivity is urgently needed for us.
14. The audience listening to the professor was greatly impressed.
15. The goods being on sale here are usually of poor quality.
16. Our CEO rejected the plan submitted to his approval.
17. The scheme proposed by the management will have to be approved
by the Board of Directors.
18. Mr. Brown is the man heading our department.
19. The factory being built there will produce a new model of shoe.
20. People buying cheap shoes are usually unemployed.
21. The experts assisting our company have come from the UK.
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LESSON 5
1 2 3
John
John
This text
This text
is known
is said
is supposed
seems
to translate this text
to have translated this text
to be translated by John
to have been translated by John
2
1+3
Известно
Говорят
Полагают
Кажется
что Джон переводит этот текст
что Джон перевел этот текст
что этот текст переводится Джоном
что этот текст был переведен Джоном
Подлежащее
и сказуемое
Объектный падеж с инфинитивом
I know
John to translate this text
И Н Ф И Н И Т И В
1. Examine carefully the following.
Именительный падеж с инфинитивом
Пользуясь таблицей-образцом перевода данной конструкции,
переведите предлагаемые предложения.
2. Translate the following sentences
4. Leather is known to be produced from hides and skins of animals.
5. Shoes seem to be made from prehistoric times.
6. Birch bark is said to have been used for tanning in Russia.
7. Bark of all trees seems to contain tannins.
8. Russia is known to produce good quality leather.
9. Italy is said to be the world leader in footwear manufacture.
10. Moccasin is supposed to have come from American Indians.
11. Preparation of hides is known to precede tanning.
12. Finishing is known to follow tanning.
13. High-quality leather is said to have been used for this footwear.
Объектный падеж с инфинитивом
Проанализируйте предлагаемые таблицы, представляющие различные
варианты конструкции ‗объектный падеж с инфинитивом‘, и обратите
внимание на перевод различных форм инфинитива.
I know
I know
I know
John to have translated this text
this text to be translated by John
this text to have been translated by John
Я знаю
Я знаю
Я знаю
Я знаю
что Джон переводит этот текст
что Джон перевел этот текст
что этот текст переводится Джоном
что этот текст был переведен Джоном
Подлежащее
и сказуемое
Объектный падеж с инфинитивом
I know
I know
I know
him to live in London
her to be a student
them to have graduated from our University
Я знаю
Я знаю
Я знаю
что он живет в Лондоне
что она студентка
что они окончили наш университет
3.Translate the following
1. We know the prehistoric man to have produced shoes.
2. I know this contract to have been signed.
3. I know high quality leather to be indispensable for this type of shoes.
4. Our customers found the terms of delivery to be acceptable.
5. We believe this adhesive to be the most convenient for us.
6. He considers our factory to be competitive enough in this field.
7. They found this leather to be rather expensive.
8. We suspect this leather to have been brought from China.
9. Everybody knows Italy to be the best producer of high-quality shoes.
10. We believe this agreement to be signed soon.
Обратите внимание на конструкцию ―объектный падеж с
инфинитивом‖, в которой объектный падеж выражен местоимением.
4. Translate the following sentences.
1. I consider him to be the best specialist in tanning.
2. We know him to have come from Germany.
3. We were told him to have worked in this field for twenty years.
4. We expect him to offer us valuable assistance.
5. We learned them to have been invited to our laboratory.
6. We expect them to be helpful in our project.
7. We consider our product to be competitive.
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8. I know them to produce expensive shoes.
Подлежащее
и сказуемое
Объектный падеж с инфинитивом
I saw
I heard
He watched
John enter the house
her play the piano
them write a test
Я видел
Я слышал
Он наблюдал
как Джон входил в этот дом
как она играет на пианино
как они писали контрольную работу
Подлежащее
и сказуемое
Объектный падеж с инфинитивом
He wanted
They wish
I would like
us to write this text
this work to be done quickly
him to be invited to the party
Он хотел
Они желают
Я хотел бы
чтобы мы написали эту контрольную работу
чтобы эта работа была выполнена быстро
чтобы он был приглашен на вечер
9. They consider these shoes to be out of reach of the ordinary customers.
10. We know our shoes to be intended for ordinary public.
Обратите внимание на изменение конструкции ―объектный падеж с
инфинитивом‖ и ее перевод, когда сказуемое предложения выражено
глаголами to see, to hear, to observe, to watch, to feel.
5. Translate the following
1. We watched them perform an important test.
2. I observed the assistant take measures of the sample.
3. Later we heard them discuss the results of the test.
4. Then I saw our engineer speak over the telephone.
5. The surprised staff saw our chief come in sight.
6. I saw him enter the laboratory.
7. We heard our engineer mention him the purpose of the test.
8. All of us heard him ask for the details of the test.
9. Have you heard him comment on the results of the test?
10. I saw him discuss something with our engineer.
11. We did not notice him leave the laboratory.
Обратите внимание на перевод конструкции ―объектный падеж с
инфинитивом‖, когда сказуемое предложения выражено глаголами
волеизъявления.
6. Translate the following sentences.
1. They want us to reduce the price of our footwear.
2. All of us would like our leather to feel softer.
3. The manager ordered this operation to be stopped.
4. He recommended the shoes to be packed more carefully.
5. I would like the management to buy new equipment.
6. Everybody wants our product to be of better quality.
7. Our chief wants these shoes to be made in a different colour.
8. He wants us to take part at the next year show.
9. He ordered the managers to prepare a new plan of production.
10. He told them it to be ready by next month.
8. Read and translate the text.
9. Complete the following sentences
TANNING
Tanning is said to be a wonderful process discovered in the dim past,
perhaps, by a man who noticed that a wet skin left under a layer of bark for a
time did not decay, but became soft and pliable. The preservation of the skin
is known to be effected by means of the material called tannic acid or tannin.
Tannin is known to be contained in the bark of various trees, as well as in tea.
Tannin is absorbed by the hides or skins and in this way they are kept from
decaying.
The oldest way of tanning is considered to be vegetable tanning. Birch
bark was widely used for this purpose in Russia. Vegetable tanning is chiefly
used for heavy leather (such as soles and belting). Mineral tanning has taken
its place for lighter leather, like uppers of shoes and gloves. Mineral tanning
is much quicker than vegetable one. In this type of tanning the skin is
impregnated with chromium salts. There is also the combination tanning in
which a combination of various salts is used.
We know that hides and skins, as they are tanned, to absorb certain
properties of the agents with which they are tanned. The mineral tannage is
known to strengthen the leather and harden it. The vegetable tannage also
strengthens leather, but flexes it. It was shown that the combination tannage
to yield leather that has strength of chrome and the flexibility of the vegetable
tannage. Generally speaking skins tanned by vegetable agents, such as oak
bark, produce hard and practically waterproof leather which is well suited for
the soles of boots. The length of time required for tanning varies from a few
days to months, depending upon the nature of the skins, the purpose for which
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the end product is intended and the characteristics of the agents used in the
process of tanning. By using different kinds of oils, greases and other
compounds it is possible to produce leather with different properties (firm,
tough, soft and lasting).
Today synthetic tanning agents are widely used. They are known to be
used alone or in combination with the above mentioned vegetable tannins.
Russian chemists have produced many of these synthetic materials and
continue to bring them to a higher degree of perfection. That is why leather
made in Russia is highly valued and bought by foreign footwear
manufacturers. Unfortunately, our leather products are not as competitive as
our leather.
Finishing operations are of many kinds and depend upon the use to
which the leather is to be put. These processes usually include dyeing,
machining, polishing to produce a desired finish such as suede or embossed.
No matter what material is used now leather must be subjected to some
processes for complete finishing.
10. Answer these questions.
1. When was tanning invented?
2. Do we know who invented tanning?
3. What is this operation used for?
4. Are there different ways of tanning hides?
5. What are they?
6. What is the difference between them?
7. What is common to all of them?
8. Do different ways of tanning produce the same results?
9. What operation follows tanning?
10. What is the contribution of Russia‘s chemists to tanning?
11. What is the quality of our footwear?
12. What is the reason for this?
11. Retell the text according to this plan
1. The purpose of tanning.
2. A short history of tanning.
3. The tanning agents.
4. Finishing.
12. Complete the following sentences
1. Skins and hides of animals decay because …
2. To prevent the decomposition of them man uses …
3. The agents used for tanning differ in …
4. Some tanning agents are environmentally friendly because they …
5. Those agents are dangerous for the environment because …
6. Knowledge of chemistry is necessary to …
7. To reduce water pollution tanneries are to be …
8. Recycling the waste effluents from tanneries is necessary to …
13. Translate the following sentences.
1. The shoemaker is considered to be aware of foot anatomy.
2. We know the shoe designer to be interested in making comfortable shoes.
3. We want him to design a more practical shoe.
4. We expect the designer to know the movements of which man‘s foot is
capable.
5. The shoe designer is required to understand how we stand, walk and run.
6. We want them to construct footwear that will not hamper the movements of
the foot.
7. The designer is also considered to be informed of the common foot
troubles, their causes, and, if possible, how to relieve them.
8. The foot is known to be divided into several parts.
9. The foot is known to be sometimes deformed, and these distortions are
classed and named.
10. The shoemaker is expected to be interested in possible remedial
treatments.
14. Home task: Prepare a small report on the ecological impact of tanning.
LESSON 6
1. Study carefully the following.
Инфинитив в качестве обстоятельства цели.
Пользуясь образцом, переведите предлагаемые ниже предложения.
Обратите внимание на то, что в этой конструкции перед инфинитивом
может стоять выражение in order, которое не влияет на его перевод.
In order to translate this text we need a dictionary.
Чтобы перевести этот текст, нам нужен словарь.
To get there in time you must take a bus.
Чтобы добраться туда вовремя, вы должны сесть на автобус.
You must have a dictionary (in order) to translate this text.
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Вы должны иметь словарь, чтобы перевести этот текст.
2. Translate the following sentences.
1. In order to make leather we must tan these hides.
2. Tanning should be performed carefully to obtain good results.
3. To be well tanned the hides should be sorted and washed.
4. To obtain the desired results combination tanning is to be used.
5. To produce supple leather chrome tanning is necessary.
6. Appropriate chemicals should be used to produce high quality tanning.
7. To begin tanning the hides are to be prepared.
8. In order to inspect hides for quality we need a microscope.
9. Modern microscopes should be employed to make good inspection.
10. To be able to provide appropriate testing new equipment should be
ordered.
3. Examine carefully the following.
Инфинитив в качестве определения
Пользуясь образцом перевода данной конструкции, переведите данные
ниже предложения.
The text to be translated is very difficult.
Текст, который нужно перевести, очень труден.
These problems will be discussed at the conference shortly to open in
Moscow.
Эти вопросы будут обсуждаться на конференции, которая вскоре
должна открыться в Москве.
4. Translate the following sentences.
1. The hides to be prepared are to be unpacked.
2. They brought chemicals to be used for tanning.
3. The shoes to be produced here are made from high quality leather.
4. Our footwear is produced from the hides to be bought from Spain.
5. The shoes to be exhibited here will be on sale soon.
6. This equipment has not achieved the productivity to be expected from it.
7. The experiment to be underway has not reached a sufficiently advanced
stage.
8. The description to be given of this twin-headed machine deserves our
attention.
9. The test to be conducted by this team will be successful.
10. The results to be expected from it will be published soon.
5. Read and translate the text.
BOOTS AND SHOES
Shoes have been made of various substances, depending on the raw
material available and the varying climatic conditions in different parts of the
world. Thus, wooden shoes were worn in forested Europe; clogs (wooden
soles with straps for support) in the warm Middle East, India, and Japan; tree
bark moccasins in Scandinavia; and straw sandals and fabric shoes in Korea
and China. The people of predominantly cold countries have always worn
high boots, of which Russian boots in black or red leather are typical. The
Laplanders' boots have moccasin feet with turned-up toes, and the people of
Tibet, Bhutan and Nepal in the Himalaya wear high boots made from the skin
of the hairy yak.
Leather has been the principal material used to make shoes.
Undoubtedly the first material used for shoes and the most widely available,
leather has also had the most suitable qualities. Stone Age man was unable to
cover himself with any other material as large as the skin of the animal he had
killed for food. It is probable that he also wrapped pieces of hide around his
feet in order to protect them against the cold, the rough ground, or the sharp
shards of flint from which he made his tools. When the hide dried and
cracked, primitive man employed animal oils and fats in order to soften it, the
first effort at leather dressing.
Many tribal and nomadic peoples became expert workers in
leather, which made light, portable objects to be used in their every day
life. The Tuareg and other Saharan peoples made bags, cushions, and
rugs, often with painted, embroidered, tooled, or appliqueed leather
decoration in striking geometric designs. Siberian nomads made leather
clothing, bags, flagons, and horse trappings, which they ornamented
with dyes, paint, embroidery beads, modeling, and appliqueed leather
and metal. Eskimos and American Indians were particularly skillful at
sewing leather clothing, often embroidered with quills or, later, beads.
Fringe may originally have
served as camouflage for the hunter before it
became purely embellishment.
With the dawning of personal vanity, man began to experiment
with vegetable dyes in order to alter the color of his skin clothes. In so
doing, he chanced upon a method of preserving the hide from
putrefying and by accident turned it into leather. Dressing and curing
hides by natural oils and vegetable dyes were practiced until the 20th
century, when tanning came to be done chemically with chromium
salts. Vulcanized rubber has been increasingly used for footwear in the
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20th century. Synthetic rubber, discovered during World War II by
Waldo Semon, is now the most important shoemaking material,
providing hardwearing, waterproof soles. Also, nowadays plastics are
also used for this purpose.
Leather is considered to be the most appropriate basic material
for different kinds of footwear. The footwear manufacturer carefully
selects the type and grade of leather to suit a particular shoe design.
The bulk production of synthetic upper materials with good flexibility
is available in producing materials with varying degree of suppleness
and "handle". As a class of material, coated fabrics tend to be
reasonably supple, which is one of the main parameters of comfort,
particularly in women's shoes.
6. Answer these questions.
1. What were the first raw materials used for making shoes?
2. Were they the same in different countries?
3. What is the reason for this variety?
4. Which raw material is considered to be the most appropriate for boots
and shoes?
5. What is the way hides and skins of animals were made ready for
making shoes?
6. Who are considered as experts in leather making?
7. What is the reason for this?
8. Are there any differences in today‘s tanning and that of the previous
centuries?
9. Is leather the only raw material used for the footwear manufacture?
10. What is the reason for their introduction?
7. Retell the text according to this plan
1. The materials used for shoes.
2. The place of leather among them.
3. The methods of obtaining leather.
4. The age of mass production of shoes.
5. The range of materials used for footwear.
8. Complete the following sentences
1. Boots and shoes are different in their construction because …
2. In different countries footwear was made of different materials due to …
3. The construction of footwear in different cultures is also different because
…
4. In the XX century, footwear began to be produced in large quantities due to
…
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