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Файл:Кожа. Обувь. Кожгалантерея. Учебное пособие
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recognizes that sometimes problems do arise. In such cases students will be
Слово
Предлог
Союз
Before
до
до того как
Until
перед
перед тем как
After
после
после того как
For
для, из-за, в течение
так как
allowed to approach the personal tutor or module tutor in the first instance. In
cases of any issues of special concern they are advised to contact the Head of the
Department by e-mail or telephone.
Alexander was told that the first lecture at the University would be devoted
to the basic knowledge of Footwear Engineering.
6. Answer the questions
1. At what university did Alexander arrive?
2. To what office did he decide to go first?
3. Why?
4. What did he learn about his future studies?
5. What subject will he study?
6. Will he study English?
7. Are the studies at De Montfort University similar to those at St. Petersburg?
8. What differences have you noticed?
9. How do you assess them?
10. Have you ever studied abroad?
11. If so, what kind of course was it?
7. Complete the following sentences
1. Alexander is happy because he ….
2. He is going to Leicester in order ….
3. When he arrived at Leicester he ….
4. At the Administration office he was ….
5. He learned that ….
6. The overseas students will be ….
7. They were advised to ….
8. The purpose of the additional English course is ….
9. The Regulations and Procedures should ….
10. It is essential ….
8. Be careful in distinguishing these different words.
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9 Translate the following
1. After the lecture I will be glad to answer your questions.
2. After the lecture is over the lecturer will answer our questions.
3. Before he comes we have to get everything ready.
4. For two days they will be debating all of the aspects of the
programme.
5. The management will certainly drop this section of the plan, for it is
too costly.
6. After the discussion there was a proposal to issue a final statement.
7. Until he comes there is no point to begin the discussion.
8. After the lecture the lecturer was asked a number of questions from
the audience.
9. After the lecture was over he was asked to comment on the latest
news from the Nobel Committee.
10. We use only natural materials for they are most appropriate for our
end users.
10. Study carefully the following.
МОДАЛЬНЫЕ ГЛАГОЛЫ И ИХ ЗАМЕНИТЕЛИ
1
The field of application of this machine must be increased.
We have to introduce this machine into our factory,
This method of tanning is to be applied here.
This machine should be imparted new capabilities.
Сфера применения этой машины должна быть расширена
Мы должны внедрить эту машину на нашей фабрике.
Этот метод дубления должен быть применен здесь.
Этой машине нужно придать новые «способности».
2
He can complete this work alone.
The machine will be able to perform all these operations.
He succeeded in repairing this machine.
They managed to test the quality of these hides.
They were unable to remove the defects.
They failed to use all the capabilities of this machine.
Он может завершить эту работу один.
Машина сможет выполнять все эти операции.
Он смог отремонтировать этот робот.
Они смогли испытать все системы робота.
Они не смогли устранить дефект.
Они не смогли использовать все возможности робота.
3
You may introduce your innovation in the closing room
He was allowed to introduce your innovation
Вы можете внедрить ваше усовершенствование в раскройном
цехе.
Ему разрешили внедрить это усовершенствование.
11. Translate the sentences making use of the patterns
1. We had to test these samples earlier.
2. How can we achieve these goals?
3. Why should I ask him about his trip?
4. He will have to show up tomorrow.
5. I won‘t be able to translate this document without dictionary.
6. Did they succeed in buying new equipment?
7. He had to acknowledge his failures earlier.
8. She was allowed not to attend the meeting.
9. He said he would be unable to arrive in time.
10. All of the documents should be ready for signing tomorrow.
11. We had to test these samples earlier.
12. How can we achieve these goals?
13. Why should I ask him about his trip?
14. He will have to show up tomorrow.
15. I won‘t be able to translate this document without dictionary.
16. Did they succeed in buying new equipment?
17. He had to acknowledge his failures earlier.
18. She was allowed not to attend the meeting.
19. He said he would be unable to arrive in time.
20. All of the documents should be ready for signing tomorrow.
12. Преобразуйте данные предложения в прошедшее и будущее времена.
1. You must retell this text.
2. We can translate this text without dictionary.
3. You may come a bit later.
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Sequence of Tenses
Examine carefully the following.
He lives in St. Petersburg.
He was in London a week ago.
He will go to Moscow soon.
I know that he lives in St. Petersburg.
We know that he was in London a week ago.
I know that he will go to Moscow soon.
But:
I knew that he lived in St. Petersburg.
I was informed that he had been there a week ago.
I was told that he would go to Moscow soon.
Я знал, что он живет в Петербурге.
Меня проинформировали, что он был там неделю назад.
Мне сказали, что он скоро поедет в Москву.
13. Translate the following.
1. He informed his manager that he had translated the documents.
2. They promised us that they would provide economic help to our
country.
3. He said he would dispatch the goods tomorrow.
4. I thought you had read his account.
5. We hoped that the problem would be solved soon.
6. She said she would try to come in time and would help arrange the
meeting.
7. We were not told that a delegation from the US was going to arrive
soon.
8. I was not sure that it would be possible for him to help us.
9. They said he was a poor manager.
10. The CEO said that he would approve the plan soon.
11. We were not sure he would accept our offer.
12. I hoped she would decline the invitation.
13. We hoped they would come to discuss our suggestion.
14. He thought his manager was prepared to accept his proposal.
15. I was told that the plan would be discussed soon.
14.
Please prepare for the next time your personal view of having an
opportunity to study abroad
LESSON 3
INTRODUCTION
Long before history was written shoes were being made. The earliest
dawn of civilization in all the diverse corners of the world has almost
invariably seen men contriving some sort of foot-covering.
Shoes were unnecessary in warm climates.
as 20,000 B.
C
., learned to preserve pelts and to bind them about
Primitive man perhaps as early
himself or to cut and sew them together for garments. He also wove
strips into baskets and molded wet leather around a foot or hard core to
make shoes.
In ancient Egyptian wall paintings only kings and priests are shown
wearing sandals, made of plaited reeds or, as in the case of Tutankhamen, of
finely tooled leather.
People in cooler climates wore shoes much earlier. Egyptian wall
paintings at Beni Hassan (2000 B. c.) and at Thebes (1450 B. c.) depict
Syrians, and Minoans from Crete, wearing an assortment of elaborate sandals
and boots. The meticulous art of the Assyrians has left us detailed designs of
their elaborate and sophisticated sandals on the reliefs from Calah (modern
Nimrud) and Nineveh (about 800
B C
.).
The general term for different types of foot coverings is footwear. But
within this category there exist a number of articles. Shoe, a form of footgear
that covers the foot up to the ankle and that is intended as a protection from
cold, dampness, or rough terrain. In addition to shoes, other basic types of
footgear are sandals, moccasins, boots, slippers, and mules. The sandal has a
flat sole of leather or wood fastened to the foot by straps, thongs, or a knob
between the toes. The moccasin is distinguished by a sole that extends up
around the foot to form some part or all of the upper section of the shoe. This
is a primitive form of footgear that is still worn by hunters because of its
flexibility and because it gives greater protection against dampness than shoes
with a seam between the sole and the uppers. The boot consists of a sole and
an upper part that extends above the ankle to protect the leg from cold,
wetness, or dangerous conditions, such as snakebite or thorny plants. The
slipper is a soft shoe, often intended for indoor wear, with uppers generally
made of fabric and sometimes lined for winter wear with wool or fur. Mules
are slippers that consist of a sole and an upper that covers only the toes.
Until the age or cheap mass production, shoes were generally
considered a mark of rank or prestige. Common men walked barefoot, and
their feet became callous, helping them to escape much of the discomfort that
would result from not wearing shoes. The nobility, on the other hand, felt
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obliged to wear shoes as a proof of gentility, that they could not bear
roughness or dirt. In ancient China, in order to indicate their incapacity for
physical work, upper-class parents bound their daughters' feet to prevent
normal growth and to produce a small, twisted "lily foot." As a result, wealthy
Chinese women could scarcely walk in their tiny shoes.
As the structure of leather is a vast random network of coil-like
molecules linked in fibrous strands, leather is one of the strongest flexible
sheet materials known. It resists tearing and puncture, yet it can be stretched.
As a porous substance, it can absorb moisture and "breathe," and it has insulating qualities. Also, leather is easily worked. It may, for example, be
wrapped, rolled, molded, or folded. It may be puckered, crinkled, pierced,
sewn, embossed, braided, knotted, glued, nailed. In addition, it is
abundantly available in endless variety all over the world.
In view of all these advantages, it is readily seen why leather is widely used
for such things as clothing, shelter, upholstery, hangings, harnesses, saddles,
and bookbindings. Often these utilitarian objects are decorated to produce
works of art.
Thick leather is wetted and bent or molded into sculptural forms. In
addition, leather is woven with other materials on looms, built into
collages and reliefs, and tied into macramé-knotted three-dimensional
forms.
1. Answer these questions.
2. When did the first foot covering appear?
3. What was the reason for this?
4. Were they the same in different countries?
5. Where does our information about it come from?
6. What is the general term describing all types of foot coverings?
7. Could you enumerate all sub-types covered by the general term?
8. What is the most appropriate raw material for footwear?
9. Is it easily worked?
10. Is it the only material used today for the production of footwear?
11. Why is leather widely used?
12. What were the first raw materials?
2. Retell the text according to this plan
1. The first material for foot covering and its choice.
2. The types of first footwear and their construction.
3. The main properties of the materials used for footwear.
4. The advantages of leather for footwear production.
3. Make a short written summary of the text
4. Complete the following sentences
1. Men contrived some sort of foot-covering because…
2. We know the first forms of ancient footwear from…
3. Boots and shoes are not the only types of foot-covering because…
4. Different types of footwear can be explained by…
5. Leather was found to be the most appropriate material for footwear
because …
6. We can study the structure of leather due to …
7. Nowadays new materials are used for footwear because …
5. Transform these sentences into the passive voice.
1. Man began making foot covering in prehistoric times.
2. He used different materials for this purpose.
3. In countries with hot climate men did not make foot covering.
4. This production line is offering very expensive shoes.
5. She has bought new shoes.
6. Until the age of mass production people considered shoes as a mark
of prestige.
7. One can use leather not only for footwear, but also for a number of
other purposes.
8. You must use microscope to study the structure of leather.
9. He is going to buy a new pair of shoes.
10. His wife will help him.
6. Pay attention to the usage of verbs in passive voice.
1. These machines are being spoken about.
2. The expensive leather was dealt with carefully.
3. Our participation in this year footwear show was agreed upon.
4. His account of this year footwear show was being listened to with
great interest.
5. A representative of the management hasn‘t been sent for.
6. These new tanning agents are to be dealt with precaution.
7. The new technology is being spoken about
8. The testing operation was dealt with carefully.
9. The lecture on the new tanning technique was listened to attentively.
10. This machine is not made use of at our factory for its slow speed.
11. These ideas will certainly be frowned upon by our managers.
12. We are being aimed at by our competitors.
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LESSON 4
Причастие 1
Помимо функции определения причастие 1 имеет также функцию
обстоятельства. В этом случае причастие переводится на русский язык
деепричастным оборотом. Изучите внимательно образец.
1. Study carefully the pattern.
Reding the text I found several unknown words.
Having read the book I took it to the library.
Being elaborated the programme is constantly checked.
Having been elaborated the programme was found suitable for the
experiment.
Читая текст, я встретил несколько незнакомых слов.
Прочитав книгу, я отнес ее в библиотеку.
Будучи разрабатываемой, программа постоянно проверяется.
Будучи разработанной, программа была найдена подходящей для
эксперимента.
2. Translate the following sentences.
1. Being strong this leather can be used for the production of good footwear.
2. Having been produced the footwear is to be packed.
3. Being rather expensive these shoes won‘t sell well.
4. Manufacturing ten millions pares of shoes a year the factory is the world
leader in this field.
5. Having manufactured ten millions pairs of shoes the factory became the
biggest shoe manufacturer.
6. Being a leader in shoe manufacture the factory produces high quality shoes.
7. Having tanned the hides they took them to the next operation.
8. Having been tanned the hides are to be finished.
9. Being in action this machine performs separately tanning and finishing
operations.
10. Our company has obtained an incentive for the production of these shoes.
11. Having examined the samples we decided to buy these hides.
12. Attending the footwear show they were attracted by the German exhibits.
13. Having tried on the shoes he chose to buy them.
14. Having been offered the machine at a competitive price we bought it
outright.
3. Transform these sentences into the passive voice.
1. We can translate this text without dictionary.
2. They must translate this text without dictionary.
3. You must attend this lecture.
4. I can deliver this lecture in English.
5. You can buy such shoes in any shop.
6. You should cut leather with a sharp cutter.
7. One must observe all of the instructions in dealing with this adhesive.
4. Read and translate the text paying attention to the passive voice.
FROM HIDES TO LEATHER
Many of the unique characteristics of leather are due to its threedimensional fibre
weave. The raw material (hides and skins) is studied in
its normal state and affected by disease in the living animal. Through the
experiences and discoveries of hundreds of years, various methods of
making leather were gradually devised. Now the processes of making
leather are quite the same throughout the world and their character is
similar to that used long ago. The only difference is that the industries
making leather have become highly scientific.
Although there are many variations in leather making because of
different types of hides made into leather, different agents used for
tanning and finishing and different purposes for which leather is to be
used, the fundamental processes and operations are the same. The series
of processes by means of which the natural hides and skins are converted
into leather is broadly covered by the term ‗tanning‘. But this
denomination is not accurate. Tanning proper is only one of the
operations necessary to produce the finished product. The whole process
of leather manufacture may be divided into three main stages: 1)
preparation for tanning, 2) tanning, and 3) finishing.
Since skins and hides are often transported some distance to the
tanneries, they are given a preserving treatment by drying or treatment
with salt as soon as they are taken from the animal. This keeps them
fresh until they arrive at the tannery. Before tanning, all hide and skins
must be thoroughly washed and cleaned. This cleaning is done in large
washing machines. Then each hide is run through a fleshing machine,
which removes flesh and fat. After fleshing the hides are soaked in a
lime solution to loosen the hair so that it can be easily removed by the
machine. This process is called unhairing or depilation. When soft,
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fleshed and clean, the skins and hides are ready to be tanned.
In order to be successful in all these operations and processes, good
knowledge of the properties of hides and skins and processes taking
place in them is important. The only way this can be examined directly is
through the microscope; hence microscopy is useful and indeed essential
in many ways. In this way, the influence on the microstructure of
putrefaction and other changes is examined and recorded.
Morphology or structure of the skin has been studied for many
years under the microscope. This wonderful instrument has revealed
many secrets of cell formation and has aided in the explanation of certain
known results. The microscope is used to determine the changes in the
fibre structure of the hides at different stages, to diagnose the causes of
any faults in the finished leather and, if necessary, to identify the source
of the material and the type of the process used. Since the properties of
leather depend largely on the properties of the fibres and the way in
which they interweave, it is possible, to some extent, to assess the quality
of a piece of leather from microscopic observations. The use of the
microscope and the interpretation of observations made with it do not
present problems greater than those encountered with other methods of
control used in tanneries.
5. Answer these questions.
1. What is the structure of leather?
2. By means of what device can one study it?
3. What are the raw materials used for leather production?
4. Is it a single-step operation?
5. How many steps are involved in the production of leather?
6. What factors affect the quality of leather?
7. Can one improve the quality of the raw materials?
8. What are the ways to do so?
9. What are the main operations at the tanneries?
10. Are they performed manually or by means of machines?
6. Retell the text according to this plan
1. Leather is the most appropriate basic material for footwear.
2. The production processes of obtaining leather.
3. The agents used in these processes.
4. The knowledge which is necessary for this purpose.
7. Make a short written summary of the text
8. Complete the following sentences
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