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Файл:Иностранный язык (английский) для судовых механиков и мотористов. Учебное пособие для СПО
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51
Damages
Reason. Typical sign
Reasons:
1. Extreme wear of rings, a liner, accrued operating
time of liners.
2. Large wear of ring grooves.
3. Absence of chamfers on the rings and insufficient
cutting them in the lock area.
4. Small gap in the piston ring lock
9. Heating and melting
of the crank bearing,
sometimes with scores
of the crank pin wrist
Signs:
1. Temperature increase of lubricating oil
and the crankcase hatch free play.
2. Engine revolutions number drop.
Reasons:
1. Small oil pressure in the lubricating system.
2. Large oil leakage through a gap of the worn
main bearing.
3. Clogging of oil delivering channels in the check
or in the neck
4. Oil viscosity drop because of thinning it with fuel.
5. Mixing with water.
6. Small oil gap and bad fitting of a bearing.
7. Start of an engine without previous oil priming.
10. Heating and melting
of a frame bearing, often
with a score of the crank
journal
Signs:
1. Temperature rise of a lubricating oil.
2. Knocks in a bearing.
3. Revolutions number drop of an engine, sometimes
its stopping.
Reasons:
1. Insufficient oil delivery into a bearing.
2. Extremely small or large gap in a bearing.
52
Damages
Reason. Typical sign
3. Large wear of a crank journal.
4. Engine operation with overload
11. Connecting rod bolt
breaking
Signs:
1. Knocks in a crank bearing.
2. Breaking of an engine cylinder block.
Reasons:
1. Overheating and melting of a crank bearing.
2. Large gap in a bearing,
3. Wedging of a piston in the cylinder.
4. Weakening of a crank bolt nut.
5. Extreme tightening.
6. Uneven fitting of a nut or a bolt head
to the supporting surfaces of the connecting rod head.
7. Uneven sum gasket thickness in the joint plane
causing nut misalignment.
8. Presence of internal and external defects in bolts
12. The crankshaft damage
Signs:
1. Bearing heating.
2. Strong knocks.
3. Revolutions number vibration.
Reasons:
1. Elastic deformation of the shaft, caused by the main
bearings settling because of their uneven wear
or melting, incorrect shaft laying.
2. Strong sticking of separate pistons.
3. Engine work in the area of critical
revolutions number.
4. Incorrect or disturbed alignment with power
selection shaft
53
Damages
Reason. Typical sign
13. Engine operation
overran
Signs:
1. Sharp revolutions number increase.
2. Knocks in the moving parts.
3. Safety valves blasting.
Reasons:
1. Incorrect speed regulator operation.
2. Wedging of regulator servomotor piston valve,
a rack of fuel pump of high pressure in the position
of maximum delivery.
3. Thrust regulation breaking from a regulator
to the fuel pump if high pressure.
4. Delivery into the cylinders an oil fog stored
in the scavenge receiver
14. Oil steam explosion
in the crankcase
Signs:
1. Large smoke discharging from the crankcase.
2. Flame throw away.
3. Crankcase covers breaking and block breaking.
Reasons:
1. Overheating of the moving parts and a cylinder
piston group.
2. Gases pass into the crankcase.
3. Long engine forcing
15. Oil vapour ignition
in the scavenge receiver
and in the under-piston
space
Reasons:
1. Oil derapage into the receiver through scavenge
ports because of extremely large delivery and long
operation on the small load re gimes.
2. Oil storing in the under piston cavity, rod
gaskets passing.
54
Damages
Reason. Typical sign
3. Breaking of gases and sparks into the receiver
and under piston space because of hovering
and breaking of the piston rings, alignment of their
locks, lowering of the pressure, supercharging
and resistance increase on the outlet
5. Запомните новые слова и выражения.
dense compression of a liner
плотная запрессовка втулки
scale
накипь
silt storing
скопление ила
wedging a piston
заклинивание поршня
longitudinal notches
продольные риски
metal leading-edge extension
наплывание металла
gumming
закоксовывание
absence of chamfers on the rings
отсутствие фасок на кольцах
thinning
разжижение
mixing with water
обводнение масла
bad fitting of a bearing
плохая пригонка подшипника
crank journal
рамовая шейка
an engine cylinder block
остов двигателя
nut misalignment
перекос гаек
sticking
заедание
alignment
центровка
oil derapage
занос масла
the under piston cavity
подпоршневая полость
hovering
зависание
55
6. Ответьте на вопросы.
1. What are the sings of the cracks in the fire bottom of cylinder covers?
2. What are the reasons of breaks of upper supporting belt of a working cylin-
der liner?
3. What are the signs of connecting rod bolt breaking?
4. Bearing heating is the sign of the crank shaft damage, isn’t it?
5. What are the indications of the cracks in the piston head?
6. What are the main damages that can observe in diesel operation?
7. Изучите и переведите данные таблицы.
Typical Troubles of Internal Combustion Engines
Defect, damage
Topical Indication. Reasons
1. Cracks in the block
in the area of lower
sealing belt
of a cylinder liner
Indication: appearance of water or salt deposits on the spot
of crack formation.
Reasons:
1. Too dense compression of a cylinder liner.
2. Increased size of rubber sealing rings.
3. Liner deformation because of its overheating while
wedging a piston
2. Crack in the fire
bottom of the cylinder
cover
Indications:
1. Throwing water or steam through open indicator cocks
while cranking an engine.
2. Water appearance on the working surface
of a cylinder liner.
3. White paint of exhaust gases, their temperature lowering.
4. «Shooting» of the safety valve.
5. Temperature rise of water leaving the cover.
56
Defect, damage
Topical Indication. Reasons
Reasons:
1. Over heating the cover because of large scale
on the walls or accumulation of sludge in the cooling
water chamber as well as engine overloading.
2. Sharp cooling of the heated cover.
3. Fast load of non-heated engine.
4. Hydraulic impact in a cylinder.
5. Presence of a foreign object in a cylinder
3. Damage of upper
thrust belt of a cylinder
liner
Indications:
1. Water appearance in a cylinder, white colour of exhaust
gases, lowering their temperature.
2. A liner fall below accompanying with an engine damage.
Reasons:
1. Strong tightening of covers pins.
2. Piston wedging in the cylinder
4. Piston scuffing
and jamming
Indications:
1. Surpressed, gradually strengthening sound appearing
at each piston stroke change.
2. Revolution number drop.
3. Blasts of safety valves.
4. Smoke charging from the crankcase.
5. Score tracks on the piston. Darkening of all directing
part of a piston.
Reasons:
1. Long overloading of a cylinder or the whole diesel.
2. Fast load of non-heated engine.
3. Spent gases temperature rise at injector needle sticking.
4. Cylinder liner deformation because of overheating.
5. Stopping in cooling liquid delivery to the piston head.
57
Defect, damage
Topical Indication. Reasons
6. Piston overheating with gases going into the crankcase
at the extreme wear or coking up of the piston rings
or their failure.
7. Insufficient cylinder lubrication because
of unsatisfactory operation of a lubricator.
8. Gumming of cylinder port and exhaust port.
9. Too dense setting a liner into a block or a small gap
between a liner and a piston.
10. Small heat gap in piston ring locks and insufficient
gap in caps (by height)
5. Cracks in the piston
head
Indications:
1. Gas attack into the crankcase.
2. Liquid temperature rise, cooling a piston.
3. Intermittent character of a liquid spray flowing
from the piston.
Reasons:
1. Piston head overheating.
2. Long overloading of a cylinder or all the cylinder.
3. Sharp change of head cooling regime.
4. Fast load of non heated engine.
5. Mechanical damage of the head by a valve torn or with
a foreign object going into the cylinder
6. Damage
of compression
and oil scraper
piston rings
Indications:
1. Blow by gases into the crankcase.
2. Dark or blue colour of exhaust gases.
3. Lubricating oil consumption increase.
Reasons:
1. Extreme wear of rings and cylinder liner.
2. Large wear of grooves for rings.
58
Defect, damage
Topical Indication. Reasons
3. Chamfers absence on the rings and their insufficient
saw cutting in the lock area.
4. Small gap in the ring lock
7. Heating and melting
of the crank bearing,
which is sometimes
is accompanied with
score of the crankshaft
neck
Indications:
1. Lubricating oil temperature rise and crankcase
cover batch panel.
2. Engine revolutions number drop.
Reasons:
1. Small pressure in the lubrication system.
2. Large oil leakage through a gap of a shabby main bearing.
3. Clogging of oil channels in the crank web
or in the shaft neck.
4. Filter grid rupture due to which dirt goes into a bearing.
5. Oil supplying with water or oil dilution with fuel.
6. Small oil gap and poor adjustment of a bearing.
7. Engine starting without preliminary cranking of oil
8. Heating and melting
of the main bearing,
crumbling antifriction
metal, accompanying
sometimes with score
of the main bearing
journal
Indications:
1. Lubricating oil temperature rise.
2. Appearance of knocks in the bearing.
3. Engine revolutions number drop.
Reasons:
1. Insufficient bearing lubrication.
2. Extremely small or large oil gap.
3. Poor babbit quality or bad insert babbiting.
4. Poor matching inserts by the neck, wrong installation
of the crankshaft.
5. Large wear of the neck.
6. Engine operation with overloading
59
Defect, damage
Topical Indication. Reasons
9. Break
of the connecting
rod bolt
Indications:
1. Knock in the crank bearing.
2. Damaging engine frame-work.
Reasons:
1. Heating and melting of the crank bearing.
2. Large gap in the bearing.
3. Extreme ovality of the crank neck.
4. Wedging the piston in the cylinder
10. Engine operation
overrun
Indications:
1. Sharp revolutions number increase.
2. Knocks in movement parts.
3. Break of the safety valves.
Reasons:
1. Damages of a speed governor.
2. Wedging rods and fuel pump of high pressure
in the position of maximal delivery.
3. Regulation break of thrust from a regulator to the fuel
pump of high pressure break of zero supply
11. Oil steam
explosion
in the crankcase
Indications:
1. Large smoke charge from the crankcase.
2. Flame ejection.
3/ Hatch cover damage in the crankcase and other parts
of the frame.
Reasons:
1. Overheating movement parts and cylinder-piston group.
2. Gas leakage into the crankcase.
3. Long overload of an engine
60
Defect, damage
Topical Indication. Reasons
12. Oil steam
inflammation
in the scavenge
receiver and in the
under piston space
Reasons:
1. Oil skid into the receiver through scavenge ports
because of extremely large deliveries and long operation
on the small load regimes.
2. Oil storing in under piston cavity, rod gasket passing.
3. Break of gases and sparks into the receiver and under
piston space because of sticking and breakdown
of the piston rings, alignment of their locks (often at bush
ovality), supercharging pressure decrease and resistance
increase on the exhaust
8. Запомните новые слова и выражения.
lower sealing belt
нижний уплотнительный пояс
accumulation of sludge
скопление шлака
cover pins
шпильки крепления
insufficient sawcutting
недостаточная запиловка
melting of the crank bearing
подплавка мотылевого подшипника
filter grid rupture
прорыв сеток фильтра
preliminary cranking of oil
предварительная прокачка маслом
speed governor
регулятор числа оборотов
rods
рейки
regulation break of thrust
нарушение регулировки тяги
9. Выберите правильный ответ.
1. At starting a diesel crank shaft is immovable:
a) a valve on the starting balloon is closed;
b) low pressure of starting air;
c) fuel contains a great amount of water.
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