Добавил:
ivanov666
Опубликованный материал нарушает ваши авторские права? Сообщите нам.
Вуз:
Предмет:
Файл:Грамматика английского глагола. Learn Grammar Fast. Учебное пособие
.pdf
He
is known
to be preparing
for the examinations.
Известно, что он готовится к
экзаменам.
The delegation
is known
to
have left
for home.
Сообщают, что делегация
уже выехала домой.
The translation
is understood
to have been typed
.
Полагают, что перевод уже
напечатан.
Не
seems
to have been speak-
ing
for quite a while.
Кажется, он уже довольно
долго говорит.
He
is said
to prefer
skiing to
skating.
Говорят, что он предпочитает лыжи конькам.
Everyone
is believed
to have
filled in
the customs declara-
tion
Полагают, что все уже заполнили таможенные декларации.
Не
appears
to know
geogra-
phy better than the others.
Кажется (по-видимому), он
знает Географию лучше, чем
другие (студенты).
The young man
turned out
to
be
a skilful centre-forward.
Молодой человек оказался
очень хорошим центральным нападающим.
Do
you
happen
to know
his
sister's name?
Вы случайно не знаете, как
зовут его сестру?
Конструкция Complex Subject употребляется, когда
сказуемое выражено:
а) глаголами
to know, to believe, to consider, to report, to say, to think,
to understand, to see, to hear и др. в форме Passive Voice.
б) глаголами
to seem, to appear казаться, представляться, to
happen, to prove оказываться, to turn out оказываться и др. в
форме Active Voice.
в) глаголом to be в сочетании с прилагательными
likely вероятный, unlikely маловероятный,
certain определенный, bound непременный, обязательный.
81
Their plans
are likely
to change
in the future
Их планы, вероятно, в будущем изменятся
They
are certain
to agree
with
you.
Они определенно согласятся
с вами.
She
is unlikely
to lend
you the
textbook.
Вряд ли (маловероятно, что)
она даст вам учебник.
They
are bound
to join
us.
Они обязательно (непременно) присоединятся к нам.
Инфинитивный комплекс с предлогом for в функции
For him to become
a good
teacher will take much time.
Чтобы стать хорошим преподавателем, ему потребуется много времени.
The first thing
for me to do
is to
phone him and ask his advice.
Первое, что я должен сделать, это позвонить ему и
попросить у него совета.
It'll be difficult
for us to settle
matter.
Нам будет трудно разрешить
этот this вопрос.
подлежащего (For-phrase as Subject) может употребляться
без предваряющего it:
с предваряющим it:
Упражнения
1.Read and translate these sentences. Define the func-
tions оf the infinitives.
Pay attention to the use of infinitives.
a) 1. To know Russian literature is to know Pushkin, Tolstoy, Chekhov and Gorky. 2. The best way to learn about a
country is to read a lot. 3. He said he would try to get on the afternoon flight. 4. I am happy to have met him. 5. I regret to say
he thinks too much of himself.
b) 6. "I'd like you to join us. Will you give me your room
number, Jim?" said Dr Ingram. 7. I understood you to have
changed your mind. 8. "I consider your paper on mouth diseases to be brilliant," said Dr Ingram. 9. Everyone in the lobby
heard the assistant manager speak to Dr Nicholas. 10. He
82
watched the curtain go up. 11. I myself saw Peter hand the papers to Mr Bailey. 12. Do you mean to say it was his father who
made him go into politics?
c) 13. He is said to have broken another record. 14. The
company is known to have been rehearsing the new play for
two months. 15. "I happen to be one of the dentists," said Jim
Nicholas. 16. Bill turned out to be a very good translator.
17. They are unlikely to get to the station in time. 18. He is certain to have kept the appointment. 19. They are bound to agree
to their offer.
d) 20. It won't be too difficult for you to encourage him.
21. This is for Mr Burton to decide. 22. The most difficult thing
for him to do was to agree to our proposal.
2. Transform these sentences according to the model.
a) I’m glad I’ve told you about that.
I’m glad to have told you about that.
1. I’m glad I’ve lent him the book. 2. He’s sorry he’s given
up college. 3. She’s glad she’s checked herself. 4. He is happy
he’s apologized to her.
b) The text’s too long. It can’t be translated today.
The text’s too long to be translated today.
1. The text's too difficult. It can't be translated without your
help. 2. The contract is too important. It can't be signed without
a consultation. 3. The work is too difficult. It can't be completed
without Pete's help. 4. The novel is too difficult. It can't be read
by first-year students.
c) Is John a talented coach? (to consider)
Yes, I consider him to be a talented coach.
1. Is Jane a very good friend? (to consider) 2. Is he a skilful
goalkeeper? (to find) 3. Is Mr Mitchell a kind man? (to know)
4. Is Mary a promising painter? (to believe)
d) Has John filled in the form? (to see)
Yes, I saw him fill it in.
1. Have they rehearsed the play yet? (to watch) 2. Did Peter refuse to join them? (to hear) 3. Did Mr Smith examine the
documents? (to see) 4. Did they congratulate Jane on her success? (to hear)
e) It is expected they will arrive tomorrow.
They're expected to arrive tomorrow.
83
1. It is expected Peter will break a record tomorrow. 2. It is
known Mr Evans will deal with the matter. 3. It is said Bill prefers skiing to skating. 4. It is believed Ann's son is a promising physicist.
f) The wind is getting stronger, (to seem)
The wind seems to be getting stronger.
1. Ben is doing well at college, (to appear) 2. John Burton
is dealing with this matter, (to seem) 3. He met them when he
was in London, (to happen) 4. They are losing the game, (to
seem)
g) It is certain that their team will win the game.
Their team is certain to win the game.
1. It is certain that the new performance will be popular
with the audience. 2. It is likely he will give up figure skating
next year. 3. It is unlikely that John will change his mind. 4. It is
certain that she will forgive him. 5. It " likely that they will agree
to his offer.
3. Respond to these questions according to the models.
a) Will John take part in the meeting?
Yes, he's certain to take part in it.
1. Will he apologize to his mother? 2." Will they confirm the
reservation? 3. Will he fix the clock? 4. Will the performance be
a success?
b) Do you know Mr Green?
Yes, I happen to know him.
1. Does Jim know who's won the game? 2. Did you meet
the Smiths in Paris? 3. Did you see James Burton play golf?
4. Did you see the new French film?
c) Does she know Mr Brown? (to have met him before)
No, she doesn't seem to have met him before.
1.Does she know his last novel? (to have read it) 2. Have
they heard the news? (to have heard it) 3. Does he know he
was wrong? (to realize it) 4. Does he know geography well? (to
be good at it)
* * *
84
Герундий
3. Герундий – это неличная форма глагола, которой нет
в русском языке. От любого глагола можно образовать герундий, добавив к инфинитиву совпадает с причастием настоящего времени, но это не одно и то же.
Герундий имеет черты глагола и существительного.
Как существительное герундий может
Быть в предложении подлежащим, дополнением,
именной частью сказуемого -
returning to a colder world
ing
. По форме герундий
Entering their house was like
Lifting weights can be dangerous without supervision
She enjoys listening to music while she runs
Употребляться с предлогом -
short of beauty but long on brains
Сочетаться с притяжательным местоимением или с
существительным в притяжательном падеже
get your playing for me, sister
Использоваться в структуре There is no …
;
;
We are known as being
;
I’ll never for-
There was
no arguing with him.
Как глагол герундий может
Иметь формы Simple и Perfect -
Do you think this
question is worth discussing? He denied having ever been
there. I’m tired of having argued with you for such a long time;
Быть в активном и пассивном залоге
I remember
showing her the letter. – I remember being shown the letter.
Сочетаться с наречием;
Принимать прямое дополнение.
На русский герундий переводится
Именем существительным –
занимаюсь плаванием.
Придаточным предложением –
you. Простите, что я вас перебиваю.
Деепричастием –
He went away without leaving his
I go in for swimming. Я
Excuse my interrupting
address. Он уехал, не оставив адреса.
Инфинитивом -
She enjoyed sitting in the sun. Ей до-
ставляло удовольствие сидеть на солнце
85
.
Существует группа глаголов, которые обязательно до-
to appreciate
ценить
to hate
ненавидеть
to enjoy
наслаждаться
to dislike
не нравиться
to like
нравиться
to loathe
испытывать отвращение
to love
любить
cannot bear
не терпеть
to prefer
предпочитать
cannot stand
не выдерживать
to avoid
to imagine
to depend on
to burst out
to include
to dream of
to consider
to involve
to feel like
cannot help
to keep (on)
to give up the idea
of
to deny
to mind
to insist on
to delay
to mention
to look forward to
to discuss
to prevent
to object to
to excuse
to regret
to persist in
to finish
to put off
to prevent from
to forgive
to stop
to succeed in
to give up
to quit
to suspect of
to go on
to accuse of
to thank for
to risk
to approve of
to think about/of
it’s no use
to postpone
to agree to
it’s (not) worth
to congratulate on
to be afraid of
to talk about
полняются герундием, обычно это глаголы-синонимы в значении «нравиться», «не нравиться»:
После следующих глаголов также употребляется герундий:
We enjoy playing tennis on Saturday mornings.
I prefer working out early in the morning.
She keeps trying to lose weight, but she refuses to exercise.
I avoid running in the park after dark.
86
The nutritionist is interested in knowing all about my
to go dancing
to go running
to go skiing
to go swimming
to go jogging
to go skating
to go shopping
eating habits.
You should take advantage of having the gym right here.
We're used to jogging before breakfast.
He showed me how to get to the gym by drawing a map.
В отрицательном предложении частица not ставится
между предлогом и герундием:
I have no excuse for not exercising.
I apologized to Ann for not making it on time to our aerobic class.
Глагол to go и герундий:
We'll go skiing in Vermont next week.
I'd love to go swimming, but I'm afraid the water is too cold.
Why don't we go dancing tonight?
Инфинитив употребляется в следующих случаях:
a) после глаголов:
(
no object
) afford, agree, appear, decide, happen, hope,
learn, manage, plan, promise, refuse
We hope to open four new stores.
(+ object
) advise, allow, encourage, force, order, persuade,
remind, tell, warn
I reminded him to go to the bank.
(
with or without object
) ask, expect, help, intend, want,
wish, would like.
She intended me to take over when she retired.
b) после модальных глаголов (с/без частицы to) и их
эквивалентов
We ought to go now.
You are to take a month's holiday - and that's an order!
c) в конструкции Complex Object (с частицей или без
частицы to - для описания совершённого действия после
глагола чувственного восприятия)
87
He saw her cross the car park and walk into the office opposite.
too + adj/adv + to
It's too important to miss.
not + adj + enough to
It's not good enough to sell.
d) без частицы to после следующих глаголов:
make, let, had better, would rather/sooner
He makes me work harder than my last boss.
e) в качестве подлежащего
To test the market would require...
f) для обозначения цели
So let's meet (in order) to discuss the agenda.
g) после прилагательных:
astonished, disappointed, expensive, cheap, easy, simple,
pleased, sorry, hard, difficult, (im)possible, important, interesting
It's expensive to buy bottled water.
h) в конструкциях:
Герундий или инфинитив?
Некоторые глаголы могут употребляться как с герун-
дием, так и с инфинитивом:.
(a) love, like, prefer; hate, can't bear;
He likes having lunch in restaurants. (=in general);
He likes to have lunch in a restaurant on Tuesdays.
( = specific);
(b) remember, forget;
I remember meeting you in 1979. (= past);
Remember to meet me tonight at seven. (=future);
(c) regret;
We regret informing them about...(=We informed them and
we regret it);
We regret to inform you that... ( = We are informing you
now and we regret it);
(d) try;
Try sending it by airmail - it's quicker. ( = suggestion, not
difficult);
I tried to send it by air but there were no flights.
( = attempt, difficult, unsuccessful);
(e) stop;
He stopped smoking (= gave up smoking);
He stopped to smoke (= he stopped to start smoking);
88
V-ing
of V-ing
at V-ing
a) Like
Enjoy
Dislike
Hate
Not mind
b) To be tired
To be afraid
To be fond
To be proud
To be ashamed
c) To be good
To be clever
To be bad
Упражнения
1. Answer the questions.
1. What does your mother like (love, hate) doing?
2. What can't your friend stand?
3. What do you like doing in your spare time?
4. If you want to lose weight, what must you stop doing?
5. What can you remember doing when you were a child?
6. What do you regret doing in the past?
7. What did the guests go on doing all night at the party?
8. What can you try doing if you want to improve your English?
9. If your room is a mess, what does it need?
10. What are students busy doing before exams?
11. What do you resume doing after a tea-break?
12. If a person is homesick, who does he miss being with?
13. What is difficult for a shopaholic to resist?
2. Make up sentences on the structure.
3. Read the story and answer the questions.
Is the man really interested in fishing?
What is the only thing that interests him?
Find the gerunds in the text.
Fishing is my favourite sport. I often fish for hours without
catching anything. But this doesn't worry me. Some fishermen
are unlucky. Instead of catching fish, they catch old boots and
One Man in a Boat
89
rubbish. I am even less lucky. I never catch anything - not even
old boots.
Alter having spent whole mornings on the river, I always go
home with an empty bag.
"You must give up fishing!" my friends say. "It's a waste of
time." But they don't realize one important thing. I am not really
interested in fishing I am only interested in sitting in a boat and
doing nothing at all.
4. Talk to your classmates about things that are worth or
not worth doing.
5. Complete the sentences.
1. The girl couldn't help .... (to cry)
2. The parents couldn't help... (to worry) about their son.
6. Join the following sentences. Use the preposition
without.
E.g.
She left the room. She didn't say a word.
She left the room without saying a word.
1. We walked for along time. We didn't speak to one another.
2. He looked at me for a moment. He didn't answer my
question.
3. He left us. He didn't say good-bye.
7. Complete the following sentences using the gerunds.
1. She wasn't used to...
2. What's the use ...
3. I don't feel like...
4. We are looking forward to...
8. Make up a story about someone you know using ger-
unds after:
to like, to be interested in, to be good at, to prefer, can't
stand, to give up, to have fun, to have no difficulty, to be used
to, to take to, to succeed in, to help in, to be proud of.
90
Соседние файлы в предмете [НЕСОРТИРОВАННОЕ]