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Файл:Грамматика английского глагола. Learn Grammar Fast. Учебное пособие
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Модальные глаголы не нуждаются во вспомогатель-
1. Вежливая просьба/вопрос:
May I take your book?
2. Официальное разрешение
Yes, you may.
3. Официальный запрет
No, you may not!
ных, они сами формируют и утверждение, и отрицание, и
вопрос.
Они не приобретают окончание –s, -es в третьем лице
единственного числа. Они не имеют форм прошедшего и
будущего времени.
После любого модального глагола используется не-
определённая форма глагола без частицы to. Единствен-
ным исключением является модальный глагол ought to -
следует, должен: He ought to be more careful!
* * *
Как видим, модальных глаголов немного. Рассмотрим
каждый из них отдельно.
Модальные глаголы
may и might
весьма похожи и в
ряде случаев взаимозаменяемы, используются, когда речь
идёт о будущем или настоящем.
May
Способы употребления.
May указывает примерно на 50% вероятности будуще-
го события, тогда как might выражает меньший процент вероятности (около 30%):
Everything may happen fast enough. Всё может произой-
ти очень быстро.
Everything might happen fast enough. Может, всё и про-
изойдёт очень быстро.
Might заменяет may в косвенной речи в прошедшем
времени, используется для предложения возможных вариантов или построения планов, а также для критических высказываний:
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He says: “I don’t know this sub-
ject well enough, that’s why I
may make a mistake quite eas-
ily”.
He said he didn’t know that
subject well enough, that’s why
he might make a mistake quite
easily.
You might ask Mom for permission before you invite that
entire people here!
Ты мог бы спросить маминого разрешения, прежде чем
приглашать всех этих людей
сюда!
You might have found out how
much it costs at other shops,
not to have bought it at the first
shop you saw!
Вы могли бы узнать, сколько
это стоит в других магазинах, а не покупать это в первом попавшемся!
I’m always allowed to use their
garage.
Мне всегда разрешают
пользоваться их гаражом.
She was allowed to be present
at the meeting but wasn’t allowed to bring along outsiders.
Ей разрешили присутствовать на собрании, но не разрешили приводить посторонних людей.
He has always been allowed to
do whatever he wanted.
Ему всегда разрешали делать всё, что он хотел.
В вопросах may и might используются только для того,
чтобы спросить на что-то разрешения, но в вопросах о степени вероятности будущего события обычно никогда не используются, следует сказать:
Is he likely to be late? Может ли он опоздать?
В прошедшем времени, а также при употреблении
формы Perfect страдательная форма глагола to allow – позволять, разрешать выступает эквивалентом глагола may:
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Упражнения на модальные глаголы.
may/might
1.
1. — … I ask you a question? — Sure! Go ahead. 2. — … I
open the window? It's too stuffy in the room. — I don't mind. 3. —
… I borrow your pen? Mine doesn't work for some reason. —
Sure, you … . 4. — … I turn the television on? — Probably, not, it's
too late. 5. You … not take the books without asking for permis-
sion! 6. You … not smoke in here, there are some children
around! 7. You … not come here whenever you want to! 8. — … I
tell you all what I really think about it? —Yes, you … , of course.
9. … I borrow a few discs, I really enjoy such kind of music. —
Sure, you … take them and listen to them as long as you want.
10. — … I miss the next class? Our relatives are visiting us just
for a couple of days and I would die to be with them. — Sure you
… , but you are supposed to know the new material anyway!
2.
1. Is he … to know the answer to my question? 2. Do you
think he … know the answer to my question? 3. They … come
any day. 4. She … have forgotten to pass them the word about
your request. 5. They said they … help us. 6. I was finally … to
pass the driving test. 7. When I was fourteen my parents didn't …
me to come home late. 8. I really hope they will …us to meet. 9. I
wonder if it … get colder tomorrow. 10. He … have just caught a
cold and didn't have a chance to leave home. 11. — Why isn't he
answering the phone? — He … be listening to music too loud and
not to hear the phone ring. 12. — What do you think why he
spoke Polish so well? — I have no clue. After all he … have been
living in Poland for a few years! 13. I guess they … look after
everything by themselves. 14. I thought that day everything …
have gone wrong, that's why I decided to put everything off until
Monday. 15. Don't worry! They … have delayed with the boss;
it's not too late at all! 16. — Why haven't they called until now? —
They … be still holding a consultation; you must know business
isn't done quickly over there. 17. They … have known each oth-
er, why not? 18. They … send me on a business trip with them;
however I'd rather stay here. 19. They … have wasted a lot of
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time solving that problem, so what? They haven't solved it anyway! 20. If I even had some time now I … try to find him, but I'm
afraid this week I won't have free time at all. 21. I guess if they
had had a little more time they … have dropped by on us for a
few hours, why not?
3.
1. They … have left without waiting till we came. 2. She …
be trying to get through to us right now! 3. — Did you hear the
noise outside? — No, I heard nothing! — Then something … have
been wrong with your hearing. 4. He eats everything except for
the garlic. He always pushes all of it over to the side of his dish
with the salad. — He … not like it. 5. — Yesterday I called him
twice, at eight and at nine, but nobody answered the phone. —
They … have been out or just been sleeping. — So early? That's
out of character for them! 6. — Why didn't he tell me about
that? — He … not have known about that by himself. 7. — Why
didn't she say hello to me yesterday? — She just … not have no-
ticed you! 8. It … have been him, I know how he could act! — Yet
it … not have been him, but someone else instead. 9. — She fell
asleep in the first class. — I guess, she … have been working all
night long, so there is nothing strange in it. 10. When do you
expect her to come back? — She … come back after eight at
night. 11. Why didn't he answer my question? — When you
asked him he … have been thinking about something different
and just didn't think it was so important for you. 12. He was
never … to develop his business as he'd wanted it to be. 13. —
There is a knock on the door. Who do you suppose it is? — It …
be a neighbour. 14. — The phone is ringing. Who do you think it
is? — It … not be him this time! 15. — Why has his number been
busy for over an hour? Who can he have been speaking with so
long? — It … not necessarily have been him. Don't you know his
sister can be on the phone for an hour and even longer? 16. —
What do you think; when she said that yesterday did she really
mean what she said? — How do I know? She … just have been
kidding. 17. They … have already come back and be waiting for
you. 18. I … have told her all that stuff angrily, but you all know
for sure how actually treat her! 19. They just … not know our new
address that's why we haven't heard from them recently. 20. He
… have walked you to the hotel, it's quite a short distance!
21. He never listens to me anyway. I … as well talk to a brick
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wall. 22. It … be a very good resort, but it is too expensive to
rest over there. 23. You … talk everything over with me before
making such a crucial move. 24. You … have listened to the old
man; he's actually much experienced than any of you! 25. I was
… to take any kind of initiative, do anything I wanted just to produce an effect.
* * *
Модальный глагол can выражает физическую и умственную способность совершить действие. У этого глагола
есть форма прошедшего времени could (соответствующего
законченному отрезку времени).
Mike can play the piano. He could drive you to the hotel.
Как форма прошедшего времени, в косвенной речи
используется в прошедшем времени:
- - Can you bring it to mind?
- - What?
- - I asked you if you could bring it to mind.
Способы употребления.
1. Физическая и умственная способность что-то делать.
She can memorize 50 new words a day. When at school
he could write some outstanding essays.
2. Вероятность.
They can come any moment. They could call any time.
3. Неформальная вежливая просьба
Can I stay here for a couple of days?
4. Неформальное разрешение/запрет
Naturally, you can.
No, you can’t.
5. Невозможность – только в отрицательной форме.
They can’t know each other. She can’t be still sleeping, it’s
10 o’clock!
В современном английском can слегка потеснил более
официальный глагол may в неформальной вежливой просьбе:
- It’s too cold in the room, can I turn on the heater?
- Sure you can, I’ve been thinking about it by myself.
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Эквивалентом глагола can выступает сочетание to be
able to, которое используется для недостающих форм гла-
гола can:
She is going to get free soon and will be able to speak to you.
He hasn’t been able to get used to the new apartment all
this year.
Упражнения
CAN
1. You … bring it here in a week; there is no point in hurry-
ing so much. 2. … you explain to me what the matter is? 3. She …
not have forgotten about her promise. 4. Bees … not orient in the
darkness. 5. … I put off our meeting for a few days? 6. She … tell
this story better than anybody else. 7. She … write and speak
with a customer at the same time. 8. … you understand it is out
of place? 9. He … not have apologized for his mistake by him-
self; he never apologizes to anybody. 10. This dress … not be
so expensive. 11. I … lend you $300 until the end of the month.
12. …you understand she doesn't want to maintain/(have) any
relations with you? 13. Now you … not distract his attention even
for a single moment; he is too busy. 14. …it be true they haven't
answered your letter yet? 15. Sometimes he …bring so much
trouble. 16. …I leave work one hour earlier today? 17. They
…gather in two harvests every year. 18. They … not have met on
the street by chance, I guess it was planned in advance. 19. I …
not play cards. 20. She will … to understand you only
if/(providing) you share your words. 21. She … forget to wake
him up. 22. Now they are near me, I … see and hear them per-
fectly well. 23. — What should we do? — We … ask Olga for help.
24. He … take all his exams well if he puts aside all his activities
for at least two weeks. 25. She … learn the language in one and
a half years because she is still young and really has a good
memory. 26. They won't … to come and see her tomorrow.
27. We … not stay here any more, we have too little time.
28. You won't … to answer this question quickly if you've never
thought about that before. 29. You … call here when it is so late;
everybody is asleep at this time. 30. They … not have some-
thing to do with that. 31. He … not have said that to his boss.
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32. … it be so she hasn't come back yet? 33. … you turn down
the music a little, please? 34. … you tell me what time it is?
35. They … not have been living there so long, I know they had a
visa for three months. 36. Will you … to translate this sentence by
yourself? 37. I asked her if she … find some time for a serious
conversation. 38. She hasn't … to get through to us since morning.
COULD
1.
1. He was in such a hurry while eating he … have got
choked. 2. … I ask you a private question? 3. I have no idea
where they … have gone. 4. They … not set me up; I knew about
all their plans. 5. I hear the rain. 6. … I have something to drink?
7. She has always … to find an approach to friends. 8. When she
was only four she …read already. 9. I … not see you tonight, I
have to work until late. 10- We …swim to that island together if
you aren't scared. 11. She … not have forgiven him; he had hurt
her so much! 12. She …possibly get a promotion soon. 13. I
…hardly believe my own eyes. 14. …you have believed that liar?
15 He was really very gifted. After living here only seven months
he …understand almost everything we were talking about.
16. They …have changed their minds. 17. Yesterday she was
…to watch her favorite movie on television until 12 because she
behaved. 18. It's too hot! We …go to the country for the entire
day tomorrow. 19. That food processor … not cost more than
one hundred bucks. 20. I was …to find such the words she has
finally believed me. 21. …they still be waiting for us? 22. I …have
invited them but they were leaving town for a couple days so I
didn't. 23. She … not be still memorizing that poem, it has only
ten lines. 24. It …rain after dinner. 25. She was offered a good
job, but she didn't get it. She …have got it, but it was too far from
her home. 26. — Why aren't they here yet? — They …have got
stuck in a traffic jam. 27. They … not be still hungry! They have
eaten a huge meal. 28. The nights were chilly, our heater didn't
work and we … not get warm under the blankets. 29. …you pass
me the sugar bowl, please? 30. Thirty years ago prices were so
low you … buy an airplane ticket for ten rubles. 31. She asked if
we … get a taxi someplace around? 32. At such the rains the riv-
er … easily overflow. 33. Since/As he didn't know that subject at
all he … not get a good grade in the exam. 34. There was so
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much work to do he … have easily spent the whole year on it.
35. … I speak to/with your deputy chief, please? 36. You … at
least apologize! 36. If you … speak better English, he might un-
derstand you. 38. I … not let her get away with speaking those
words. 39. All this week I haven't … to get rid of these thoughts.
40. We were … to walk 30 percent of the entire road in one hour.
2.
1. In his childhood he wasn't tall at all, but he was really
tough and … beat any of his peer fellows in the yard. 2. My uncle
… mentally multiply three-figure numbers. 3. When we went out
of the porch I … hear somebody quietly laughing. 4. Although I'd
never been to that neighborhood before I was… to find their
apartment house quickly. 5. What shall/should we do on the
weekend? — I guess we … not go anywhere, just to sleep all
day, I'm really exhausted. 6. She … not have forgotten to bake
you her special pie, it's just art of cookery. 7. When I called her I
was told she had already left, but I was … to get in touch with her
on her way here. 8. He did a dreadful deed, but for some reason
he was to persuade the chief it wasn't his fault. 9. They used to
be … to spend together days speaking and joking around.
10. Recently I haven't … to sleep well because of the heat. 11. —
What color should I choose to paint the kitchen? — I suppose it …
be some quiet tones, in my opinion it would be perfect. 12. — Did
you ask him about something? — I … have asked, but I just decided not to so that not to bother him in vain. 13. They … not
have left without saying goodbye. 14. They … have warned us
about their coming in advance! 15. They were so popular one …
buy their records all over the place. 16. … you explain to me how
it is done once again? 17. They said I … call them back in one
and a half hours. 18. I had no clue if she … speak any other lan-
guages besides English. 19. We … have spent yesterday in the
country, but in the morning they called me from work and asked
to work overtime. 20. I … hardly recognize him, he had changed
so much!
Модальный глагол must никак не изменяется и имеет
лишь одну форму – must.
* * *
38
Способы употребления:
have to
be to
She’ll have to change her job
We are to discuss it next time.
There was no train, he had to
walk there.
He was to be my friend for
many years to come.
The driver is not to be spoken
with!
1. Обязанность, необходимость
I must go to the bank. I had to go to the bank on Tuesday.
2. Запрет
You mustn’t tell anybody about that.
3. Вероятность события на 95%, вызванная знанием
ситуации
Mr Green is not here. He must be in the chief office.
Эквивалентом глагола выступают 2 конструкции:
to have to, выражающее вынужденную обстоятель-
ствами необходимость и
to be to, которое выражает необходимость, предопре-
делённость, вытекающую из заранее намеченного плана
или договорённости:
Упражнения
MUST
1.
1. This subject … be too difficult for her. 2. No doubt, they
…have taken the exam well. 3. She …have persuaded them to
stay in. 4. There is no car in the garage, Mike …have taken it.
5. You …return the book to the library, it's been two days overdue. 6. Don't tell her we've bought such an excellent present to
her, it …be a surprise. 7. To find ourselves at the premiere of the
film we …spend one and a half hours in line. 8. It …have been her
friend. Otherwise what could she have discussed with him so
passionately? 9. You … put the room in order before Dad comes
back. I can't even imagine what it will be like if he comes back
and sees all that with his own eyes. 10. As I can see he is too
tense all the time. It seems to me he …learn how to relax. 11. No
matter how she …make him believe her words. 12. You …have
39
misunderstood me. 13. You didn't …promise him anything, such
kind of people doesn't deserve trust at all. 14. Don't go there by
yourself, you …always have at hand either a map, or someone
who knows that area well enough. 15. She …have fallen asleep
and just haven't heard him come into the room. 16. He …be the
last to come. 17. …I explain everything to him or he will be able
to understand everything by himself? 18. I knew he …pay him in
the same coin, it was the only chance for him to understand me.
19. She said I …not sleep at lectures. 20. Nobody …explain that
to anybody, it … go without saying. 21. He …not have learned the
subject at all, because he didn't say anything right. 22. I …wish
you a speedy recovery. 23. They …rake the leaves into piles.
24. Next time you must restrain yourself. 25. You …not prevent
him from achieving the goal he'd set! 26. They …be having a
suntan at the sea, because they invited me to go along with
them about half an hour ago but unfortunately I'm busy all day
today. 27. We didn't … look for that apartment building 23 at
Pushkinskaya Street; we just were going by and spotted it.
28. Nobody …taunt you, you … make them respect you!
2.
I. He …have had his screw loose; how could he do this
wickedness against you? 2. Yesterday I …work out in the gym
from nine thirty to ten thirty. 3. What time …we set out from the
city? 4. Yesterday he fell down and injured his knee so badly he
…leave the class and go to the nurse's office. 5. Not to make
these mistakes you …learn how to distinguish one from another.
6. They told me I …bring them all the certificates. 7. You …not be
such an airhead, it will ruin you. 8. They …have got acquainted
even before, because yesterday they were speaking with each
other as if they had known each other for ages. 9. I've had some
stomach problems recently. I …go to the doctor. 10. I know I
smoke too much and …cut the number of cigarettes per day at
least in half. 11. You may/can take the money, but you …pay it
back until Friday. 12. He …tell everybody about that. 13. He
…have told everybody about that. 14. — Here you are/Here you
go. You …take this money. 15. You …not quarrel over trivial mat-
ters. 16. He …have drunk himself senseless once again. 17. She
didn't …get up early yesterday, so she slept to her heart content.
18. They aren't answering the doorbell. They …not be at home.
19. You …not run into debts. You …run your business good
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