Добавил:
ivanov666
Опубликованный материал нарушает ваши авторские права? Сообщите нам.
Вуз:
Предмет:
Файл:Грамматика английского глагола. Learn Grammar Fast. Учебное пособие
.pdf
4. I usually (go) to bed before midnight. 5. We are in September
now, and we (do) a lot of work this year; we (do) a lot last year
also. 6. What's your brother doing? - He (do) the crossword in
the newspaper. He (do) it every day 7. He wants to buy a car, but
first he must learn how to drive, so he (take) driving lessons. 8. I
(write) to my parents a fortnight ago, but I've not had a reply, so I
just (write) again. 9. He's a very hard worker. He often (work) until midnight. It's 11 p. m. now and he still (work). 10. It’s 3 p.m.
and he (not eat) anything today, but he (eat) a good dinner last
night. 11. Is Mary ready to come out? — No, she still (dress). 12. I
(read) this book several times. I first (read) it in 1990.13 I often
(read) detective stories; he (read) a very good one now. 14. She
(not have) a holiday since 1996, but she (have) a very long holiday in 1995. 15. What are they talking about? — They (talk) about
literature. They always (talk) about literature when the they see
each other.
11. Put the verbs in brackets into the Past Simple or the
Past Perfect Tense
1. The new bus-driver (have) an accident after he (drive) a
few yards. 2. When I (get) to the cinema, the film (start). 3. The
students (enter) the classroom five minutes after the bell (ring)
4. After she (lock) and (bolt) all the doors, she (go) to bed. 5. The
students (do) the exercise very well after the teacher (show) them
how to. 6. The little boy (tell) a lie five minutes after he (promise) to
tell the truth. 7. When the plane (land), the sun (set). 8. She
(feel) sick after she (eat) a whole box of chocolates. 9. After doctor (examine) the child he (have) a talk with the mother
10.When I (call) on my friend, he (go) out. 11. Mary (finish) her
homework when her father (come) from his office. 12. I (throw)
away the newspaper after I (read) it. 13. After she (spend) all
her money she (ask) her father to help her.14. The teacher
(give) back the exercise-books after he (correct) them. 15. The
sun (rise) when the farmer (start) work.
12. Open the brackets using a) the Past Simple Tense;
b) the Past Continuous Tense; c) the Past Perfect Tense.
1. Tom (sit) in a corner with a book. 2. When I (arrive) the
lecture already (start). 3. I (make) a cake when the light (go) out.
I had to finish it in the dark. 4. Unfortunately when I arrived Ann
just (leave), so we only have time for a few words. 5. He (have)
21
a bath when the phone rang. Very unwillingly he (get) out of the
bath and (go) to answer it. 6. When we (reach) the field, the
game already (start). 7. He suddenly (realize) that he (travel) in
the wrong direction. 8. When I (look) for my passport I (find) this
old photograph. 9. You looked very busy when I saw you last
night. What you (do)? 10. The boys (play) cards when they
(hear) their father's step. They immediately (hide) the cards and
(take) out their lesson books. 11. He (not allow) us to go out in
the boat yesterday as a strong wind (blow). 12. I (call) Paul at
7:00 but it wasn't necessary because he already (get) up.
13. When I (hear) his knock I (go) to the door and (open) it, but I
(not recognize) him at first because I (not wear) my glasses.
14. When I came in they (sit) round the fire, Mr. Smith (do) a
crossword puzzle, the others (read). Mrs. Smith (smile) at me
and (say), "Come and sit down." 15. I (see) you yesterday from
the bus. Why you (use) a stick? — I (use) a stick because I (hurt)
my leg that morning. 16. The children (come) to the party at 4
o'clock yesterday; but before that Mr. and Mrs. Green (decorate)
the room, Mrs. Green (bake) cakes, and Mr. Green (buy) a
small present for every little guest. 17. As they (walk) along the
road they (hear) a car coming from behind them. Tom (turn)
round and (hold) up his hand. The car (stop). 18. When I (arrive)
at the station Mary (wait) for me. She (wear) a blue dress and
(look) very pretty 19. When I (see) him he (paint) a portrait of his
wife. 20. While he (water) the flowers it (begin) to rain.
21. When I last (see) her she (hurry) along the road to the station. I (ask) her where she (go) and she (say), "London", but I
don't think she (tell) the truth because there (not be) any train
for London at that time. 22. The men (say) that they (work) on
the road outside my house and that they (want) some water to
make tea. 23. Richard (get) a new exercise-book yesterday because he (fill) his old one. 24. Ann said that she (be) on holiday.
I (say) that I (hope) that she (enjoy) herself 25. When I (look)
through your books I (notice) that you have a copy of “Nightwork". 26. She said that she (not like) her present flat and (try)
to find another. 27. When Margaret (finish) her homework she
(turn) on the radio.
22
Согласование времен (Sequence of Tenses).
Главное предложение
Придаточное предложение
Past Simple
Past Simple
Past Continuous
Past Perfect
Future in the Past
Косвенная речь (Reported/ Indirect Speech)
Согласование времен — явление, характерное для английского языка. Согласование времен означает зависимость времени глагольного сказуемого придаточного предложения от времени сказуемого главного предложения.
Если сказуемое главного предложения стоит в одном из
прошедших времен, то и сказуемое придаточного предложения (в основном дополнительного) тоже должно стоять в
одном из прошедших времен:
I
knew
I
knew
I
knew
I
knew
Future in the Past употребляется для выражения действия, которое совершилось в прошлом после прошедшего
действия, выраженного в главном предложении.
Future in the Past образуется при помощи вспомогательного глагола would и инфинитива смыслового глагола
без to:
Не knew that I
При переводе повествовательного предложения из прямой речи в косвенную производятся следующие изменения:
а) повествовательное предложение вводится сою-
that they
that they
that they
that they
would make
had
a French class every Thursday.
were having
had
already
would have
a French class then.
had
a French class the next day.
an appointment with Mr Smith.
a French class.
зом that, который, однако, часто опускается.
Не says, "They will achieve success."— He says
will achieve success.
23
(that)
they
б) личные и притяжательные местоимения заменя-
Прямая речь
Косвенная речь
Present Simple
Present Continuous
Past Simple, Present Perfect
Future Simple
Past Simple
Past Continuous
Past Perfect
Future in the Past
Прямая речь
Косвенная речь
I love you
He told her that he loved her
I’m listening to you
He said he was listening to us
The rain has stopped
He said that the rain had
stopped
She’s been walking all the way
home
She said she had been walking
all the way home
I spoke to him yesterday
She said she had spoken to
him the day before
I was driving carefully when
the accident happened
The driver told the police that
he had been driving carefully
I’ll be there at 3 o’clock
You said that you would be
there at 3 o’clock
I can speak Portuguese
He said that he could speak
Portuguese
ются по смыслу:
He says, “I’ve just seen
he
has just seen
my
elder brother.
your
elder brother.” He says (that)
в) если после глагола to say имеется предложное
дополнение, указывающее на лицо, к которому обращена
речь, то он заменяется глаголом to tell, или to explain, to
reply:
She has
said
to me, “I’m awfully tired”. She has
told
me
that she is awfully tired.
Если глагол в главном предложении стоит в Simple
Past, Past Continuous или Past Perfect, то время глагола
прямой речи должно быть заменено в соответствии с правилом согласования времён:
E.g.
24
It may be true
I thought that it might be true
What shall I do?
He kept asking himself what he
should do.
Прямая речь
Косвенная речь
this – these
now
today
yesterday
the day before yesterday
tomorrow
the day after tomorrow
next week (month, year)
last week (month, year)
that – those
then
that day
the day before
two days before
the next (following) day
in two days’ time
the next (following) week
the previous week
He said,
He
said to me
,
“Peter
is look-
ing
through the
paper
now
”.
“I
went
to see
him
the day
before yesterday
”.
“
I’ll go
there
tomorrow
”.
“
My
father died
a year ago”.
He said (that)
He
told me
(that)
Peter
was
looking
through the
paper
then
.
he had gone
to see him
two
days before.
he would go
there
the fol-
lowing day
.
his
father
had
died a year
before
.
При переводе прямой речи в косвенную заменяются
указательные местоимения, наречия времени и места:
E.g.
вращается в дополнительное придаточное предложение.
При переводе прямого вопроса в косвенный он пре-
25
Вопросительный порядок слов заменяется порядком слов
She said, “Don’t book tickets
for the theatre for next Friday”.
She asked me not to book
tickets for the theatre for the
following Friday.
повествовательного предложения — глагол-сказуемое ставится после подлежащего. Личные и притяжательные местоимения заменяются по смыслу. Если в главном предложении глагол-сказуемое стоит в форме прошедшего
времени, то в косвенном вопросе необходимо соблюдать
правила согласования времен.
Итак,
A. При переводе общих вопросов в косвенные они
присоединяются к главному предложению с помощью союзов if или whether, которые переводятся на русский язык
частицей
John asked the secretary
ли.
whether
Mr Brown
had come
back.
B. Специальные вопросы в косвенной речи вводят-
ся соответствующими вопросительными словами.
Не asked Jane, "
asked Jane
She asked Bill, "
how old
C. Если прямую речь вводит глагол to say, то в кос-
венной он заменяется глаголами to ask, to wonder, to want,
to know, to warn.
She said, “John, when are you leaving?” - She asked John
when he was leaving.
who
John's father was.
had won the previous swimming event.
Who
won the last swimming event?"—He
How old
is John's father?"— She asked Bill
D. Приказания и просьбы в косвенной речи вводятся
глаголами to tell
приказывать,
Глагол в повелительном наклонении заменяется
инфинитивом. Отрицательная форма инфинитива образуется путем прибавления отрицания not (to go—not to go).
велеть, сказать, приказывать,
to ask
to order
(по)просить
26
Упражнения на перевод прямой речи в косвенную.
1. Translate the sentences.
1.He said he had not heard anything about it. 2. He said
that Peter had booked tickets for the theatre the previous week.
3. Mr Stone told me that the meeting would take place the following month. 4. He said the secretary had already phoned Mr
Brown. 5. Peter said that the Spartak players had scored three
goals before the end of the first half. 6. He told them he would
speak to Mr Smith about it if he saw him the next day. 7. Jane
said she would clean the rooms the next day. 8. Ann said she
was going out that night. 9. She said she had attended Professor Davy's lecture the previous day. 10. Miss Brooks said that
Mr Dodd was speaking on the phone then. 11. She said her
husband, was manager in a big factory. 12. He said that Byron
was born on January 22, 1788. 13. He said that he met Ann
when he was going to the supermarket.
2. Choose the proper adverb.
1. Mr Brown said the manager would be back in London
(tomorrow, the following day). 2. He says he enjoyed the film
(yesterday, the previous day). 3. The secretary told Mr Black
that Mr Brown had called him up (two hours ago, two hours
before). 4. The secretary said Mr Brown was having an
appointment (now, then). 5. Mary says she will book tickets for
the cinema (tomorrow, the next day). 6. The journalist said
that Bondarev's new novel would be out (next month, the next
month). 7. He said that he had finished his new collection of
stories (last month, the previous month).
3. Choose the proper tense-form of the verb.
1. He said the novel (is, was) very interesting. 2. Mary said
the weather forecast for the next day (is, was) bad. 3. He told
her that many of the students (will go, would go) to the football
ground the next day. 4. The boys say they always (have supported, had supported) Spartak. 5. Peter said he (will attend,
would attend) the Music Festival if it (takes place, took place)
the following June. 6. Miss Hornby says that there (is, was) a
message for Mr Brown. 7. He said he (will finish, would finish)
his new collection of poems the following May.
27
4 Make up conversations according to the model.
A:
The film impressed me greatly.
B: What did he say?
C: He said (that) the film had impressed him greatly.
1. Jack London's northern stories made a great impres-
sion on me. 2. John has just gone on business to London.
3. Bill's brother has given up college. 4. The weather is wonderful today. 5. They are interested in art. 6. She is making a living
as a clerk.
5. Transform direct speech into reported speech.
1.She said to me, "We'll go skating tomorrow." 2. Ann
said, "I've got the wrong number." 3. He said, "We'll complete
the job if you help us." 4. The secretary said, "I've got a message from Mr Green." 5. Mr Nelson said, "Shaw was awarded
the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1925." 6. The old man said to
me, "It happened many years ago." 7. Mr Smith said, "They had
lunch on the train two hours ago.” 8. She said, “I’m leaving for
London tomorrow.”
6. Transform direct speech into reported speech.
1. "Is the Music Festival taking place in Edinburgh now?"
Mary asked him. 2. "What's the weather like in Moscow now?"
Mr Smith asked him. 3. "Was it a cup game?" she asked her
brother. 4. "Are you tired?" she asked Jane. "Yes, I am," Jane
answered. 5. "Can you help me translate this article today?"
John asked Bill. 6. "How long did you stay there?" John asked
him. 7. "When shall we meet?" he asked Bill. 8. "What's the
title of the book you are reading?" Mary asked Jane. 9. "Where
shall we go for the week-end?" Jane asked her husband.
7. Make up dialogues according to the model.
A:
John asked me, "Are they coming to see us tonight?"
B: What did John ask you?
A:
He asked me if they were coming to see us that night.
1. How long did it take them to complete the job? 2. When
will the next match take place? 3. May I have breakfast now?
4. Will you be able to come to the party? 5. When did it
happen? 6. What's the score? 7. What hotel are they going to
stay at? 8. Who is the message from?
28
8. Transform direct speech into reported speech.
1. "Please show them round the city," Peter said to him.
2."Please don't call me up before Wednesday," Mr.
Dobson said to him. 3. "Please show Mr Petrov in," Mr. Dodd
said to the secretary. 4. "Please ask Mr Mitchell to wait for a
little while," Mr Smith said to the secretary. 5. "Don't send
the papers yet," he said to the secretary. 6. "Please show me
another pair of shoes," the customer said to the shop-assistant. 7. "Don't buy any bread today," Mary said to her son.
8. "Please don't come back very late," Peter said to his daughter. 9. "Please try on these shoes," the shop-assistant said
to the customer.
9. Make up dialogues according to the model.
John (to Ann):
Please show me your new English
textbook.
Peter (to Max):
Max:
He asked her to show him her new English
What did John say to Ann?
textbook.
1. Take a seat, please. 2. Have a cup of tea,
please.3. Don't buy any oranges today. 4. Please clean the flat
today.5. Please show me round the city tomorrow. 6. Don't
break the appointment, please. 7. Don't be late for the theatre,
please.
10. Complete these sentences.
1.He asked me if... 2. She wondered how long... 3. John
asked Peter what... 4. Mr Blackwood asked tfie secretary how
many... 5. She asked him what time... . 6. She wondered how
much... . 7. He asked me whether...
11. Transform direct speech into reported speech.
1. John asked the passer-by, "Is it far?" 2. Peter asked
Bill, "Should I take a bus?" 3. A young man asked him,
"Could you tell me the way to the station?" 4. He asked Bill,
"Will it take me long?" 5. Jane asked a passer-by, "Is there
a bus from here to the National Gallery?" 6. Peter asked,
"Does this bus go to the station?" 7. John asked an old
man, "Can you tell me where to get off?" 8. Ann asked one
of the passengers, "Is this the right bus for the Town Hall?"
9. Peter asked me, "What are your plans for tomorrow
29
morning?" 10. He asked me, "What are you doing in the afternoon?" 11. He asked John, "What Art galleries have you
been to?" 12. "Did you find the shortest way to the underground station yesterday?" Bill asked him. "l3. "What bus
goes to Kazan Station?" an old man asked him. 14. "How
long will it take me to get there?" he asked the taxi-driver.
15. The young man said to him, "Take the first on the left
and go straight on." 16. The policeman said to him, "Turn
round and turn left at the traffic-lights.” 17. The boy said to
her, "Go straight on and take the second on the righ t."
18. She said to him, "Take a 12 and ask the conductor to
put you down at Trafalgar Square."
12. Read the following transcript of the chairman's
speech at an Annual General Meeting of shareholders.
Rewrite it in reported speech, changing the tenses and
constructions where necessary.
In my first report to you as Chairman, I am pleased to tell
you that the Group is maintaining its strong upward trend in
profits. Profits before tax this year have risen by forty per cent to
a record of £60 million. Perhaps I should remind you that last
year's profits were £45 million. They have improved year by
year over the last five years and are now more than double
those of 1979. The Group's business is now soundly based and
the problems of our loss leaders largely resolved. From our
strong financial position we will continue to grow and make selective acquisitions in allied industries whenever we identify
suitable opportunities. I hope that you will continue to keep faith
in our group and see it as an extremely healthy and profitable
concern
Модальные глаголы
may, might, can, could, must ,should, ought to, need
Модальные глаголы обозначают не действие (или
определённое состояние), а отношение к тому или иному
действию. Все модальные глаголы показывают, что говорящий считает что-то необходимым, целесообразным, допустимым или возможным.
30
Соседние файлы в предмете [НЕСОРТИРОВАННОЕ]