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Файл:Грамматика английского глагола. Learn Grammar Fast. Учебное пособие
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enough to have enough money that you personally make.
20. We… find a good and inexpensive lodging in the shortest
possible time. 21. The bed clothing …be changed today. 22. She
is still not here, but she …be hurrying up to see us. 23. They …
have been arguing for quite awhile because one could hear
their loud voices in the room all day long. 24. It …not happen.
25. It …happen. 26. It …have already happened. 27. You …not
prevent me from having my own opinion. 28. You … place here a
notice: «Beware of the dog». Otherwise it's going to bite someone. 29. They … be half sisters.
HAVE TO/HAVE GOT TO/BE TO/MUST
1.
1. My older brother …study at University for another one
and a half years. 2. She …work six days a week to support her
family. 3. Mom said I … throw out garbage tonight. 4. To take
money from your account you … have a plastic card. 5. He
doesn't …stay in the office all (the) time, he's a free lance em-
ployee. 6. When do you …set up the appointment? 7. I've … work
hard recently/lately. 8. We've lived without a dog for a year now
and I see we … buy a puppy. It's really hard with no helper.
9. Did you …obey his order? 10. Do you often …go on a business
trip? 11. We …walk ten miles to get there. 12. Do I …be wearing a
formal dress or I can look as always? 13. The samples …be kept
at the temperature minus twenty Celsius. 14. When do you
…come back? 15. I guess you're wrong in this situation, you …
apologize to her. 16. Unfortunately they have always …solve all
problems by themselves; they can't count on someone else's
help. 17. Many years ago they …fight for a better life. 18. To
achieve something in life you …not be inactive. Every day you …
move forward! 19. Everybody knew that the trip …be cancelled.
20. They … have been taken by surprise. 21. The idea that she
…pay for everything by herself was totally out of the question.
22. You may … fulfill the investigations instead of me. 23. I didn't
… play the game. I had nothing to do with that. 24. You … be
missing the point. 25. You … put an end to all that gossip!
26. When did you … get up the day before yesterday? 27. Why
did they … act at random? 28. How much do you … pay for the
round trip?
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2.
1. You …change the baby's diapers, look he's crying. He …
feel uncomfortable! 2. He … have had a hand in that matter. 3. All
the students …learn the rules by heart. 4. Does the senate …ratify
this treaty? 5. You … have been getting out of your way to demon-
strate how interested you were and you were just standing nodding your heads silently! 6. Although she was on vacation we …let
her know about everything, she …cut it off and come over here.
7. We don't …spend much time on explaining things to each other,
we catch the meaning at once. 8. We …take the first flight to go.
9. Did you …stay one more night in the tent or you had enough
time to get to town? 10. This building has been under construction
for one year and it …be finished on July, 1. 11. The meeting …
have started thirty minutes ago, but it isn't started yet. 12. Yester-
day my cat fell down the third floor and I …get him to the vet.
13. After dinner it started raining heavily and we …go under the
awning. 14. After he was demoted he …get out of the habit of living
in grand style. 15. One day he'll …pay for what he's done.
16. You'll … be working here a couple of months before you get in-
to the swing of things. 17. We'll all …do our best to get you off the
hook. 18. He … study overtime, because he got behind in his
school work. 19. How long had you … live with them when they
stopped treating you like a stranger? 20. Don't make a noise, she
… be falling asleep. 21. In the middle of our phone talk we … hang
up the phones. 22. At work I … spend at least half a day at the
wheel. 23. They acted so provokingly the police … make an attack
on them and then calm them down at the police station. 24. You …
get him out of there real fast or he'll suffocate. 25. Did you … make
up the way out of that situation by yourself or they prompted you
what to do? 26. Every year the company … assign means to up-
grade the equipment. 27. We … wait on the corner until he
dressed and left home. 28. You … have taken his help for granted;
he didn't … do it for you. 28. That house …be rundown. 29. They …
make a U-turn and then to put the car in second gear to go up the
hill. 30. You … influence your son, he's absolutely got out of hand.
BE TO
1. As/since you are the last to leave you … turn off the light
and computers. 2. Last Saturday we … have visited the photo
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gallery but for some reason it was closed. 3. It is unbelievable;
they … meet only in twenty five years. 4. According to our
agreement I …drop in on her on my way to work. 5 Well, every-
thing is ready for the guests to come. They … be at six. 6. In the
third year of study students … take two sets of exams which
have four tests each. 7. We … get a little salary rise by the end of
the year. 8. Before going to your pal you … do your homework
properly. 9. The Mexican president … pay France a friendly visit
next month. 10. If we … arrive at their meeting, we'd better hurry
up! 11. The original paint … not be removed off this appliance.
12. You … not come to the class without my permission.
13. Work … be resumed next week. 14. The train from Yevpato-
ria … arrive in twenty minutes. 15. This law is … changed within
this year. 16. You … not smoke in the room. 17. He … have driv-
en us to the country, but his car broke down a day before.
18. There is nothing … changed here. 19. Children … not left unsupervised here.
* * *
Модальный глагол
ought to
выражает совет,
(не)желательность действия:
I ought to have warned you.
You ought to have called on him yesterday.
You oughtn’t to have married her, David. It was a mistake.
Модальный глагол
should
выражает моральную обя-
занность или совет:
It’s late. You should go to bed.
He should have been studying more!
Глаголы ought to и should близки по смыслу и во мно-
гих ситуациях взаимозаменяемы.
Кроме того, глагол should употребляется в придаточных предложениях после глаголов-сказуемых главного
предложения, которые вынуждают или побуждают к действиям:
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insist
настаивать
request, demand
требовать
recommend
рекомендовать
propose
предлагать
suggest
советовать
I recommend that you should certainly see this film.
He suggested that we should divide the money in equal
parts.
Упражнения
SHOULD
1.
1. In the morning everybody … exercise at least ten
minutes. 2. You … not speak like that with your parents. 3. What
… I do in this situation? 4. They … call tonight or at worst tomor-
row morning. 5. Today I feel out of shape because at night I
slept only two hours. I … not have been working so hard! 6. She
…find some time and come to see us until Friday. 7. All the filled
in forms … be sent before July 1. 8. — This summer we're going
to have a rest at the sea for three entire weeks! — That … be
nice. 9. Why did you leave the keys in the car? You …not have
done it. 10. Drivers … obey the speed limit within this part of the
highway. 11. In my opinion you …not spend so much time at
work. 12. Don't you think you all guys … apologize to her?
13. You … answer their inquiry as soon as you get it. 14. He said
I …not be that/so stubborn.
2.
1. She … have made no secret of it, in that case it wouldn't
have attracted so much unnecessary interest. 2. Do you think
she … have her hair cut? 3. In this red dress and suede red
shoes she … look quite striking! 4. — Look at yourself! You look
worn out, you need some sleep. — I'm afraid I can't do it be-
cause I … work for a couple (of) hours. 5. — What do you think
they are doing? — Look at your watch. It's already ten thirty at
night, they …be sleeping. 6. Look what a sunset! It … be windy
tomorrow. 7. You … have taken care of that a long time ago. 8. I
…not have refused to go to the meeting with you. Now I'm be-
ginning to feel sorry about it. 9. I'm sorry, guys, I don't know the
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answer to your question. Ask her, she … explain everything.
10. The painter didn't think about shape while creating this
painting. So, you …not think about that either just enjoy the colors! 11. Don't leave the campfire in the forest! It … be necessari-
ly put out. 12. You …not ask her any questions about her private
life, she doesn't have to answer them. 13. — Have they already
installed that new software on your computer? — Not yet I
guess. They … be busy installing it now. 14. He … have thought
over your offer thoroughly. 15. … I explain to them why such a
misunderstanding took place? 16. I insist that you … leave her
alone! 17. It's vital that everything …happen as it was designed!
18. That night I understood I …not have asked him any questions, but I just couldn't keep from asking and that was my mis-
take. 19. You … take our standpoint into consideration; we have
a direct bearing on everything what happens.
3.
1. The doctor said I … give up smoking. 2. This form … be
filled in in ink. 3. You … have seen her expression after I told her
those words! 4. They … be (at) home by now. 5. He said I … turn
down their offer. 6. Before buying him a present you … have
asked him what he wanted. 7. It's vital that all the students …
learn meanings of all the modal verbs! 8. They … be getting to
the city center. If it is so, we'll see them in about twenty minutes.
9. — Look what a jumpy person he's become. You … not have
told him about that! 10… I book train tickets today, or be waiting
for a few days longer? 11. You … speak to him about that by
yourself. Don't ask anybody to do it instead of you. 12. I've
bought two kilo hunk of pork for our cook outs. I guess that … be
enough. 13. I can't give you a better grade; you … have been
studying more. 14. — Look what an unbelievable car it is! It …
cost a lot of money. 15. Is it so essential that I … know this story
in detail? 16. You … slow down a little before this turning to the
left; the blacktop is damp, it's dangerous. 17. Don't you think
he's put a little weight around his middle? I guess, he … be getting more exercise. 18. — I have no clue how to explain all that
to her — You … ask your parents for advice, they know how to do
it better for sure. 19. It's not like her to be that late. She … have
been here forty minutes ago. 20. We suggest that you … try to
enter this University once again. You have really good
knowledge. 21. Do you want to increase your vocabulary? You
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… memorize at least ten new words a day. 22. When you were
gone somebody called you. It … have been the girl you had
walked home on Monday. 23. I demanded that they … open the
door at once. 24. I'm sorry I can't see you now because I … do
my term paper.
OUGHT TO
1. You …take an English course. 2. — He got a traffic ticket.
— Oh, how strange, he is usually very cautious. He … not have
noticed the road sign. 3. I'm sorry; it's none of your business.
You …not stick your nose in it! 4. — Are you going to go somewhere? — I … go to the ticket office and book some airline tickets.
5. You … trust your business partners otherwise you'll come to
nowhere! 6. — When did you get home? — Too late, I … have
come back at least one hour earlier, Mom felt very nervous.
7. To see them you …get in touch with their representative in advance and indicate the wishful date of your appointment. 8. You
…have picked us up us after five o'clock flat and you came for us
at six! 9. — She looks sad. — I guess we …cheer her up a little.
10. We … invite to the birthday party not only her personally, but
her mother also, otherwise they could think we have something
in mind against them. II. We …fire him, he can't cope with his du-
ties. 12. They … have got to know each other better, then they
didn't have to get divorced so hastily. 13. It's noon. The mail …
be here soon. It is usually delivered between noon and one
o'clock. 14. You …get up and drive off to work earlier; otherwise
you'll have to waste your time in bumper traffic. 15. I … not have
watched that horror movie until midnight. I failed to fall asleep
until two in the morning. 16. He …change his bass guitar for the
keyboards; he can perfectly play the piano. 17. Why should it by
so surprising? In order not to be so fat he … not have been eating some foot long hot dogs! 18. If you regard yourself as a well
brought up person, you … not use foul language. 19. He … go
nuts on me if we are late.
* * *
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Модальный глагол need - выражает действия, в которых не было необходимости, в вопросительных и отрицательных предложениях:
You needn’t be afraid of me
You needn’t have hurried
She needn’t spend money on furniture.
Need I come here once again?
В современном английском существуют два аналогичных по смыслу глагола – обычный, смысловой «need to … » и
модальный – «need…», переводятся как «нуждаться, иметь
потребность». Обычный глагол «need» подчиняется всем
регулярным правилам:
He needs to sell the house as soon as possible.
They don’t need to go to school tomorrow.
How much time do you need to fix supper?
В отличие от обычного смыслового модальный глагол
«need» не используется в утвердительных предложениях
You needn’t set the alarm clock for 6 in the morning, I’ve
already set it.
They needn’t have taken along so many clothes.
Следует помнить, что употребление конструкции
needn’t have + past participle предполагает, что вы сделали
что-то, НО в этом не было необходимости:
He needn’t have booked the hotel because he stayed with
the local representative.
(= He booked it BUT it wasn’t necessary)
Kонструкция didn’t need to + infinitive предполагает, что
вы этого не делали, ПОТОМУ ЧТО было не нужно.
He didn’t need to stay in Hong Kong, so he left early and
went to Tokyo.
(= He didn’t stay in Hong Kong BECAUSE it wasn’t necessary)
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Упражнения
NEED
1. I didn't … call home and explain to them where I was,
they were absolutely aware of where and who with I was going
to spend that night. 2. You don't … scold him, he is innocent.
3. You …not have bought so much meat for the kebabs, there
are too few of us to eat them up. 4. You …not have taken the
pooch running, in the morning Dad spent half an hour with him
walking outdoors. 5. Look what a dirty floor is here, it … washing.
6. … I remind him about our appointment or he is going to re-
member about it by himself? 7. The flowers … watering or they'll
wither. 8. Now we don't … wring water from the laundry, the
washing machine is going to do it by itself. 9. I … buy a few
graph paper exercise books. 10. You …not have completed this
exercise, we had been asked to do some absolutely different
one. 11. You …not enter into a talk with him. 12. To get there you
… walk in this direction for about half an hour and then at the
road fork turn left. 13. You'll … make your choice very soon.
14. At that time I didn't …carry out anyone's orders, I was already
retired. 15. I …urgently send them a text message, they are waiting for information from me. 16. They don't …find out about the
class schedule, they were called and told about everything on
the phone. 17. You …not be driving the car on offence, it will
come to a bad end. 18. You'll …shell out for a new cell phone for
the kid! 19. The television doesn't work, it … fixing. 20 To beat
them we … muster an army. 21. Do we …work right away or we
can put off the beginning for a few days? 22. I need to give him
a good gift, I' m indebted to him for his help. 23. You …not advise them anything, they are aware of everything anyway. 24. I
didn't even …exert my brain to remember where his apartment
building was, I have a good photographic memory. 25. They …
scuttle out of town. 26. You … not promise anything if you aren't
going to keep your promises. 27. The sofa … be set on end to be
carried into the room.
Подводя итог всему изложенному выше, формы употребления модальных глаголов и их эквивалентов можно
представить следующими формулами:
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Подлежащее +
can
could
should
would
may
might
had bet-
ter
*must
cannot, can’t
could not,
couldn’t
should not,
shouldn’t
would not,
wouldn’t
may not
might not
had better not
must not
+ неопределен-
ная форма
смыслового гла-
гола
Подлежащее
+
be able
be al-
lowed
have/have
got
be
ought
not be able
not be al-
lowed
don’t
have/haven’t
got
isn’t/aren’t
ought not
+
to
+ неопределен-
ная форма
смыслового гла-
гола
*must употребляется в официальной форме, часто заменяется в речи на to have to
Некоторые модальные глаголы могут иметь больше
одного значения:
А. Помощь (would/can/could)
Could you please bring me a glass of water?
Would you please ask Susan to give me a call?
В. Совет (should/ought to/had better/could)
eat meat have a choice.
You shouldn’t worry so much.
If it’s a formal party, you ought to wear a cocktail dress.
I think you’d better ask them if they have a special diet.
You could make several dishes so that people who don’t
Should I bring more wine?
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С. Вывод (must)
Greg is having his second serving of lasagna. – He must be
hungry.
D. Возможность (can/could /may/might)
She can cook really well.
We couldn’t call you to let you know we’d be late.
I may not/might not invite the Blakes to my next party.
E. Необходимость (have to/have got to/must)
I have to rent a tuxedo for my friend’s wedding.
If you’re going to be late, you must/have to let me know.
F. Разрешение (may/can/could)
May/can/could I bring a friend to your dinner party?
G. Просьба (may/can/could/would)
May/can/could I borrow your silverware for the dinner party?
H. Запрет (must not)
You must not smoke in areas that are designated for nonsmokers.
Упражнения
1.
1. The new books …have been quite useful. 2. He …have
boated across the river. 3. The flight NNN …arrive at 6.30. 4. I …
have met you at my friends'.5. I …meet my friends last week.
6. That discovery … bear great influence on humankind. 7. He …
have just been sleeping at that time. 8. Now he … do whatever
he wanted. 9. The furniture was really nice and … have cost a
large sum of money. 10. Is it true you … ask him about it?
11. He … never … to retake the exam. 12. Why … you be so strict
to her? 13. He …not have left without seeing you. 14. I … have
misunderstood you. 15. She …get mad at him however, who
knows. 16. You … have waited for him a little longer, he … have
come anyway. 17. There … be someone to understand you, but
not me. 18. In the old days she … have pleased men, but seemingly it was a long time ago.
2.
I. The work …be finished in the shortest possible time.
2. The children … be taken care of. 3. He … have foreseen such
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