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Файл:Грамматика английского глагола. Learn Grammar Fast. Учебное пособие
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an end. 4. I … have known what was on her mind. 5. As soon as
the bell rang the students were … to leave the classroom. 6. He
… be hidden in such a way nobody could find him.7. Don't get
mad at them; they … have just made a mistake. 8. … it be him to
tell you all that? 9. … you tell me in which room the meeting ... to
be held? 10. She … have left even before you came back.
11. The weather … change tomorrow. It isn't the thing to rely on.
12. This work isn't hard at all. You ... easily do it by yourself.
13. I'll …check up all the information (that) we've got. 14. …you
work a couple (of) hours overtime tonight? 15. Handbags and
suitcases … not be left unsupervised. 16. You … have written
your parents more often.
3.
1. You … not stay here if you don't want to; you really don't
have much time. 2. He …not have come here; everything was al-
ready done without his assistance. 3. You … not necessarily
change all the text, the beginning will do. But all the rest you'll …
rewrite. 4. — My computer has been on the blink for about ten
days. — Then you'll …call for a repairman. — I … no repairmen,
because my older brother can fix any computer. 5. You …not
have told her about that; she already knew everything. 6. I …not
forget what in particular I was supposed to take with me tomor-
row. That's why I … call her, although I …not have done it that
night. It was too late. 7. … I ask you to do me a trifle favor? I'd
like you to call me at about six in the morning and wake me up.
8. She … not … to make him change his mind. 9. Your husband …
make more money than mine. 10. At last I …… to get even with
him. 11. She …not have paid attention to what you did.
4.
1. When I finally met him, it became absolutely clear to me
he didn't … to account for any explanations. 2. They … have paid
for our accommodation at the hotel; thanks for us they made a
lot of money. 3. I'm almost sure — they won't … to come to an
agreement. 4. I … have proven it to you by means of my own
personal examples, but I just spare you. 5. Like nobody else he
… find such the specific words that would always convince peo-
ple. 6. They … tell the authorities about everything and we can't
let it happen. 7. You … not have told your opinion out loud; no-
body cared. 8. Passengers …not to distract the driver's atten-
tion. 9. They … have never come back from there; it was too
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dangerous over there. 10. She … have treated you a long time
ago if she had been properly paid. 11. They … have eaten noth-
ing during the day. 12. They … still be hoping to get some infor-
mation from home.
5.
I. We'll …to answer all their questions. 2. They … have for-
gotten about us. 3. When teased he … have a heart attack.
3. You … not have thought everything already came to a good
end. 4. You … not think we have no chances at all; we … try to
put off the meeting in a few days. 5. We didn't … to come along
with them, they knew the road perfectly. 6. … not you see she's
going to make a fool of you even this time? 7. You … have esti-
mated everything by yourself. 8. No matter where he … find
himself — danger … find him at any place. 9. Why do I … his
money if I … make enough money to buy whatever I want? 10. …
she still believe him after everything he's done to her? 11. I … to
collect all this money cent by cent to pay off the debt. 12. There
was no reason for us to ask them for help, that time we … help
no matter who by ourselves. 13. They … be ashamed. 14. He …
be trying to find a way of solving this problem.
6.
1. He said next week it … be an audit from the Ministry.
2. It … be cooler tomorrow than today. 3. I … not be able to get
in touch with you tonight. 4. I have no idea/no clue where they
are now; they … be at any place. 5. It … be a hard thunderstorm
tomorrow. 6. I've gained some weight in a couple of the last
months, so I … put myself on a diet. 7. Today we … to call our
insurance agent. 8. Temperature … to be kept at 20 degrees
Celsius all the time. 9. The light in his room is turned off; he …
be sleeping. 10. The grass is wet; it … have just rained. 11. He
… to call his customer yesterday. 12. He … have called his customer yesterday. 13. It … be raining yesterday, but I'm not sure
about it. 14. An infection … have been the cause of her death.
15. This morning he … have got in touch with me, but he never
called.
7.
1. The sergeant … have written a report about the robbery
even yesterday, but he hasn't done it yet. 2. She passed her
exam quite well, she … have prepared for it pretty well. 3. He
got a parking ticket; he … have parked at the wrong place.
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4. She was supposed to come by three o'clock, but she … have
forgotten about our agreement. 5. His car stopped in the middle
of the road; it … have run out of gas. 6. He came to work without
his glasses, he …have forgotten them at home. 8. — What do
you think where she … be today? — I have no idea; she … have
overslept. 9. He got a warning for speeding. He … not have
been driving his car so fast. 10. The book was so interesting he
… not stop reading it. 11. He … have been more wary. 12. Yes-
terday it was so hot we … have gone to the country instead of
staying indoors.
8.
1. They weren't … to leave classes early. 2. … you hear
this strange noise? 3. At all costs … to warn him about the dan-
ger. 4. Wait for him, please, he … get free pretty soon. 5. It oc-
curred to her she … have done something wrong. 6. Although
the sun is still shining it … rain anyway. 7. We … to detain you,
it's forbidden to visit this place without documents. 8. I … not
and you won't be … to make him change his mind, either. 9. Ac-
cording to our agreement she … to come back by the fifteenth of
June that's why she has no chance to be late. 10. They … have
come here a few hours ago, otherwise they would have failed to
open the door so quickly. 11. I kept repeating him all that so that
he … memorize everything for the rest of his life. 12. Although
he … not speak German he nevertheless was … to realize the
main point of the talk, I … not understand how? 13. We've got
plenty of time, we don't … to hurry up. 14. Although he … not
have been trained properly well, he … to decide how to act in
that situation. 15. You … not do it if you don't … it. 16. We … not
have taken this suitcase full of warm clothes, but who … imag-
ine it would be so hot here?
9.
1. We …hurry up to him or it may be too late. 2. Nobody
was seen in the house; the shots … have frightened the crimi-
nal. 3. There is only one place where they … hide. 4. He settled
in the south of Russia but soon he … to run away from there and
change his name. 5. You …not take offence with me but I had
to cheat you then. 6. You …clear up the situation. 7. She … have
taken you for my brother. 8. He doesn't … to shave his face, he
wears a beard. 9. I …not have bought so much food for the party, nobody was really starved. 10. Visitors of the Zoo … not to
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feed the animals. 11. You …not be thinking bad about him, he …
be just upset about something. 12. Why did you climb up the
roof? You … have fallen down and hurt yourself severely.
13. What … I take with me for the road?
10.
1. He … have suspected her of treason. 2. — Am I supposed to answer at once? — Not necessarily, you … think first.
3. I'm suffering so much; it seems to me everybody has turned
their back on me and I won't be … to become the person I used
to be. 4. I wish I … turn on the music now! 5. Unfortunately the
first thing I … do is to restore the synopsis. 6. Where … I get off
to find myself at the historical museum? 7. I'll … to deny all that.
8. You … have told me about his behavior a long time ago.
9. How … it be possible to laugh at such things? 10. I guess I'll
… to solve this person by myself. 11. As we previously agreed
he … to be the first to go there and tell me what the place itself
was like. 12. We didn't … to wait for them too long. 13. You …
not have met her because she wasn't at work yesterday.
14. Doctor, … you spare me a few minutes? 15. How unwary you
are! You … have easily hurt yourself. 16. He asked me if he …
live in the bungalow until the end of the summer. 17. They lent
us a few magazines so that we … look through them at home.
18. He … have dropped in on us, but I didn't hear him ring.
19. Five more minutes — and we …have remained without the
tickets. 20. Do you think she … be still waiting for us? 21. He …
not have done it so quickly. 22. … she be still talking on the
phone?
11.
1. He told me he wasn't going to meet her since she had
been here before and … have remembered the road quite well
by herself. 2. Why …not you take the first step towards reconcil-
iation and call her as soon as she comes back? 3. I had forgotten my glasses, so I … not make out anything and was sitting
and smiling as if I was a fool. 4. … I be waiting for you or you'll be
… to get home by yourself? 5. The French people, as a nation, …
be quite talented, however in my opinion they are too arrogant.
6. You … be glad to see your aunt as she hasn't visited us a
few years. 7. She … have bought you some gifts. 8. Of course,
she … have informed us about her visit in advance; we would
have met her at the station and helped to get to our apartment
54
building. 9. She … have forgotten what a bus to take to get to
us. 10. She … have forgotten our address. 11. She used to
come to see us quite often and … remember quite well how to
find out apartment. 12. I …to go on a business trip next week.
13. I guess I won't … to be delayed.
12.
1. It's evident, there is no … to wash the bed clothes, it's
absolutely fresh — we have slept on it only a couple of days.
2. You …not do it this week, you don't … to spend your time on
it. 3. He wasn't … to ask anybody for help, he was supposed to
do everything by himself. 4. He … have been aware of it. 5. It
was supposed to take him from 2 to 3 weeks to finish that work,
however he … have done it faster if he had wanted to. 6. He …
finish everything in time. 7. About fifteen minutes ago I looked
out the window and saw it was raining; we …not have planned
our trip to the country in advance, we … have found out the
weather forecast even a few days ago. 8. I guess we …not
choose the day; as soon as the weather gets fine, we'll go there
when we want to. 9. She …not have recognized you at once;
you hadn't seen each other for more than twenty years. 10. He
… have an excellent memory; you've changed so much. 11. I
won't be … to see her tomorrow because she isn't coming. 13. …
I take your pen? For some reason I … not find mine. 14. They …
move to a new apartment; it's not too comfortable here. 15. I …
be late because I … have to meet the chief tonight. 16. You …
have got acquainted with them a few days ago. 17. If they had
been so sure they … have known all the details.
13.
1. They … have been on the road at this time yesterday.
2. She … be still buying groceries at the grocery store. 3. They
… come here at any moment. 4. Your colleagues … have fully
changed their decision, why not? 5. I hope he … do it without
your help. 6. He isn't … to get up yet, he is still too weak. 7. She
… not to come home after ten o'clock. 8. You … visit him tomor-
row if you'd like to. 9. Are you … to take this? 9. She … have
been to Germany last year. 10. We … to check up everything
once again. 11. He said it was time to say goodbye, because he
… to come to the station on time. 12. She asked how she … get
to the nearest hotel and they answered she was supposed to
drive at least twenty minutes more. 13. I won't be … to leave the
55
office until I carry out the work. 14. Although I have a day off
tomorrow, I'll … drop in at work for a few minutes. 15. You …not
have got so nervous; everything has come to a good end.
16. You'll … repeat these sections, you don't remember them
well enough. 17. I was going to be late, that's why I … to catch a
taxi. 18. You don't … to go that far; I … show you how to cut it
almost in half.
14.
1. That person … have surely been one of your pals. 2. He
decided he would … to talk with her personally. 3. They … come
back pretty soon; they usually come back at about this time.
4. This mineral water …not cost so much; there are too high
prices in this store. 5. The rain … be coming to an end. 6. She
thought she … have said something wrong. 7. She …not have
shown him that letter. 8. She … have lost my address. 9. If he
had saved that information on his computer, we wouldn't … to
waste all day today on this rubbish. 10. He …not think of her so
badly. 11. He …not have been older than forty. 12. He … have
been working on solving this problem even since New Year's
day. 13. They …not have carried all these bags at a time.
14. This time I didn't … to arrange a meeting; they didn't ask me
to. 15. You didn't …to do it. 16. She must buy everything required by herself.
15.
1. We have been out of town for two weeks, look, the road-
side is wet; it … have been raining. 2. He didn't … to be waiting
for your coming all day, it's naturally he was busy fixing his
problems. 3. She …not have known for sure what to undertake
in that difficult situation. 4. They … be staying up and driving
down the road the same way as we're doing. 5. This ancient law
… have been passed hundreds of years ago. 6. I don't … to ask
anybody about it, I know everything I'm supposed to by myself.
7. Something … have happened to their computer; we haven't
heard from them since yesterday morning. 8. Last week I … to
cook for myself because my wife went on a four day business
trip. 9. You … find him and explain to him why you have been
acting that way. 10. She … not be in her early fifties; she looks
terrific! 11. … you bring me a kettle to my room, please? 12. You
…not be offhanded with the chief, he doesn't like it. 13. Hand-
bags and packets …to be left in the cloak room at the entrance
56
to the store. 14. … you tell me what is the admission cost at the
Louvre? 15. They were never paid because they … have been
bungling. 16. He …not have been trying to break a line.
17. He … state things so eloquently his listeners would always believe him.
16.
1. He … have some inclination for star fever. 2. It … be
banned! 3. She … have made a U-turn, but she just turned right
instead. 4. You … be seated. 5. It … not have been my sister.
6. I will … to mark the time of the process. 7. It … be made of
some kind of plastic. 8. I guess we … not have opened the last
bottle yesterday night. 9. We … have to make both ends meet
next month. 10. He …not have been able to start the engine.
11. You … not have paid so much attention to the details. 12. … I
keep your company? 13. Heroism is something you … aspire to,
not something you can sneer at. 14. … you ride a horse? 15. She
… not stand a body odour. 16.Yesterday I …not come back to
myself with joy. 17. I … not run two miles without practising.
17.
1. You … take this film at any time — I have already finished
watching it. 2. You don't … a ride — you can walk over there.
3. He … have fallen into a swoon because he was working in the
heat. 4. While we are gone you …air the room from the outside
air. 5. I'm so weak I …not get to my feet. 6. She … blood transfusion. 7. I …not have been slumbering for so long! 8. The boss
said I … get my project on wheels. 9. I answered next month I …
start this work. 10. He … have gone nuts! 11. She … to shield
her eyes (with her hand) as the sun was shining too brightly.
12. You will … to take me at my word. 13. I'd like to fill in this
form. How … I do it?
18.
1. — It … not be Alex. 2. — It …not be Alex. 3. — Where is
Alex? — He … have gone to a cafe. 4. — Where is Alex? — He …
to go home. 5. Everybody … to have a document. 6. I … to leave
for half an hour. 7. I … leave for half an hour. 8. You …see a
doctor. 9. You …not open this file. 10. I don't … to open this file.
11. I wasn't … to open this file. 12. I … not have opened this
file.
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19.
1. — How are you planning to get to the station? — By taxi. —
You …take a shuttle bus instead; it's cheaper and faster than a
taxi. 2. He … have a great seek for knowledge. 3. …you call me
back at this number in a few minutes? 4. — Who did this voice
sound like? — Well, it …have been Anna, but that's just a guess.
Of course, I … have asked who was calling, but I didn't. 5. When
I came back home last night I remembered I had forgotten my
key in my room. It was too late, everybody was asleep, but I …to
ring the doorbell and wake them up so that somebody let me in.
6. — Somebody is ringing the doorbell. — Let's not open it. Just
let it ring. — No, you aren't right, it …be important. 7. I …not keep
working because I'm terribly worn out. I'd better be going home
before I fall asleep at my workplace. 8. — Three days ago I applied to him, but he just didn't look at me. — He … not have
heard you. 9. — … I answer him «yes» or «no», what do you
think? — You have a few days to think everything over anyway.
You don't …to hurry with your answer. 10. — Look at these wonderful birds. What kind of species are they? — I really don't
know. They … be bee-eaters, but I'm not sure about that. Let's
ask the guide. 11. — Why did he quit his previous job? — He
…have been offered something better. 12. — I have a car, I …
drive you over there. — That's great. — What time … I to come to
get you? 13. When you were writing a letter you forgot to name
the exact date of our meeting. How … I find it out? 14. — … you
lend me $200? — Of course, I …. Just try to pay it back in one
week. 15. You … send the necessary sum by the mail or hand it
personally. 16. — The thief … have got into the apartment
through the window. — It …not have happened because there
were strong bars on the windows. 17. If we hadn't been talking
so long in the morning we … catch that bus now.
PASSIVE VOICE
Страдательный залог
Формы страдательного залога английских глаголов
образуются с помощью вспомогательного глагола to be в
соответствующем времени, лице и числе и III формы (Par-
ticiple II) смыслового глагола:
58
To be + III форма глагола
Present Simple:
The letter is written. — Письмо написано (на настоящий
момент);
Past Simple:
The letter was written. - Письмо было написано (в прошлом);
Future Simple:
The letter will be written. - Письмо будет написано (в
будущем);
Present Perfect:
The letter has been written. — Письмо написано (к насто-
ящему моменту);
Past Perfect:
The letter had been written. — Письмо было написано (к
моменту в прошлом);
Future Perfect:
The letter will have been written. — Письмо будет написано (к моменту в будущем);
Present Continuous:
The letter is being written. — Письмо пишется сейчас (в
текущий момент);
Past Continuous:
The letter was being written. - Письмо писалось (в опре-
делённый момент в прошлом);
Future-in-the- Past:
The letter would be written. - Письмо будет написано (к
определённому моменту в будущем с точки зрения прошлого);
Future Perfect- in-the-Past:
The letter would have been written. — Письмо будет
написано (к моменту в будущем с точки зрения прошлого).
Форм пассивного залога для глаголов в Future Contin-
uous не существует
В пассивном залоге подлежащее пассивно, действие
направлено на него; при этом тот, кто это действие совершает, может по тем или иным причинам и не упоминаться
(мы, например, не знаем, кто написал письмо):
I wrote the letter. — Я написал письмо;
59
The letter was written (by me). - Письмо было написано
ACTIVE
PASSIVE
Jake was reading a book.
The book was being read by
Jake.
They showed us an ancient
castle
An ancient castle was shown
to us
We were shown an ancient
castle.
(мной).
Если написавший и упоминается, то обозначающее его
подлежащее или местоимение стоит в так называемом
«инструментальном» падеже и используется с предлогами
by и with.
При этом предлог by, как правило, употребляется с
одушевленными существительными — теми, кто совершает
действие; предлог with — с неодушевленными существительными (материал или инструмент, с помощью которого
совершается действие):
The letter was written by me. — Письмо было написано мной.
The earth was covered with snow. — Земля была по-
крыта снегом.
Если сказуемое действительного залога включает в
себя модальный глагол, то в предложении страдательного
залога стоит тот же модальный глагол + пассивный инфинитив:
We must complete the task. - Нам необходимо закончить задание;
The task must be completed. — Задание должно быть закончено.
Правила построения сложных глагольных времён
следует соблюдать, имея в виду, что основной, смысловой
глагол употребляется не в активной форме инфинитива –
to read, to show
, а в пассивной –
to be read, to be shown
:
Как показано на последнем примере, на основе одного
предложения в действительном залоге в английском
языке может быть построено два предложения в страдательном залоге.
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