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Файл:Грамматика английского глагола. Learn Grammar Fast. Учебное пособие
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Мне бы хотелось, чтобы
он мог помочь вам; он сейчас был с нами; я мог
поехать в Ленинград; он играл в спектакле; она
писала больше картин; он больше делал
фильмов; они чаще выступали в концертах.
Как бы я хотел
посещать такие выставки чаще;
услышать его исполнение;
быть режиссером.
IV. Read and retell the joke:
Once Bernard Shaw met a clergyman famous for being
witty. The clergyman seeing how thin Bernard Shaw was said: “I
wish you were not so thin, because looking at you one may
think that England is starving.” Bernard Shaw answered the
clergyman who was very fat: “And I wish you were not so fat,
because looking at you one may think that you are the reason
for that.”
V. Translate into Russian:
I wish(ed) I had been there before. I had taken part in the
shooting yesterday, you had seen her in the part of Ophelia, you
had visited Rockwell Kent’s exhibition in Moscow, she had been
more attentive at the last lecture. I had studied music when a
child. I had had free time yesterday, he had been present at the
rehearsal. I had seen this TV-show last night.
VI. Make up sentences:
I (we, they, he) wish I (we, they, he...)
see Ostuzhev in the role of Othello.
enjoy Kachalov in the role of Hamlet.
hear Marion Anderson in Moscow.
be at Van Clibern’s concert in Moscow last time.
attend the exhibition of the French impressionists in Moscow.
have a camera with me then.
sing some more folk songs.
perform the first Concerto by Tchaikovsky.
71
use another make-up for that role.
take the opportunity of seeing the ballet “Anna Karenina”.
read articles of this theatre critic,
cast younger actors for the leading roles,
be at the dress-rehearsal then.
VI. Put the verbs in brackets into the right form and translate the sentences into Russian:
1. I wish I (finish) my picture long ago. 2. We wish you (be
present) at the performance tomorrow. 3. The teacher wishes
we (make) more sketches last term. 4. I wish I (visit) all the galleries when I come to Moscow. 5. I wish I (work) at the filmfestival last year. 6. He wishes he (see) more films with Sir Laurence Olivier. 7. They wish they (see) the exhibition of Konchalovsky’s works when it was in the Academy of arts. 8. We
wish they (record) Paul Scofield’s voice when he was in Moscow. 9. We wish Eisenstein (fulfill) all his projects. 10. I wish I
(be) at the Vienna opera in Moscow in 1971. 11. He wishes he
(see) Ostuzhev in the role of Othello.
VII. Translate into English:
Как жaль, что
я не видел этого фильма, когда он шёл.
вы не можете прийти завтра.
вы не знали об этом вчера.
он не знает об этом.
мы не закончили картину до фестиваля.
она не участвовала в прошлогоднем конкурсе пианистов.
они не представили свои картины на выставку.
72
В английском их 4:
a
growing
demand
the
agreed
amount
an
interesting
proposal
the
damaged
monument
инфинитив (Infinitive), I форма глагола: to live, to go,
to write.
два причастия (настоящего и прошедшего времени)–
Participle I/Present Participle - IV форма глагола: a smil-
ing
girl,
Participle II/Past Participle – III форма глагола: a prepared
lesson,
Часть 2
Неличные формы глагола (Verbals)
герундий (Gerund): Read
wait
ing.
У неличных форм глагола нет лица, числа, наклонения. Есть только залог и время. Они не могут выступать в
роли сказуемого, а только входят в его состав.
ing
is useful. Nobody likes
Причастия
1. Причастия
Причастие настоящего времени – Present Participle
(Participle I).
Причастие прошедшего времени – Past Participle
(Participle II)
употребляются в качестве определений существительного:
Причастие настоящего времени обычно переводится
на русский язык причастием действительного залога
настоящего времени,
причастие прошедшего времени – причастием страдательного залога настоящего времени:
The young mother sat and looked at the
(…на
(…сквозь
спящего
He heard the sound of the radio through the
ребёнка)
закрытую
дверь)
73
sleeping
closed
child.
door.
The New York marathon was very long. It was an exhaust-
Having done his homework
John played a game of chess
with his brother.
Выполнив домашнее задание
, Джон сыграл партию в
шахматы со своим братом
Having been written long ago
the letter was difficult to read.
Поскольку (так как) письмо
было написано очень давно
,
его трудно было читать.
The weather being fine
, they
went for a walk.
Так как погода была хорошая
, они пошли погулять
It being very late
, they stayed
at home.
Так как было очень поздно,
они остались дома.
There being little time left
, they
had to hurry.
Поскольку оставалось мало
времени, им нужно было
спешить.
ing marathon.
The exhausted runners sat on the grass to rest.
Перфектные формы причастий переводятся на русский язык деепричастным оборотом или придаточным
предложением:
Перед причастием настоящего времени - Present
Participle - в функции обстоятельства времени часто употребляются союзы when, while и as, которые на русский
язык обычно не переводятся:
While travelling Bernard Shaw visited India. - Путешествуя
(во время путешествия), Бернард Шоу посетил Индию.
Отрицательная форма причастия образуется при помощи отрицательной частицы not, которая ставится перед
причастием:
Not knowing his new phone number I was unable to tell
him the news.
Независимый причастный оборот
Оборот, в котором причастие имеет свое собственное
подлежащее, выраженное существительным в общем падеже, местоимениями this, it и there (от оборота there is),
называется независимым причастным оборотом.
74
Независимый причастный оборот всегда обособляется
This being so
, we shall have to
return.
Поскольку дело обстоит таким образом
, нам придется
вернуться.
Weather permitting
, they will
leave tomorrow.
Если погода позволит
, они
выедут завтра.
It being difficult to settle the
matter
, we decided to meet
again on the following day.
Так как было трудно решить
этот вопрос
, мы решили
встретиться снова на следующий день.
The old man tried to get up,
the
young man helping him
.
Старик попытался встать
, а
молодой человек помогал
ему.
запятой, на русский язык переводится придаточным предложением с подчинительными союзами
так как, поскольку,
ввиду того что, после того как, если, когда, причём, в то
время как, а:
Упражнения
1. Read and translate these sentences. Pay attention to
the use of participles.
Say in what functions the participles are used.
a) 1. Не looked at the
is a broad avenue with tall modern buildings
stores, bars, cafes and restaurants. 3.
slipped and broke his leg. 4.
on his desk. 5. John looked out of the window
her answer. 6. He did not say a word, again
hands. 7.
and asked him to come.
b) 8. The teacher asked the students to read the sentences
written
meeting yesterday is very important. 10. The girl stopped before
Not being able
on the blackboard. 9. The problem
smiling
Entering
to read or think she phoned her brother
children. 2. Kalinin Prospect
housing
When playing
the room he saw a letter
while waiting
looking
discussed
offices,
tennis he
for
at his
at the
the
closed
c) 11. They were old friends
er. 12.
door.
Having closed
the sitting-room door, she sat down in the
having been
75
at school togeth-
armchair. 13.
him with great interest.
Having never been
to Canada myself I listened to
d) 14.
he played for the University hockey team. 16.
home
translate them into Russian.
coach.
Brown? 2. The sea which washes Norway in the southwest is
called the North Sea. 3. The new stadium that houses forty five
thousand people is a wonderful building. 4. She looked at the
plane which was disappearing in the clouds.
he met an old friend of his.
2. Transform these sentences according to the models and
a) The man who is standing near the captain is their new
The man standing near the captain is their new coach.
1. Do you know the name of the man who is talking to Mr
As a girl
she was fond of tennis. 15.
While at college
When walking
b) I have just read his article that was published in the
"Morning Star".
I have just read his article published in the "Morning Star".
1. The new school that was built last year is one of the finest buildings in our street. 2. Did you see the contract that was
signed last Thursday? 3. Did you hear the announcement that
was made on the radio? 4. Did he take part in the conference
that was held in Leningrad last month?
c) When I heard the news, I phoned Peter.
Hearing the news I phoned Peter.
1. When I saw him, I felt happy. 2. When he watched the
game, he enjoyed it. 3. When she spoke to Peter, she asked his
advice. 4. When they drove home, they saw Mr. Bentley.
5. When they arrived at the airport, they saw their friends there.
d) As she said so she went out of the room.
Saying so she went out of the room.
76
1. As he looked out of the window he saw his father. 2. As
she felt tired she sat down in the armchair. 3. As he did not
know what to do he asked his brother's advice. 4. As he failed to
hit the ball he got angry.
e) While they were travelling in Europe they visited Spain.
While travelling in Europe they visited Spain.
1. While the Wolves were sitting in the dressing-room, they
did not say a word. 2. While he was looking through the newspaper, he saw a picture of his friend. 3. While he was speaking
to John, he invited him to his birthday party. 4. While he was
walking along the street, he met his old friend.
f) After he had done his homework he went for a walk.
Having done his homework he went for a walk.
1. After the Wolves had played the first two periods they
felt tired. 2. After he had had a holiday he felt better. 3. After he
had made an appointment with Mr. Brown he told the director
about it. 4. After they had settled all the questions they signed
the contract. 5. After he had taken Ben to hospital he phoned
his mother.
3. Translate into Russian paying attention to the
participles used.
1. Candidates possessing the qualification and
experience specified in the advertisement published in today's
newspaper should request an application form by sending us a
letter containing a stamped addressed envelope.
2. Your responsibilities, involving a great deal of
travelling, are to monitor the movements of representatives
working all over the region shown on this map.
3.
Franco domicile
is a term favoured by small importers
wishing to know what the goods delivered to their warehouse
will cost.
4. All visitors arriving in this building must complete a
registration card stating their name, business and the person
they wish to see.
77
5. The supplier sends a copy of the advice note to the
person buying the goods before the goods ordered have been
despatched. The supplier then sends the goods accompanied
by a delivery note duplicating the advice note.
6. Thank you for your instructions arranging insurance for
your consignment being sent to New York. We confirm that the
policy issued on the 24th of this month and covering all risks
will be sent to you as soon as we receive settlement of the
amount stated below.
7. The goods being entirely suitable, we would like to
place another order.
8. Taking the consignment to the port, our driver met with a
serious accident.
9. Examining the consignment, our agent found that two
cases were damaged.
10. Having received no communication from you since
despatch, we must ask you to explain why our sight draft had
not been honoured.
11. Not knowing how the consignment is to be packed, we
must ask you for further details.
4. Translate into Russian.
1.
There being a strong wind that day
go boating. 2.
3.
The job completed
4.
Time permitting
5.
This being so
6.
Dinner over
done
, they left for home. 8.
It being Saturday
, they went to the father's study. 7.
, everyone went out of town.
, I was able to take a month's holiday.
, they will discuss the matter tomorrow.
, I should like to ask him to return next week.
The conference over
, it was impossible to
This being
, he returned to
the office.
Инфинитив
2. Инфинитив (Infinitive), как правило, на русский язык
также переводится глаголом в неопределённой форме:
Glad to see you.
I’m going to phone John and ask him not to book tickets for
the morning train.
78
В предложении может входить в группу подлежащего,
I saw Peter give her the book.
Я видел, как Петр дал ей
книгу.
He wants them to help him.
Он хочет, чтобы они ему помогли.
I don’t expect her to get back
before next Monday.
Я полагаю, что она не вернётся раньше следующего
понедельника.
Everyone believes him to be а
promising artist.
Все считают его способным
художником.
I wish the matter to be settled
today.
Я хочу, чтобы этот вопрос
был решён сегодня.
I’d like you to help me with the
translation.
Мне бы хотелось, чтобы вы
помогли мне сделать перевод.
The Customs officer asked the
young man to open the suitcase.
Таможенник попросил молодого человека открыть чемодан.
быть частью сказуемого, дополнения, определения, а также обстоятельства:
To know him is to love him.
They continued to discuss the matter.
He needn’t go there.
I invited Peter to come with us.
He had a great wish to see his mother again.
She went to the airport to meet a friend of hers.
He was too tired to listen to her.
Инфинитив входит в конструкции, называемые Слож-
ное дополнение (Complex Object) и Сложное подлежащее
(Complex Subject)
Сложное дополнение (Complex Object)
Сложное дополнение (Complex Object) состоит из существительного в общем падеже или косвенного местоимения и инфинитива, переводится на русский придаточным дополнительным:
79
В конструкции Complex Object после глаголов чув-
He saw
Dr Nicholas come up
to the assistant-manager
He saw
Dr Nicholas coming up
to the assistant-manager
Он видел, как д-р Николас
подошёл к помощнику
управляющего (факт совершения действия)
Он видел, как д-р Николас
подходил к помощнику
управляющего (подчёркивается процесс действия)
He
is expected
to come back
tonight.
Ожидают, что он вернётся
сегодня вечером
She
is said
to have
checked out
.
Говорят, что она уже выехала из гостиницы
ственного восприятия to see, to watch, to hear, to notice инфинитив употребляется без частицы to:
Частица to не употребляется и после глаголов
to make - заставлять,
to let - позволять:
В Complex Object после глаголов чувственного восприятия может употребляться причастие настоящего времени
(Present Participle), если подчёркивается не просто факт
совершения действия, а процесс его совершения.
Сравните:
Сложное подлежащее (Complex Subject)
Complex Subject состоит из грамматического подлежащего и инфинитива, стоящего после сказуемого, выраженного личной формой глагола. Между подлежащим и
инфинитивом существует логическая связь субъекта и предиката.
Инфинитив, входящий в конструкцию Complex Subject,
может употребляться в формах Continuous, Non-Continuous,
Perfect, Non-Perfect Active и Passive.
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