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Файл:Грамматика английского глагола. Learn Grammar Fast. Учебное пособие
.pdf
При формировании форм страдательного оборота в
предложениях с косвенным предложным дополнением на
основе глаголов -
To account for, to agree upon, to arrive at, to depend on,
to insist on, to laugh at, to listen to, to look at, to provide for, to
rely on, to speak about, to send for, to take care of - и др. -
предлог сохраняет свое место после глагола и выделяется
фразовым ударением:
The doctor has been sent for. — За доктором послали.
This man can be relied on. - На этого человека можно
положиться.
Упражнения
I. Переведите на русский язык:
1. I shall not be allowed to go there.
2. He has been told everything.
3. Betty was met at the station.
4. All the questions must be answered.
5. Who was the article written by?
6. The doctor hasn’t been sent for.
7. She had an uncomfortable feeling that she was being
laughed at.
8. By three o’clock everything had been prepared.
II. Передайте предложения в страдательном залоге
(Passive Voice):
A. 1. Somebody cleans this room everyday.
2. Somebody has cleaned my room.
3. Somebody told him the news.
4. Somebody is cleaning the room at the moment.
5. Somebody was cleaning the room when I arrived.
6. Dangerous driving causes many accidents.
7. The police have arrested three men.
8. I heard footsteps, somebody was following us.
9. They have changed the date of the meeting.
10. I didn’t realize that someone was recording our con-
versation.
11. They are building a new ring-road.
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12. They gave me a nice present.
13. The doctors are still operating on the injured man.
14. Have you paid for the tickets yet?
15. Nobody will pay attention to him.
16. Who is organizing this expedition?
B. 1. He will introduce me to his friends.
2. They are building a bridge over the river.
3. I haven’t yet translated the article.
4. We were looking at the man with great surprise.
5. You will speak about the film at the lesson.
6. Has the secretary typed the letters? – No, she is typing
them now.
7. We asked him about his holidays.
8. They have already discussed the novel.
9. He didn’t give me his address.
10 The doctor prescribed her new medicine.
11. They often speak about him.
12. Everybody laughed at this funny animal.
13. They teach three foreign languages at this school.
14. Have dogs ever attacked you?
15.They are selling delicious ice cream there now.
III. Переведите на английский, используя пассивные
конструкции.
1. Вас когда-нибудь кусала собака?
2. Эту проблему можно решить.
3. Моя сумка исчезла. Должно быть её украли.
4. Гостиницу откроют в следующем месяце.
5. Уходи! Я хочу, чтобы меня оставили одного.
6. Музыка была очень громкой и была слышна издалека.
7. Ему скажут об этом завтра.
8. Письмо отправили вчера.
9. Мои часы починили?
10. Телепрограммы смотрят миллионы людей.
11. Его часто приглашали на вечеринки.
12. Многие века природу использовали и разрушали.
13. Слышали новость? Застрелили известного политика.
14. Подождите минуту. Ваше письмо печатают.
15. Магазин закроют в 18.00.
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Условные предложения (Conditionals)
Условные предложения, впрочем, как и предложения в
сослагательном наклонении, выражают условность, предположительность, нереальность или невозможность действия в настоящем, будущем и прошедшем времени.
Базовая форма, в которой существует данная категория грамматики, –– это сложноподчинённое предложение с
придаточным условным.
Придаточные условные могут присоединяться к главному предложению союзами
(supposing), on condition that, provided
глаголов
емое или входящими в его состав в придаточных нереального условия:
In case we take a taxi, we would get there in no time.
Had he been aware of that fact, he would have been more
cautious.
Were he to blame, he would apologize.
Различают условные предложения I, II и III типа.
I тип – Предложения реального условия (Sentences
of real condition), придаточное которых выражают реально
осуществимое условие, относящееся к настоящему или
будущему, а главное – следствие, вытекающее из этого
were, had, could, might, should
if, in case, unless, suppose
, а также при помощи
, образующих сказу-
условия, причём связь между тем и другим лишь констатируется, оценка вероятности этих явлений не даётся:
I always go to the concerts
if I’m not very busy
.
If you are late again
Если ты опоздаешь еще раз, мне придется тебя уволить.
We will have a hike
Если погода будет хорошей, мы сходим в поход.
В главном предложении (следствия) глагол используется в будущем/настоящем времени, а в придаточном
(условия) – обязательно в настоящем, хотя переводится на
русский будущим временем:
, I will have to fire you.
if the weather is fine
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.
If they come in time we’ll go on rehearsing the scene.
Если они придут вовремя, мы продолжим репетировать эту сцену.
II тип - охватывает малореальные, маловероятные
(«50 на 50») условия, относящиеся к настоящему или будущему.
В главном предложении (следствия) тогда используется вспомогательный глагол would (а также глаголы should,
could, might) и инфинитив глагола без частицы to, а в придаточном (условия) – прошедшая форма глагола to be - were во
всех лицах или форма Past Simple всех других глаголов:
If I were you I wouldn’t poke my nose everywhere.
Я бы на Вашем месте не совал всюду нос.
If Australia did not happen to be isolated from the rest of
the world, it wouldn’t possess such a unique fauna.
Если бы Австралия не оказалась изолирована от
остального мира, на ней не было бы такой уникальной фауны.
III тип описывает нереальное (unreal condition), невыполненное условие в прошлом:
If I had learnt his address I would have written to him
В главном предложении (следствия) используется
вспомогательный глагол would (should ) и глагол во времени Present Perfect, а в придаточном (условия) – глагол в
форме Past Perfect:
If you had gone to bed in time you wouldn’t have overslept
your interview.
Если бы ты вовремя пошла спать, то не проспала бы
собеседование
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Упражнения
1. Translate into Russian:
1. The students will decorate the hall tomorrow after three
if they have no classes. 2. We shall see Smoktunovsky rehearsing a new role in case we are allowed to stay in the theatre. 3. It
will be a sensation if Vienna Opera comes again. 4. The pianist
will agree to give a concert on condition it begins a little later.
5.He will buy these brushes unless he finds better ones. 6. If he
reads this book he will learn how Marion Anderson worked at
her voice. 7. If you read the book you will learn how well
M. Anderson was received in many countries. 8. If you hear
M. Anderson singing you will be impressed by her voice.
9. Suppose you see a record with M. Anderson, buy one for me,
please, 10. The actress will agree to play in the film unless the
shooting is done in the afternoon when she is not busy. 11. The
film will be a success provided some shots are retaken. 12. He
says he can give you his dictionary on condition it is returned
next week.
2. Fill in the blanks with necessary conjunctions given below. Translate the sentences:
in case, suppose (supposing), unless, provided (providing),
on condition
1. What will you tell him ... he comes? 2. What will you do
… she doesn't tell the truth? 3. He will help you ... he leaves for
Leningrad. 4. I'll give you the record... you don't break it.
5. What light shall I use ... I shoot this scene? 6. He will shoot
the documentary film ... he is given a chance of studying all the
necessary material. 7. Whom shall we invite then… he refuses to
play the leading role? 8. He is sure to come... he has some urgent work to do. 9. Who will conduct the orchestra ... he falls ill?
10. I shall try to translate the film myself... we don't find anybody
who knows Italian.
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3. Put the verbs in brackets in the right form and translate
the sentences:
1. If you (be) not tired we shall go on rehearsing the scene.
2. He will finish the script in time if everything (go) well. 3. He
will give me his books on the cinema provided I (not give) them
to anybody else. 4. We will be glad if he (perform) his new music pieces at the concert. 5. Will you go to the country if it (rain)
tomorrow? 6. I shall gladly help you with the translation if I (be)
free this afternoon. 7. Will you give him the lines of the role in
case you (see) him? 8. I shall stay in the studio unless the rehearsal (be) over. 9. It will be very unexpected if Van Clibern
(try) himself in performing old music.
4. Make up sentences combining the words given below:
1. If, miss the rehearsal, be surprised. 2. If, be late, be angry. 3. In case, to agree to alter, be pleased. 4. On condition,
study profoundly, Create one's own plastic language. 5. On
condition, study classical art, develop one's taste. 6. Suppose
(supposing), manage to . get tickets, invite. 7. Suppose (supposing), retake some shots, to construct the sets all over again.
8. to appear to be urgent, to help. 9. Provided (providing), the
hall, be decorated with, organize the solemn ceremony.
10. Provided (providing), the film, be shown in colour, on the
wide screen, appreciate.
5. Translate into English:
1. Он поможет вам сделать доклад, если у него будет
свободное время. 2. Они закончат свой фильм на следующей неделе, если все будет в порядке (to be all right).
3. Пойдемте на выставку завтра, если музей будет открыт.
4. Это будет замечательно, если он напишет музыку к
нашему фильму. 5. Мы начнем репетировать пьесу, при
условии что она, понравится актерам. 6. Я уверен, он поедет писать на пленере, даже если пойдут дожди. 7. Он согласится прийти на вечер, при условии что его не будут
просить петь. 8. Зал будет переполнен, если узнают, что
будут выступать лауреаты последних конкурсов. 9. Она соглашается выступить на концерта, пои условии что вы будете ей аккомпанировать. 10. Сьемка не состоится, если
пойдет дождь.
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6. Translate into Russian:
1. If I lived in a big city I shouldn't miss any exhibition of
painting. 2. If I were in London first of all I should go to the British Museum. 3. If there were, no records with M. Anderson's
voice we shouldn't (wouldn't) know what her voice was like. 4. If
artists didn't work at their technique they wouldn't achieve good
results in their art. 5. Donatas Banionis could appear in many
more films if he worked less in the theatre. 6. If the weather
were better tomorrow we could start our shooting. 7. If he didn't
(practice) 8—10 hours a day he wouldn't be able to play so well.
8. If you could give me your camera for a day or two I should
(would) appreciate it. 9. Would you go to see this performance
today if you had tickets? 10. She would be happy if she were
given this part. 11. Many documentary films could be more exciting, if they were made in colour. 12. If film cassettes were
produced we could see our favourite films at any time. 13. The
British contribution to the developing of film art might be greater
if the British cinema didn't depend on the American capital.
14. We might know the history of the cinema much better if
there were a special teaching course delivered by television.
7. Put the words in brackets in the right form:
1. If I (be) a film-director I (not make) any film-adaptations
of literary works. 2. We (may) invite the director of the film to the
discussion if he (not be busy) with his new film. 3. He (can) help
you with the script if he (not be ill) now. 4. I (write) the dialogue
myself if I (have) more time. 5. I (paint) your portrait if I (can).
6. If I (know) French I (translate) the article myself. 7. If I (be)
you I (not choose) such a theme for the diploma work. 8. If he
(be given) the part of King Lear he (play) it quite differently. 9. If
she (be younger) she (try) to play Ophelia. 10. If you (practice)
more you (do) sketches more professionally. 11. Once somebody said: "If Marion Anderson (have) to sing the telephone
book she (sing) it with the same deep and tragic feeling."
8. Translate into Russian:
1. If you had been in Moscow in 1972 you would have
gone to the exhibition of portraits. 2. If you had been at M. Anderson's concert in Moscow you wouldn't have forgotten it. 3. If
he had been at Saryan's exhibition in I960 at the Academy of
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Arts he might have met the artist there. 4. Rodin wouldn't have
been regarded as the most famous sculptor of his time if he had
followed the academic style. 5. If the impressionists hadn't
helped each other it would have been more difficult for them to
form a school in art. 6. If R. Vaughan Williams had not loved the
old folk tunes he wouldn't have used them in his music. 7. If Van
Gogh had not come to Paris he might have not changed his
style. 8. If Gershwin hadn't died at the age of 39 he might have
written some other "folk operas" besides "Porgy and Bess".
9. Hadn’t Rockwell Kent believed in moral beauty of the man his
books and pictures wouldn't have been so highly human.
Сослагательное наклонение (Subjunctive Mood)
Сослагательное наклонение (Subjunctive Mood ) упо-
требляется в придаточных подлежащных после выражений
it is necessary — необходимо,
it is important—важно,
it is surprising — удивительно,
it is desirable — желательно,
it is essential — существенно и т. д.
и в придаточных дополнительных после глаголов, выражающих приказание, требование, настояние, предложение, совет:
to order — приказывать,
to demand — требовать,
to suggest — предлагать,
to advise — советовать,
to insist — настаивать и др.:
В предложениях этого типа употребляется сослагательное наклонение в форме should (для всех лиц ед. и
мн. числа) + инфинитив без частицы to независимо от времени глагола в главном предложении:
It is important that we should see him in this role.
He suggested that we should see him in this role.
В научной и публицистической литературе, а также в
американском варианте английского языка в этом случае
68
может употребляться форма инфинитива без should и без
I wish(ed) I had seen the film.
Жаль, что я не видел этот
фильм:
I wish(ed) I had known about it
yesterday.
Мне бы хотелось, чтобы я
знал об этом вчера.(Жаль,
что не знал..)
to:
It is important that he see the film.
We suggested that he see the film.
* * *
The Subjunctive Mood in Object Clauses after the Verb "to
wish".
Сослагательное наклонение
в придаточных дополнительных после глагола «to wish».
А. Если сказуемое главного предложения выражено
глаголом to wish (желать), в придаточном дополнительном
предложении для обозначения желательного действия, одновременного с действием сказуемого главного предложения или следующего за ним, употребляется сослагательное
наклонение в форме, внешне совпадающей с Past Simple
Tense:
I wish(ed) (that) I knew about it.
I wish(ed) (that) he were here.
Глагол to be в сослагательном наклонении для всех
лиц ед. и мн. числа имеет форму were (Сравните с условными предложениями – if he were young). Союз that в придаточном дополнительном, как правило, опускается.
Предложения типа I wish I knew it переводятся:
как бы
я хотел знать это; мне бы хотелось знать это; жаль, что я
не знаю этого
Обратите внимание на то, что в последнем случае английскому утвердительному предложению соответствует
отрицательное предложение в русском языке
Б. Если действие придаточного предложения предшествует действию главного, то в этом придаточном употреб-
ляется Past Perfect Tense:
.
69
Упражнения
I. Read and translate the following quotations and give
your opinion:
1. “It is desirable that Debussy beware of this vague impressionism which is one of the most dangerous enemies of artistic truth,” — reported the Paris Conservatoire on “The Blessed
Damozel” by Debussy, the first –‘r’ music piece, called impressionistic.
2. I find it incredible that an artist should wish to shut himself away from the people, who in the last analysis form his audience. I always try to make myself as widely understood as
possible: and if I don’t succeed, I consider it my own fault.” (Dm.
Shostakovich)
3. “It is possible and desirable that a kind of British opera
that will explore the vital native qualities of the English voice
and language should be developed.”
(B. Britten)
II. Put the verbs in brackets in the right form and translate
the sentences:
1. I wish I (can) buy the picture. 2. She wished she (be) an
actress. 3. I wish it (be) a holiday today. 4. We wish we (can)
take part in the festival. 5. I wish the weather (be) nice tomorrow, if it were warm we would go swimming. 6. They wish they
(finish) the work in time. 7. He wishes he (be) in the South now.
8. I wish I (play) in this orchestra. 9. I wish I (know) this subject
better. 10. I wish I (have) tickets for tomorrow’s concert. 11. I
wish this young singer (have) a better voice. 12. All of us wished
he (be) with us now. 13. I wished he (be) of the same opinion.
III. Translate into English according to the model:
Как бы мне хотелось уметь играть на пианино. I wish I
could play the piano.
Как бы я хотел, чтобы он играл на пианино. I wish he
played the piano.
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