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Файл:Английский язык. Учебное пособие для студентов заочной формы обучения направления подготовки бакалавров 130400.65 - «Горное дело»
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So what do the tractor, loader and backhoe have to do with each other? The
tractor component is for moving the other two components from place to place,
and the operator also maneuvers it when using the loader. The loader and backhoe
components are a natural combination for all sorts of jobs. When you dig up a lot
of dirt to make a ditch or any other sort of hole, you generally need a loader to
either move the dirt out of the area or to fill the dirt back in once you've got the
pipes, power lines, etc. in position. The most common application for a backhoe
loader is this basic job – digging a trench with the backhoe and then back-filling it
with the loader.
The other appendages you'll typically notice on a backhoe loader are the two
stabilizer legs just behind the rear wheels. These legs are crucial to backhoe
operation because they take the brunt of the weight when a backhoe is digging.
Without the stabilizer legs, the weight of a heavy load or the downward force of
digging into the ground would strain the wheels and tires, and the whole tractor
would bounce constantly. The stabilizers keep the tractor steady, minimizing the
jostling effect of digging with the backhoe. They also secure the tractor so that it
won't slip into the ditch or hole.
The stabilizer legs have two types of "shoes," so that they can be planted
securely on both dirt and pavement. The grouser shoe side digs into the dirt for a
better grip, but would tear up the pavement if you were to use it on a road. For a
good grip on asphalt, the operator simply flips the rubber-padded shoe into
position.
9. Identify the topic of each paragraph.
10. Answer the following questions and discuss them with your fellowstudents.
1. Is a backhoe loader an interesting invention?
2. How many pieces of construction equipment is it combined into this unit?
3. What is the core structure of a backhoe loader?
4. Where is the loader attached on the backhoe loader?
5. What is the main tool of the backhoe loader? When is it used?
6. What does operator do to use the backhoe?
7. What is the most common application for a backhoe loader?
8. Without what device would the whole tractor bounce constantly?
9. Do the stabilizer legs have only one type?
12.Which of these statements are true and which are false? Find the wrong
statements and correct them.
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1. A backhoe loader is a tractor, a loader and a concrete mixer.
2. The backhoe operator usually uses all three components to get the job done.
3. The loader is attached in the back and the backhoe is attached in the front of
the backhoe loader.
4. The backhoe is the auxiliary tool of the backhoe loader.
5. The backhoe can dig all sorts of holes, but is especially suited for digging
ditches.
6. The stabilizers keep the tractor steady, increasing the jostling effect of digging
with the backhoe.
7. The stabilizer legs have three types of "shoes," so that they can be planted
securely on both dirt and pavement.
8. The operator simply flips the rubber-padded shoe into position.
12. Give a brief overview of the structure and contents of Text 9B
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UNIT 10
1. Read and memorize the active vocabulary to the text.
сrusher ['krʌʃə] – дробилка
rock [rɔk] – горная порода
gravel ['græv(ə)l] – гравий, щебенка
dust [dʌst] – пыль
handling ['hændlɪŋ] – обработка
to differentiate [ˌdɪf(ə)'ren(t)ʃɪeɪt] – различать
tangent ['tænʤ(ə)nt] – прямолинейный участок
fracturing ['frækʧərɪŋ] – разбивание; дробление
alignment [ə'laɪnmənt] – расположение вдоль одной линии
degree [dɪ'griː] – степень
tertiary ['tɜːʃ(ə)rɪ] – третий
quaternary [kwə'tɜːn(ə)rɪ] – четверной
ore [ɔː] – руда
to deliver [dɪ'lɪvə] – доставлять
milling['mɪlɪŋ] – измельчение, размалывание
to achieve [ə'ʧiːv] – достигать
grinder ['graɪndə] – мельница; жернов
to reciprocate [rɪ'sɪprəkeɪt] – двигаться вперёд и назад
stationary ['steɪʃ(ə)n(ə)rɪ] – неподвижный; стационарный
cavity ['kævətɪ] – впадина
volume ['vɔljuːm] – объем, масса
inertia [ɪ'nɜːʃə] – инерция, инертность
weighted ['weɪtɪd] – утяжелённый
flywheel ['flaɪwiːl] – маховое колесо, маховик
shaft [ʃɑːft] – вал
gap [gæp] – дыра, щель
robustly [rəʋ'bʌstlɪ] – прочный
liner ['laɪnə] – вкладыш, втулка
pivoting ['pɪvətɪŋ] – поворот
intermediate [ˌɪntə'miːdɪət] – промежуточный
solid ['sɔlɪd] – твердый
brittle ['brɪtl] – ломкий, хрупкий
slag [slæg] – шлак
feed [fiːd] – питатель, подающее устройство
to exhibit [ɪg'zɪbɪt] – демонстрировать, выставлять
to discharge [dɪs'ʧɑːʤ] – разгружать
to occur [ə'kɜː] – происходить, случаться
moisture ['mɔɪsʧə] – влажность
73
content ['kɔntent] – содержание, объем
to maintain [meɪn'teɪn] – поддерживать
Word combinations for connected reading
waste materials – отходы
coarse materials – крупнозернистый материал
screening machine – механический грохот
jaw crusher – щековая дробилка
compressive force – сила сжатия
toggle crusher – щековая дробилка с распорной плитой
swing jaw – подвижная щека
crushing chamber – камера дробления
heavy duty machines – тяжелая техника
outer frame – внешняя рамка
cast iron – чугун
manganese steel – марганцевая сталь
Blake crusher – дробилка Блека; щековая дробилка с верхним подвесом
подвижной щеки
Dodge crusher – дробилка Доджа, щековая дробилка с нижней осью качания
щеки
2. Read and translate Text 10A.
Text 10A
PROCESSING
JAW CRUSHER
A crusher is a machine designed to reduce large rocks into smaller
rocks, gravel, or rock dust. Crushers may be used to reduce the size, or change the
form, of waste materials so they can be more easily disposed of or recycled, or to
reduce the size of a solid mix of raw materials (as in rock ore), so that pieces of
different composition can be differentiated. Crushing devices hold material
between two parallel or tangent solid surfaces, and apply sufficient force to bring
the surfaces together to generate enough energy within the material being crushed
so that its molecules separate from (fracturing), or change alignment in relation to
(deformation), each other.
74
Mining operations use crushers, commonly classified by the degree to which
they fragment the starting material, with primary and secondary crushers handling
coarse materials, and tertiary and quaternary crushers reducing ore particles to
finer gradations. Each crusher is designed to work with a certain maximum size of
raw material, and often delivers its output to a screening machine which sorts and
directs the product for further processing. Typically, crushing stages are followed
by milling stages if the materials need to be further reduced. Crushers are used to
reduce particle size enough so that the material can be processed into finer
particles in a grinder.
A jaw crusher uses compressive
force for breaking of particle. This
mechanical pressure is achieved by the
two jaws of the crusher of which one is
fixed while the other reciprocates. A
jaw or toggle crusher consists of a set
of vertical jaws, one jaw is kept
stationary and is called a fixed jaw
while the other jaw, called a swing
jaw, moves back and forth relative to
it. The volume or cavity between the
two jaws is called the crushing
chamber. The movement of the swing jaw can be quite small, since complete
crushing is not performed in one stroke. The inertia required to crush the material
is provided by a weighted flywheel that moves a shaft creating an eccentric motion
that causes the closing of the gap.
Jaw crushers are heavy duty machines and hence need to be robustly
constructed. The outer frame is generally made of cast iron or steel. The jaws
themselves are usually constructed from cast steel. They are fitted with
replaceable liners which are made of manganese steel. Jaw crushers are usually
constructed in sections to ease the process transportation if they are to be taken
underground for carrying out the operations.
Jaw crushers are classified on the basis of the position of the pivoting of the
swing jaw
1. Blake crusher-the swing jaw is fixed at the upper position
2. Dodge crusher-the swing jaw is fixed at the lower position
3. Universal crusher-the swing jaw is fixed at an intermediate position
Jaw crushers are used in various solid and brittle materials in industrial
processing of the primary rocks, production of building stone and crushed stone,
slag in metallurgy and, of course, in the laboratory. Feed size can reach 1500 mm.
Long-term commercial operation of crushers allows to speak of the size of crushed
product depending on the width exhibited discharge opening. The work of the jaw
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1. waste materials
a. щековая дробилка с
распорной плитой
2. screening machine
b. сила сжатия
3 coarse materials.
c. подвижная щека
4. jaw crusher
d. чугун
5. compressive force
e. камера дробления
6. toggle crusher
f. отходы
7. swing jaw
g. крупнозернистый материал
8. cast iron
h. механический грохот
9. crushing chamber
i. щековая дробилка
1. дробилка
a. сrusher
2. обработка
b. handling
3. разбивание
c. fracturing
4. размалывание
d. milling
5. маховик
e. flywheel
crusher is well predicted. Material to the crusher can deal with natural moisture
content, normal operation occurs when the moisture content of 6-8%. Jaw crushers
are easy to maintain and operate. After crushing the material to be separated into
classifying equipment for particle size fractions prepared.
3. Match the English word combination with the Russian equivalents
4. Which of these statements are true and which are false? Find the wrong
statements and correct them.
1. A crusher is a machine designed to reduce small rocks into larger rocks, gravel,
or rock dust.
2. Mining operations use crushers, commonly classified by the degree to which
they fragment the starting material, with primary and secondary crushers handling
coarse materials.
3. Typically, crushing stages are followed by casting stages if the materials need to
be further reduced
4. The inertia required to crush the material is provided by a ball that moves a
shaft creating an eccentric motion that causes the closing of the gap
5. Jaw crushers are used in various soft and brittle materials in industrial
processing of the primary rocks, production of building stone and crushed stone,
slag in metallurgy and, of course, in the laboratory.
5. Match the Russian word with the English equivalents
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6. вал
f. shaft
7. втулка
g. liner
8. шлак
h. slag
9. питатель
i. feed
10. разгружать
j. to discharge
6. Answer the following questions.
1. What is a crusher designed to do in mining engineering?
2. What is the work principle of a crushing device?
3. Does the choice of a crusher depend on the raw material size?
4. What is the following stage of the material processing after crushing?
5. What is the arrangement of a jaw crusher?
6. What are usually jaws of the crusher made of?
7. What are the main types of jaw crushers?
8. What is the normal moisture content of the material being crushed?
9. Are jaw crushers difficult to maintain and operate?
10. Does the crushed material need to be separated into classifying equipment for
particle size fractions?
7. Translate from Russian into English.
1. Дробилка – это оборудование, предназначенное для уменьшения размера
твердых материалов.
2. Выбор дробилки зависит от размеров сырья.
3. Eсли материал требует дальнейшего уменьшения, за процессом
дробления обычно следует размалывание.
4. Щековая дробилка использует силу сжатия для разламывания частиц.
5. Впадина между двумя щеками называется помольной камерой.
6. Щековые дробилки используют в промышленной обработке первичных
горных пород, производстве строительного камня, дробленого камня, шлака
в металлургии и, конечно, в лаборатории.
7. Щековыми дробилками легко управлять.
8. Skim Text 9B and try to understand what is about and what information is
known to you.
77
Text 10 B
MINING AND THE ENVIRONMENT
It should be stressed that effects of mining on the environment are twofold:
firstly, there are direct effects arising from mining as a physical activity, which
include disturbances of the land surface and accumulation of waste. Secondly,
there are indirect destructive effects resulting from treatment of mineral products,
such as coal burning, ore processing, smelting and other metallurgical processes.
These frequently result in contamination of soil and ground water, pollution of the
atmosphere and an adverse effect on vegetation and wildlife. Mining, especially
open-pit mining, deforms the surface of the land and creates a large amount of
waste materials which contain hazardous substances that pollute water and soil.
Water from mining and concentration operations may contaminate the subsoil and
rivers into which it flows. Most serious of all are gases produced by smelting,
which may not only contaminate the air in the region of the smelter, but affect
lakes and vegetation hundreds of miles away through the creation of acid rain.
There is one more point which affects the environment. It concerns the
transport of coal representing one component of the complete coal cycle — from
exploration and extraction of the fuel, through refining and processing storage and
finally its conversion to an end-use product for consumers. Coal transportation is
executed by train, truck (lorry), water (on rivers, canals, lakes, etc.) and slurry
pipeline or conveyer belt. Environmental impacts of coal transport occur during
loading or unloading. For example, rail transport and trucks cause damage to
buildings, highways and other places.
Accidents are associated with all forms of transport. Besides, the transport of
coal in all its forms involves dust, even though special measures are increasingly
taken. Emission of coal particulate and other air pollutants occur during loading,
unloading and during coal movement.
At the same time, research and development have provided greatly improved
engineering and biological methods of land reclamation. It is necessary to say that
land reclamation has emerged as a method of controlling the negative after-effects
of extracting coal and other minerals. Land reclamation covers the problem of
landscape redevelopment and the restoration of its productivity, ecological
integrity, and economic and aesthetic value. The economic uses of reclaimed land
depend on natural and socioeconomic factors of the locality. They may be
orchards, meadows, parks, swimming pools, etc.
In recent years many industrial countries have developed and adopted laws,
national programmes and specific policies for environmental protection. The basis
of most laws applicable to the mining industry and its effect on land is to control
land management.
78
9. Identify the topic of each paragraph.
10. Answer the following questions and discuss them with your fellowstudents.
1. What are the effects of mining on the environment?
2. What are direct effects of mining on the environment?
3. What are indirect effects of mining on the environment?
4. What is one more point which affects the environment? What is executed by?
5. How does mining pollute water and soil, contaminate the air?
6. What is a method of controlling the negative after-effects of extracting coal and
other minerals?
7. What do many industrial countries do to control land management?
8. How can we save our environment? Is it possible to stop the negative aftereffects of mineral resources extracting?
11. Give a brief overview of the structure and contents of Text 10B
79
Bibliography
1. Баракова М.Я., Журавлева Р.И. Английский язык для горных
инженеров / М.Я. Баракова, Р.И. Журавлева. – М.: Высш. шк., 1987. – 296 с.
2. Иванова С. В. Mining machines and equipment: учебное пособие по
внеаудиторному чтению технической литературы на английском языке для
студентов II курса всех специальностей горно-механического и горнотехнологического факультетов / С.В. Иванова. – Екатеринбург: Изд-во
УГГУ, 2009. – 52 с.
3. Frimpong S., Li Y. Virtual prototype simulation of hydraulic shovel
kinematics for spatial characterization in surface mining operations / S. Frimpong,
Y. Li // International Journal of Surface Mining, Reclamation and Environment. –
Vol. 19. – № 4. – December 2005. – P. 238-250.
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