Добавил:
ivanov666
Опубликованный материал нарушает ваши авторские права? Сообщите нам.
Вуз:
Предмет:
Файл:Английский язык. Учебное пособие для студентов заочной формы обучения направления подготовки бакалавров 130400.65 - «Горное дело»
.pdf
3. What rocks are most abundant hi fossil fuels?
4. What types of fossil fuels do you know?
5. Is coke a natural or manufactured solid fuel?
6. How are coke and charcoal produced?
7. What rocks is petroleum usually associated with?
8. What are the advantages of gaseous fuels?
11. Give a brief overview of the structure and contents of Text 4B using
the words in the brackets.
1. Fossil fuels as a source of energy, their origin (to represent, energy, the
decay of organic materials, to accumulate, to be found in, to be abundant
in).
2. The types of fossil fuels. Solid fuels, natural and manufactured, their
usage (to divide into, to include, to obtain).
3. Liquid fuels. Petroleum, its origin, occurrence and usage (to be derived
from, to contain, to be associated with, to be found in).
4. Gaseous fuels and their use in the economy (to make it possible, to be
widely used, to be of importance).
31
UNIT 5
1. Read and memorize the active vocabulary to the text.
to break [breik], (broke [brouk], broken ['broukn]) – отбивать (уголь или
породу), обрушивать
shallow ['ʃæləu] – мелкий, мелководный, неглубокий
depth [depθ] – глубина
open-cast ['əup(ə)n-kɑːst] – добытый открытым способом
cheap [ʧiːp] – дешёвый, недорогой
removing [rɪ'muvɪŋ] – извлечение, выемка полезных ископаемых
overburden [əuvə'bɜːd(ə)n] – вскрышной (покрывающий) слой грунта,
вскрышная порода; вскрышка
strata ['strɑːtə] – слой
fuel [fjuːəl ] – топливо,
quarry I ['kwɔrɪ] – каменоломня, открытая разработка, карьер
coal [kəul] – (каменный) уголь
metalliferous [met(ə)'lɪf(ə)rəs] – рудоносный; содержащий металл
strip [strɪp] – полоса; узкий участок, полоса (земли, воды)
to strip [strip] – производить вскрышные работы; разрабатывать; очищать (лаву)
surface ['sɜːfɪs] – земная поверхность
excavation [ekskə'veɪʃ(ə)n] – копание, раскопки
equipment [ɪ'kwɪpmənt] – оборудование; оснащение; оснастка
comparatively [kəm'pærətɪvlɪ] – сравнительно; относительно
working ['wɜːkɪŋ] – обработка, переработка
horizontal [hɔrɪ'zɔnt(ə)l] – горизонтальный
slice [slais] – слой
slicing [slaɪsiŋ] – выемка слоями, разработка слоями
corresponding [kɔrɪ'spɔndɪŋ] – надлежащий, соответствующий
to overburden [əuvə'bɜːd(ə)n] – перегружать, обременять, отягощать
bench [benʧ] – уступ
trench [tren(t)ʃ] – шурф, канава
thickness ['θɪknəs] – толщина, плотность
separately ['sep(ə)rətlɪ] – отдельно, раздельно
narrow ['nærəu] – узкий
production [prə'dʌkʃ(ə)n] – производство, получение; изготовление;
добыча; выработка
basic ['beɪsɪk] – главный, основной
inflow ['ɪnfləu] – впадение; приток; наплыв
access ['ækses] – доступ
32
removal [rɪ'muv(ə)l] – выемка
explosive [ɪk'spləusɪv] – взрывчатое вещество
hydraulicklng [,hai'dro:likiŋ] – гидродобыча; гидромеханизированная
разработка
dump [dʌmp] – отвал (породы); склад угля; опрокид
to dump[dʌmp] – сваливать (в отвал); разгружать; отваливать;
опрокидывать (вагонетку)
handling ['hændlɪŋ] – перемещение; транспортировка
to handle ['haendl] – перегружать; доставлять; транспортировать;
управлять машиной
washery ['wɒʃərɪ] – рудомойка; углемойка; моечный цех
обогатительной фабрики
unit ['junɪt] – устройство, установка, прибор
pump I [pʌmp] – насос; помпа
sludge [slʌʤ] – густая грязь; песок; ил
gravel ['græv(ə)l] – гравий; галька, галечник
friable ['fraɪəbl] – ломкий, хрупкий; рыхлый, крошащийся
spoil [spɔɪl] – вынутый грунт; отвал
heap [hiːp] – отвал; терриконник
to heap [hi:p] – наваливать; нагребать
external [ɪk'stɜːn(ə)l ], [ek-] – внешний, наружный, поверхностный
respectively [rɪ'spektɪvlɪ] – соответственно, соответствующим образом
conveyer [kən'veɪə] – конвейер; транспортёр, поточная линия
applicable ['æplɪkəbl ], [ə'plɪ-] – применимый, подходящий, пригодный
to regulate ['regjəleɪt] – регулировать; упорядочивать, приводить в
порядок
landscape ['læn(d)skeɪp] – ландшафт, пейзаж
restoration [rest(ə)'reɪʃ(ə)n] – восстановление, реконструкция
to load [loud] – нагружать, грузить, наваливать;
load [loud] – груз; нагрузка;
lorry ['lɔrɪ] – грузовик; платформа
overcasting ['ouvaka:stiŋ] – перелопачивание (породы)
pump [pʌmp] – насос
reclamation [ˌreklə'meɪʃ(ə)n] – восстановление; осушение; извлечение
крепи восстановление участка (после открытых работ)
sidecasting [ˌsaid'ka:stiŋ] – внешнее отвалообразование
site [salt] – участок, место; building ~ строительная площадка
33
Word combinations for connected reading
strip mine – карьер, открытая добыча
strip pit – карьер, разрез открытых работ (при вскрыше) ;
earth-moving equipment – оборудование для землеройных работ
independent mechanical unit – автономное механическое устройство
access to the deposit – доступ к месторождению
handling equipment – транспортно-загрузочное оборудование
mine car – рудничная (шахтная) вагонетка
friable ground – рыхлая земля
overburden removal – удаление вскрыши
an extracted area – участок земли, из которого извлекли месторождение
low-grade deposit – бедное месторождение
land reclamation – восстановление участка (после открытых работ)
waste heap (spoil heap) – отвал; терриконник
external dump – внешний отвал
internal dump – внутренний отвал
exploratory working – разведочная выработка
car drill – бурильная машина, перфоратор
gravel and sludge pumps – песковый и шламовый насосы
removal of waste rock – выемка пустой породы
ore concentration plant – обогатительная фабрика
trends towards open-cast operation – тенденция к добыче открытым
способом
searching for minerals – поиск полезных ископаемых
2. Read and translate Text 5A.
Text 5A
OPEN-CAST MINING
Minerals at shallow depths are extracted by open-cast mining which is
cheaper than underground mining. Open-cast mining consists in removing
the overburden, and other strata that lie above mineral or fuel deposits to
recover them.
Opencasts or open-pit mines are in fact quarries for getting coal or
metalliferous minerals. In the USA opencasts are called strip mines (strip
pits).
All the surface excavations, waste heaps and equipment needed for
extracting mineral in the open form an independent mining unit. An
34
opencast is a long, wide and comparatively shallow working though it can
reach 200 m or even more in depth.
Fig. 1. Open-cast working
In opencasts the excavation is by horizontal slices corresponding to the
type of mineral or overburden in slice. In Fig. 1 one can see the benches (or
slices). A bench is a thickness of rock or mineral which is separately broken
or excavated. Other open workings are called trenches, which are long,
narrow, shallow exploratory workings.
The whole production process in opencasts can be divided into the
following basic stages: 1) preparing the site to be worked; 2) dewatering it
and preventing inflows of water to the site;
3) providing access (entry) to the deposit by the necessary permanent
investment; 4) removal of overburden (stripping); 5) mineral excavation.
Stripping the overburden and mineral production include breaking
rock or mineral, transporting it and loading it.
Minerals can often be dug directly by earth-moving equipment, while
to break hard rocks it is necessary to use explosives.
Modern methods of working opencasts involve the use of mechanical
plants or hydraulicking. The basic units of a mechanical plant are
excavators, car drills or other mounted drills, and various mechanical
handling equipment whereas the basic units of hydraulicking are monitors,
pumps such as sludge pumps or gravel pumps. Hydraulicking can be used in
soft or friable ground.
Transport operations involve the removal of waste rock or mineral, the
latter being transported to coal washeries, ore concentration plants, to power
stations, or to a railway station. Waste rock is removed to a spoil heap or
dump (tip) either outside the deposit or in an extracted area, these being
called external or internal dumps, respectively.
The transport used in opencasts are rail cars, large lorries, and
conveyers. Sometimes the overburden is stripped and dumped by excavators
without other transport, in overcasting or sidecasting.
35
Mineral is usually unloaded at specially equipped permanent stations.
1. to consume energy
a. автоматический опрокид
2. friable roof
b. перфоратор на колонке
3. waste heap (spoil heap)
c. слоевая система
разработки
4. sludge and gravel pumps
d. слабая кровля
5. automatic dumper
e. потреблять энергию
6. mounted drill
f. отвал, террикон
7. explosives
g. песковый и шламовый
насосы
8. overcasting
h. взрывчатые вещества
9. slicing method
i. перелопачивание
1. участок (место)
a. washery
2. внешнее отвалообразование
b. overburden
3. открытая разработка, вскрыша
c. site
4. агрегат (установка)
d. sidecasting
Waste rock is dumped at various points which are moved as the work
develops.
Last decades have seen a marked trend towards open-cast operations.
Large near-surface (though usually low-grade) deposits offer the possibility
of achieving greater outputs. There can be little doubt that the cost per ton
of ore mined by underground methods is generally higher than that for
open-cast mining.
3. Match the English word combination with the Russian equivalents
4. Which of these statements are true and which are false? Find the
wrong statements and correct them.
1. An opencast is a long, shallow, narrow exploratory working.
2. Explosives are used for excavating hard rocks.
3. Monitors, different types of pumps and other handling equipment are the
basic units used in open-cast operations.
4. Waste rock is always removed to a spoil heap outside the deposit.
5. Large near-surface, usually low-grade deposits are extracted by the open-
cast method.
6. Open-cast mining has all the advantages of low-cost production.
5. Match the Russian word combination with the English equivalents
36
5. углемойка
e. lorry (truck)
6. вскрыша; покрывающие породы
f. mine car
7. гидродобыча
g. landscape restoration
8. грузовик
h. unit
9. рудничная вагонетка
i. stripping
10. восстановление ландшафта
j. hydraulicking
6. Answer the following questions.
1. What deposits can be extracted by the open-cast method?
2. What is called an opencast?
3. What is the difference between a trench and an opencast?
4. Is the removal of overburden the first operation in open-cast mining?
5. In what case is it necessary to use explosives to break mineral?
6. Is hydraulicking used only in open-cast mining?
7. What equipment is used in hydraulicking?
8. What transport systems are used in opencasts?
9. Where is waste rock dumped?
10. What is the main advantage of open-cast mining?
7. Translate from Russian into English using the following word
combinations:
mineral excavation; waste rock; stripping the overburden; mechanical
plants; hydraulicking; to include; to dump; transport-and-dumping
bridge; friable and soft rocks
1. Вскрышные и добычные работы включают следующие процессы:
выемку, транспортировку и разгрузку пустой породы и полезного
ископаемого.
2. Современные способы открытой разработки месторождений
полезных ископаемых включают механические и гидромеханические
средства.
3. Гидромеханизацию применяют при разработке рыхлых и мягких
пород.
4. Экскаваторы применяются для отвалообразования.
5. Внутренние отвалы могут быть образованы при помощи
транспортно-отвальных мостов.
8. Skim Text 5B and try to understand what is about and what
information is known to you.
37
Text 5B
ORE MINING
As has already been said mining is a branch of industry which deals
with the recovery of valuable minerals from the interior of the Earth.
When minerals occur so that they can be worked at a profit, they are
called ore deposits. Economic minerals are those which are of economic
importance and include both metallic (ore minerals) and non-metallic
minerals such as building materials (sand, stone, etc.).
In choosing the methods of working ore deposits one must take into
consideration the following main factors: 1) the shape of the deposit; 2) the
dimensions of the deposit in thickness, along the strike and down the dip; 3)
the type of ore and the distribution of metal in the ore body.
The shape of the ore deposit affects the mining method. Besides, the
contact of the deposit with the country rock is of great importance.
According to their angle of dip the deposits are divided into gently
sloping (up to 25'), inclined (25-45*) and steep deposits (45-90*). The
thickness of ore deposits also varies. They may be very thin (from 0.7-0.8
m to 20 m) and extremely thick (more than 20 m).
One must say that a rational method of mining ensures the following:
1) safety; 2) minimum cost of production; 3) minimum losses of ore; 4)
rate of extraction.
In metal mining as well as in mining bedded deposits preliminary
activities (before mining) involve prospecting and exploration required to
locate, characterize and prove a potential ore body.
After exploration has provided information on the shape and size of a
deposit and its general geological characteristics, site development for
mining begins. Mine development depends largely upon the kind of ore
body and the mining method to be applied. As a rule mine development
work involves development drilling; access road construction; clearing and
grubbing; adit, slope or shaft development; overburden removal,
construction of facilities such as concentration (dressing, processing)
plants, etc. The different type of equipment required range from small,
simple units such as backhoes and dump trucks to earth-movers, draglines
and power shovels.
Mining operations begin with excavation work (blasting or separating
portions of rock from the solid mass), loading, hauling and hoisting of the
rock to the surface and supporting mine workings.
Generally speaking, the working of an ore deposit involves opening
up, development, blocking out and sloping operations, the basic sloping
38
methods in use now being open sloping, room and pillar mining, shrinkage
sloping, block caving and others.
After ores are mined or dredged, they are usually processed (crushed,
concentrated or dried).
Extraction processes can be done by underground or open-cast
mining. The main trend has been toward low-cost open-cast mining.
9. Identify the topic of each paragraph.
10. Answer the following questions and discuss them with your fellowstudents.
1. What minerals do we usually call economic?
2. Is the type of ore the only factor which the engineer takes into
consideration in choosing the methods of working ore deposits?
3. What does a rational method of mining guarantee?
4. What does before mining activity include?
5. What processes does development work involve?
6. What basic sloping methods are in use now?
7. What are the main methods of working bedded deposits?
8. Is underground or open-cast mining preferable now? Why?
9. Can you give a few examples of the largest enterprises
producing ores in the country?
11. Give a brief overview of the structure and contents of Text 5B.
39
II. DRILL MACHINES AND INSTALLATIONS
UNIT 6
1. Read and memorize the active vocabulary to the text.
machinery [mə'ʃiːn(ə)rɪ] – машинное оборудование; машины
topography [tɔ'pɔgrəfɪ] – топография
to determine [dɪ'tɜːmɪn] – определять, устанавливать
alluvial [ə'luːvɪəl] – аллювиальный, наносный
clay [kleɪ] – глина
shale [ʃeɪl] – глинистый сланец
loader ['ləudə] – загрузочное устройство; погрузчик
transporter [træn'spɔːtə ] – перевозчик, транспортёр
shovel ['ʃʌv(ə)l] – одноковшовый экскаватор
dragline ['dræglaɪn] – драглайн (канатный скребковый экскаватор),
скребковый экскаватор
excavator ['ekskəveɪtə] – экскаватор; драга, землечерпалка
bucket ['bʌkɪt] – ковш, черпак
locomotive [ˌləukə'məutɪv] – локомотив
hopper ['hɔpə] – бункер; накопитель; загрузочный ковш; приёмная воронка
stockpile ['stɔkpaɪl] – штабель; отвал (горной породы, руды)
coarse [kɔːs] – необработанный; грубый
revolve [rɪ'vɔlv] – вращаться; вертеться, поворачиваться
engine ['enʤɪn] – машина, двигатель; мотор
gasoline ['gæs(ə)liːn] – газолин, бензин
operator ['ɔp(ə)reɪtə] – оператор
swing [swɪŋ] – поворот; колебание; качание; размах
axis ['æksɪs] – ось, осевая линия, вал
dipper ['dɪpə] – ковш, черпак
to lift [lɪft] – поднимать
bank [bæŋk] – отвал; откос; уступ
content ['kɔntent] – содержимое; объём; вместимость
teeth [tiːθ] – зубья; зубцы, насечка
to tear [teə] – разрывать; рвать; отрывать
to discharge [dɪs'ʧɑːʤ] – разгружать
available [ə'veɪləbl] – применимый; доступный; отвечающий требованиям
design [dɪ'zaɪn] – конструкция; проект; план
capacity [kə'pæsətɪ] – мощность, производительность
giant ['ʤaɪənt] – гигантский, огромный, громадный
boom [buːm] – стрела, вылет
Соседние файлы в предмете [НЕСОРТИРОВАННОЕ]