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Файл:Английский язык. Учебное пособие для студентов заочной формы обучения направления подготовки бакалавров 130400.65 - «Горное дело»
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3. winch drum
c. взрывчатое вещество
4. heavy equipment
d. подъемный канат
5. drag rope
e. подъемная сцепка
6. crawler crane
f. тяговый канат
7. blasted material
g. проволочный трос
8. hoist rope
h. прицеп-площадка
9. hoist-coupler
i. тяжелое оборудование
1. ковш
a. boom
2. стрела грузоподъемного крана
b. to suspend
3. стрела, вылет
c. cable
4. скребковый экскаватор
d. bucket
5. подвешивать
e. truss
6. канат, трос
f. jib
7. уступ карьера
g. dragline
8. цикл работы
h. blocky
9. стропила
i. sequence
10. глыбистый
j. bench
4. Which of these statements are true and which are false? Find the wrong
statements and correct them.
1. A dragline excavator is a piece of heavy equipment used in civil
engineering and surface mining.
2. A dragline bucket system consists of a large ball which is suspended from a
boom with wire ropes.
3. In a typical cycle of excavation, the bucket is positioned under the material to
be excavated.
4. On smaller draglines, a skilled operator could make the bucket land about onehalf the length of the jib further away than if it had just been dropped.
5. The first cutting sequence of the draglines involves throwing the overburden
sideways onto blasted material to make a hole.
5. Match the Russian word with the English equivalents
6. Answer the following questions.
1. What is a dragline?
2. How many types of draglines do you know?
3. What kind of draglines is used in civil engineering?
4. What kind of draglines is used in strip-mining operations?
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5. What does a dragline bucket system consist of?
6. What is the work of the bucket of a dragline in a typical cycle of excavation?
7. Where is the position of a bucket on crane-type draglines?
8. Do the draglines have only one cutting sequence?
9. What is the first cutting sequence of a dragline?
10. What is the second cutting sequence of a dragline?
7. Translate from Russian into English
1. Скребковый экскаватор – это тяжелое оборудование, которое
используется в строительной индустрии и горной промышленности.
2. Существует несколько видов скребковых экскаваторов: драглайны
стандартного типа, подъемные краны и тяжелые установки.
3. Большинство кранов на гусеничном ходу с барабанной лебедкой впереди
может работать как скребковый экскаватор.
4. В гражданском строительстве в основном используют маленькие
скребковые экскаваторы кранового типа.
5. Большие скребковые экскаваторы обычно используют в добыче
открытым способом.
6. Ковшовая система драглайна состоит из большого ковша, подвешенного
на стреле, и проволочных тросов.
7. В стандартном цикле работы экскаватора ковш расположен над
материалом, который необходимо выкапывать.
8. Skim Text 8B and try to understand what is about and what information is
known to you.
Dredging is
an excavation activity
or operation usually
carried out at least
partly underwater, in
shallow seas or fresh
water areas with the
purpose of gathering
up
Text 8B
DREDGE
62
bottom sediments and disposing of them at a different location. This technique is
often used to keep waterways navigable.
A dredger (or “dredge” as is the general usage in the Americas) is any
device, machine, or vessel that is used to excavate and remove material from the
bottom of a body of water. For example, a scoop attached to the end of a rope or
pole by which a man can draw sediments up from the bottom of a pond is a
dredger. Developing this idea further, a motorized crane equipped with a drag
bucket or clamshell (grabber) that is used to scoop material from the bottom of a
body of water is also a dredger. The crane could be located on the bank, or
perhaps mounted on a barge. If the crane is mounted on a barge, the entire vessel
is referred to as a dredger.
The process of dredging creates spoils (excess material), which are carried
away from the dredged area. Dredging can produce materials for land reclamation
or other purposes (usually construction-related), and has also historically played a
significant role in gold mining. Dredging can create disturbance in aquatic
ecosystems, often with adverse impacts.
Dredgers can dig hydraulically or mechanically. Hydraulic digging make use
of the erosive working of a water flow. For instance, a water flow generated by a
dredge pump is lead via suction mouth over a sand bed. The flow will erode the
sand bed and forms a sand-water mixture before it enters the suction pipe.
Hydraulic digging is mostly done with special water jets. Hydraulic digging is
mostly done in cohesionless soils such as silt, sand and gravel. Mechanical
digging by knives, teeth or cutting edges of dredging equipment is applied to
cohesive soils.
The transport of the dredged soil can be done hydraulically or mechanically
too, ether continuously or discontinuously.
Deposition of soil can be done in simple ways by opening the grab, turning
the bucket or opening the bottom doors in a ship. Hydraulic deposition happens
when the mixture is flowing over the reclamation area. The sand will settle while
the water flows back to sea or river. Dredging equipment can have these three
functions integrated or separated.
The choice of the dredger for executing a dredging operation depends not
only on the above mentioned functions but also from other conditions such as the
accessibility to the site, weather and wave conditions, anchoring conditions,
required accuracy and so on.
Dredging equipment can be divided in Mechanical Dredgers and Hydraulic
Dredgers. The differences between these two types are the way that the soil is
excavated; either mechanical or hydraulic. Mechanical dredgers are bucket ladder
dredge, grab dredge, dipper and backhoe dredge.
Hydraulic dredgers are plain suction dredge, cutter dredge, trailing suction
hopper dredge.
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All dredgers except the trailing suction hopper dredgers are stationary
dredgers, which means that they are anchored by wires or (spud) poles.
9. Identify the topic of each paragraph.
10. Answer the following questions and discuss them with your fellowstudents.
1. Is dredging an excavation activity carried out underwater?
2. What is a dredge?
3. Where is the crane of a dredge located or mounted?
4. What does the process of dredging create in aquatic ecosystems?
5. Сan dredgers dig hydraulically or mechanically?
6. Where is hydraulic digging used?
7. Is mechanical digging applied only to cohesive soils?
8. What does the choice of the dredger for executing a dredging operation depend
on?
9. What kind of dredging equipment do you know?
11. Give a brief overview of the structure and contents of Text 8B.
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UNIT 9
1. Read and memorize the active vocabulary to the text.
crawler ['krɔːlə] – гусеничный трактор
plate [pleɪt] – пластина
blade [bleɪd] – нож (бульдозера), отвал
rubble ['rʌbl] – щебень
ripper ['rɪpə] – рыхлитель
rear [rɪə] – задняя часть
loosen ['luːs(ə)n] – рыхлить. Разрыхлять
rough [rʌf] – грубый, шершавый (о поверхности)
to decrease [dɪ'kriːs] – уменьшать, сокращать
muddy ['mʌdɪ] – илистый, глинистый
sandy ['sændɪ] – песчаный
ability [ə'bɪlətɪ] – способность, возможность
to tow [təu] – тащить, буксировать
obstacle ['ɔbstəkl] – помеха, преграда, препятствие
shrubbery ['ʃrʌb(ə)rɪ] – кустарник, заросли кустарника
vehicle ['viːɪkl] – транспортное средство
to shove [ʃʌv] – cдвигать, смещать
debris ['deɪbriː] – осколки, обломки
frame [freɪm] – рама, рамка
bottom ['bɔtəm] – низ, нижняя часть
edge [eʤ] – лезвие, острие, режущая кромка
sharpened ['ʃɑːp(ə)nd] – заточенный, заостренный
shank [ʃæŋk] – затылок бура
ripping ['rɪpɪŋ] – рвущий, разрывающий
tip [tɪp] – наконечник
pavement ['peɪvmənt] – почва, подошва выработки
grading ['greɪdɪŋ] – земляные работы
to evolve [ɪ'vɔlv] – развиваться
to substitute ['sʌbstɪtjuːt] – заменять, замещать
arm [ɑːm] – ручка, рукоятка
to scoop up [skuːp] – черпать, зачерпывать; вычерпывать
Drott [drɔt] – бульдозер-экскаватор
modification [ˌmɔdɪfɪ'keɪʃ(ə)n] – изменение, видоизменение
calfdozer [ˌkɑːf'dəuzə] малогабаритный бульдозер
deforestation [dɪ‚fɔ:rɪs’teɪʃən] – вырубка леса
carving ['kɑːvɪŋ] – резьба
65
Word combinations for connected reading
densely-compacted materials – плотно связанные материалы
tracked tractor – трактор на гусеничном ходу
dozer blade – бульдозерный отвал
swamp track – болотоходный трактор на гусеничном ходу
torque divider – распределитель крутящего момента
tilt cylinder – гидравлический цилиндр механизма опрокидывания кузова
tree stump – пень
claw-like device – когтеобразное устройство
tungsten steel alloy – сплав из вольфрамовой стали
2. Read and translate Text 9A.
Text 9A
TRUCKS AND LOADERS
BULLDOZER
A bulldozer is a crawler (continuous tracked tractor) equipped with a
substantial metal plate (known as a blade) used to push large quantities of soil,
sand, rubble, etc., during construction work and typically equipped at the rear with
a claw-like device (known as a ripper) to loosen densely-compacted materials.
Bulldozers can be found on a wide range of sites, mines and quarries, military
bases, heavy industry factories, engineering projects and in farming. The term
"bulldozer" is often used erroneously to mean any heavy equipment (sometimes a
loader and sometimes an excavator), but precisely, the term refers only to a tractor
(usually tracked) fitted with a dozer blade. That is the meaning used here.
Most often, bulldozers are large and powerful tracked heavy equipment. The
tracks give them excellent ground hold and mobility through very rough terrain.
Wide tracks help distribute the bulldozer's weight over a large area (decreasing
pressure), thus preventing it from sinking in sandy or muddy ground. Extra wide
tracks are known as 'swamp tracks'. Bulldozers have excellent ground hold and a
torque divider designed to convert the engine's power into improved dragging
ability. The Caterpillar D9, for example, can easily tow tanks that weigh more
than 70 tons. Because of these attributes, bulldozers are used to clear areas of
obstacles, shrubbery, burnt vehicles, and remains of structures. The bulldozer's
primary tools are the blade and the ripper.
66
The bulldozer blade
is a heavy metal plate on
the front of the tractor,
used to push objects, and
shoving sand, soil and
debris.
Blades can be fitted
straight across the frame,
or at an angle, sometimes
using additional 'tilt
cylinders' to vary the
angle while moving. The
bottom edge of the blade
can be sharpened, e.g. to
cut tree stumps.
The ripper is the long claw-like device on the back of the bulldozer. Rippers
can come as a single (single shank/giant ripper) or in groups of two or more (multi
shank rippers). Usually, a single shank is preferred for heavy ripping. The ripper
shank is fitted with a replaceable tungsten steel alloy tip.
Ripping rock breaks the ground surface rock or pavement into small rubble
easy to handle and transport, which can then be removed so grading can take
place.
Bulldozers have been further modified over time to evolve into new
machines which can work in ways that the original bulldozer cannot. One example
is that loader tractors were created by removing the blade and substituting a large
volume bucket and hydraulic arms which can raise and lower the bucket, thus
making it useful for scooping up earth and loading it into trucks, these are often
known as a Drott. Other modifications to the original bulldozer include making it
smaller to let it operate in small work areas where movement is limited, such as in
mining. A very small bulldozer is sometimes called a calfdozer. Nevertheless, the
original earthmoving bulldozers are still irreplaceable as their tasks are
concentrated in deforestation, earthmoving, ground levelling, and road carving.
Heavy bulldozers are mainly employed to level the terrain to prepare it for
construction. The construction, however, is mainly done by small bulldozers and
loader tractors.
67
1. tilt cylinder
a. плотно связанные материалы
2. claw-like device
b. трактор на гусеничном ходу
3. tungsten steel alloy
c. бульдозерный отвал
4. tracked tractor
d. болотоходный трактор на гусеничном
ходу
5. tree stump
e. распределитель крутящего момента
6. torque divider
f. гидравлический цилиндр механизма
опрокидывания кузова
7. densely-compacted materials
g. пень
8. swamp track
h. когтеобразное устройство
9. dozer blade
i. сплав из вольфрамовой стали
1. гусеничный трактор
a. calfdozer
2. пластина
b. to tow
3. нож (бульдозера), отвал
c. grading
4. рыхлитель
d. carving
5. транспортное средство
e. to scoop up
6. земляные работы
f. blade
7. малогабаритный бульдозер
g. crawler
8. черпать, зачерпывать
h. vehicle
9. тащить, буксировать
i. plate
10. резьба
j. ripper
3. Match the English word combination with the Russian equivalents
4. Which of these statements are true and which are false? Find the wrong
statements and correct them.
1. A bulldozer is a crawler equipped with a substantial metal bucket used to push
large quantities of soil, sand, rubble, etc.
2. Bulldozers can be found only in farming.
3. Wide tracks help distribute the bulldozer's weight over a large area.
4. Bulldozers don’t have excellent ground hold and a torque divider designed to
convert the engine's power into improved dragging ability.
5. The bulldozer's primary tools are the blade and the ripper.
5. Match the Russian word with the English equivalents
6. Answer the following questions.
1. What is a bulldozer equipped with?
68
2. Where are bulldozers used?
3. Are bulldozers large or small tracked heavy equipment?
4. What gives a bulldozer excellent ground hold and mobility through very rough
terrain?
5. What is the name of extra wide track?
6. What device is designed to convert the engine's power into improved dragging
ability of a bulldozer?
7. What is the bulldozer blade intended to?
8. What is a ripper? How many rippers can bulldozer have?
9. Do the bulldozers have other modifications?
10. How is a very small bulldozer sometimes called?
7. Translate from Russian into English.
1. Бульдозер – это большое, мощное, тяжелое оборудование на гусеничном
ходу.
2. Бульдозер оснащен металлической пластиной (отвалом), используемой
для того, чтобы толкать большие части почвы, глины, щебня и других
материалов.
3. Гусеницы придают бульдозеру отличную устойчивость и мобильность
при движении по очень грубым поверхностям.
4. Бульдозерный отвал – это металлическая пластина впереди трактора,
используемая для того, чтобы толкать объекты, сдвигать песок, почву и
осколки.
5. Рыхлитель – это длинное когтеобразное устройство, расположенное сзади
бульдозера.
6. Бульдозеры были со временем усовершенствованы.
7. Очень маленький бульдозер иногда называют малогабаритным
бульдозером.
8. Skim Text 9B and try to understand what is about and what information is
known to you.
Text 9B
WHAT IS A BACKHOE LOADER?
Backhoe loaders have a very unique appearance – they have components
sticking out every which way. It's obvious what a dump truck does just by looking
at it; but what are the different appendages of a backhoe used for?
69
A backhoe loader is an
interesting invention because it
is actually three pieces of
construction equipment
combined into one unit. A
backhoe loader is a tractor, a
loader and a backhoe.
Each piece of equipment
is suited to a particular sort of
work. On a typical construction
site, the backhoe operator
usually uses all three
components to get the job
done.
The core structure of a backhoe loader is the tractor. Just like the tractors that
farmers use in their fields, the backhoe tractor is designed to move easily over all
kinds of rough terrain. It has a powerful, turbocharged diesel engine, large, rugged
tires and a cab with basic steering controls (a steering wheel, brakes, etc.).
Backhoe cabs are either completely enclosed or have an open canopy structure to
give the operator protection.
The loader is attached in the front and the backhoe is attached in the back.
These two components serve very different functions. The loader can do several
different things. In many applications, you use it like a big, powerful dustpan or
coffee scoop. You usually don't dig with it; you mostly use it to pick up and carry
large amounts of loose material. It's also used to smooth things over like a butter
knife, or to push dirt like a plow. The operator controls the loader while driving
the tractor.
The backhoe is the main tool of the backhoe loader. It's used to dig up hard,
compact material, usually earth, or to lift heavy loads, such as a sewer box. It can
lift this material and drop it in a pile to the side of the hole. Basically, the backhoe
is a big, extremely powerful version of your arm or finger. It has three segments:
the boom, the stick and the bucket. This arrangement is very similar to your arm.
Your arm has three segments – your upper arm, forearm and hand.
The backhoe segments are connected by three joints, comparable to your
wrist, elbow and shoulder. The backhoe moves in pretty much the same way as
your arm. In a Caterpillar ® backhoe, the boom is bent upward to make it easier
to dig with obstacles in the way. This design also provides extra space for the
bucket when the operator curls it in with a full load.
The backhoe can dig all sorts of holes, but is especially suited for digging
ditches. To use the backhoe, the operator has to park the tractor and turn the seat
around.
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