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Файл:Английский язык. Учебное пособие для студентов заочной формы обучения направления подготовки бакалавров 130400.65 - «Горное дело»
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Text 7A
DRILL MACHINES AND INSTALLATIONS
DRILLING RIGS
The drilling process is a very in-depth process. A well site must first be
selected then all the legal documents obtained. Drilling operations can begin only
after the site has been prepared, ground has been leveled, roads have been built, a
derrick has been erected, and other equipment that comprises the drill rig has been
put in place. Water is a vital component in the drilling process for mixing drilling
mud (lubricant). Water can be hauled into the location by trucks or pumped from a
nearby lake, pond, or water well. If no source is available, a new water well must
be drilled before the drilling process can begin.
A drilling rig is a machine which creates holes in the ground. Drilling rigs
can be massive structures housing equipment used to drill water wells, oil wells, or
natural gas extraction wells, or they can be small enough to be moved manually by
one person and are called auger. They sample sub-surface mineral deposits, test
rock, soil and groundwater physical properties, and also can be used to install subsurface fabrications, such as underground utilities, instrumentation, tunnels or
wells. Drilling rigs can be mobile equipment mounted on trucks, tracks or trailers,
or more permanent land or marine-based structures (such as oil platforms,
commonly called 'offshore oil rigs' even if they don't contain a drilling rig). The
term "rig" therefore generally refers to the complex of equipment that is used to
penetrate the surface of the Earth's crust.
Drilling rigs can be:
Small and portable, such as those used in mineral exploration drilling,
water wells and environmental investigations.
Huge, capable of drilling through thousands of metres of the Earth's crust.
Large "mud pumps" circulate drilling mud (slurry) through the drill bit and up the
casing annulus, for cooling and removing the "cuttings" while a well is drilled.
Hoists in the rig can lift hundreds of tons of pipe. Other equipment can
force acid or sand into reservoirs to facilitate extraction of the oil or natural gas;
and in remote locations there can be permanent living accommodation and catering
for crews (which may be more than a hundred). Marine rigs may operate many
hundreds of miles or kilometres distant from the supply base with infrequent crew
rotation or cycle.
The most common drill rigs are of the rotary rig type (see image).
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Today's rotary drill rig consists of multiple engines that supply power,
hoisting equipment that raises and lowers the drill string (drill pipe), and rotating
equipment that turns the drill string and the drill bit. These engines also drive the
circulating equipment that pumps liquids (mud) down the hole to lubricate the drill
string and drill bit which are rotating in the hole. These liquids remove cuttings
(loose bits of rock), and controls downhole pressure to prevent blowouts
(unexpected pressure, which overcomes the weight of the drilling mud and
explodes to the surface).
The conventional drill bit has three
movable cones containing teeth made of
tungsten carbide steel and sometimes
industrial diamonds. The rotating cones
are the cutting heads. The downward
force on the drill bit is the result of the
weight of the overhead drill stem (steel
pipe, pipe joints called collars) and
drilling equipment on the derrick all of
which can amount to thousands of
pounds. Keep in mind that the entire pipe
and bit assembly rotate together in the
hole.
While the bit cuts the rock at the
bottom of the hole, surface pumps are
forcing drilling fluids down the hole
through the inside of the drill pipe and out the bit. This fluid lubricates and
removes cuttings. The fluid (with the cuttings) then flows out the center of the drill
bit and is forced back up the outside of the drill pipe onto the surface of the ground
where it is cleaned of debris and pumped back down the hole. This is an endless
cycle that is maintained as long as the drill bit is turning in the hole. The drilling
crew is under the supervision of the Driller. The person who works on a platform
high in the derrick is called a Derrickman; he has the very dangerous job of
handling the upper part of the drill stem as it is raised and lowered. Roughnecks
are the workers on the derrick floor; their job is to add new pipe joints as the well
depth increases. The entire crew and operation of the rig is under the supervision
of the Tool Pusher. A typical drill rig will operate 24 hours per day, 7 days per
week. It never shuts down for holidays.
A drilling operation produces waste material that includes drilling mud, rock
cuttings, and salt water brine (highly concentrated salt water) which flows out of a
reservoir trap and up the well to the surface. These materials must be disposed of
properly. The reserve pond is often dug to temporarily hold the brine and drilling
mud. Neither the drill mud nor the salt water brine is allowed to remain at the
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1. drill rig
a. нефтяная скважина
2. mud pump
b. резцовая коронка
3. marine rigs
c. буровая установка
4. tool pusher
d. технический алмаз
5. cutting head
e. пустая порода
6. mineral deposits
f. морская буровая установка
7. waste material
g. буровой насос
8. industrial diamond
h. буровой мастер
9. oil well
i. месторождения полезных
ископаемых
1. бурение, сверление
a. auger
2. скважина
b. hoist
3. залежь; месторождение
c. drilling
4. бурав, сверло, бур
d. downhole
5. подземный
e. well
6. подъёмный механизм;
подъёмник
f. derrickman
7. верховой рабочий
g. deposit
8. скважинный
h. pipe
9. буровая вышка
i. sub-surface
10. труба
j. derrick
drilling site. All waste materials must be removed off site and sent to a properly
licensed landfill for disposal.
3. Match the English word combination with the Russian equivalents
4. Which of these statements are true and which are false? Find the wrong
statements and correct them.
1. A drilling rig is a machine which digs the ground.
2. Drilling rigs can be small enough to be moved manually by one person and are
called auger.
3. Drilling rigs can be only huge, capable of drilling through thousands of metres
of the Earth's crust.
4. Today's rotary drill rig consists of multiple engines that supply power, hoisting
equipment that raises and lowers the drill string (drill pipe), and rotating
equipment that turns the drill string and the drill bit.
5. The conventional drill bit has two movable cones containing teeth made of
tungsten carbide steel and sometimes industrial diamonds.
5. Match the Russian word with the English equivalents
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6. Answer the following questions.
1. When does the drilling operations begin?
2. What is a vital component in the drilling process for mixing drilling mud?
3. What is the drilling rig intended for?
4. What kind of the drilling rigs do you know?
5. What does the drilling rig consist of?
6. Who works on a platform high in the derrick?
7. Is the job of derrickman dangerous?
8. What is the role of the Tool Pusher in the drilling process?
9. What kind of waste material does the drilling operation produce?
10. Where is the waste material sent for after its removal?
7. Translate from Russian into English
1. Бурение может быть начато только после того, как возведена буровая
вышка.
2. Вода необходима для перемешивания шлама в процессе бурения.
3. Буровая установка – это механическое оборудование, которое образует
дыры в земле.
4. Ротационная буровая установка состоит из различных двигателей,
которые обеспечивают энергию, подъемное оборудование, а также
вращательный механизм, который приводит в движение буровой
трубопровод и буровую коронку.
5. Дополнительный буровой трубопровод имеет три конуса, зубцы которых
изготовлены из стали, армированной карбидом вольфрама.
6. Буровая установка может быть подвижным оборудованием,
установленным на грузовиках, гусеничных транспортерах и прицепах.
7. Работа верхового рабочего очень опасна, т.к. он работает высоко на
платформе буровой вышки.
8. Skim Text 7B and try to understand what is about and what information is
known to you.
Text 7B
TUNNEL BORING MACHINE
A tunnel boring machine (TBM) also known as a "mole", is a machine used
to excavate tunnels with a circular cross section through a variety of soil and rock
strata. They can bore through anything from hard rock to sand. Tunnel diameters
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can range from a metre (done with micro-TBMs) to 19.25 m to date. Tunnels of
less than a meter or so in diameter are typically done using trenchless
construction methods or horizontal directional drilling rather than TBMs.
Tunnel boring machines are used as an alternative to drilling and
blasting (D&B) methods in rock and conventional "hand mining" in soil. TBMs
have the advantages of limiting the disturbance to the surrounding ground and
producing a smooth tunnel wall. This significantly reduces the cost of lining the
tunnel, and makes them suitable to use in heavily urbanized areas. The major
disadvantage is the upfront cost. TBMs are expensive to construct, and can be
difficult to transport. However, as modern tunnels become longer, the cost of
tunnel boring machines versus drill and blast is actually less — this is because
tunneling with TBMs is much more efficient and results in a shorter project.
Modern TBMs typically consist of the rotating cutting wheel, called a cutter
head, followed by a main bearing, a thrust system and trailing support
mechanisms. The type of machine used depends on the particular geology of the
project, the amount of ground water present and other factors.
In hard rock, either shielded or open-type TBMs can be used. All types of
hard rock TBMs excavate rock using disc cutters mounted in the cutter head. The
disc cutters create compressive stress fractures in the rock, causing it to chip away
from the rock in front of the machine, called the tunnel face. The excavated rock,
known as muck, is transferred through openings in the cutter head to a belt
conveyor, where it runs through the machine to a system of conveyors or muck
cars for removal from the tunnel.
Open-type TBMs have no shield, leaving the area behind the cutter head
open for rock support. To advance, the machine uses a gripper system that pushes
against the side walls of the tunnel. Not all machines can be continuously steered
while gripper shoes push on the side-walls, as in the case of a Wirth machine
which will only steer while ungripped. The machine will then push forward off the
grippers gaining thrust. At the end of a stroke, the rear legs of the machine are
lowered, the grippers and propel cylinders are retracted. The retraction of the
propel cylinders repositions the gripper assembly for the next boring cycle. The
grippers are extended, the rear legs lifted, and boring begins again. The open-type,
or Main Beam, TBM does not install concrete segments behind it as other
machines do. Instead, the rock is held up using ground support methods such as
ring beams, rock bolts, shotcrete, steel straps, Ring steel and wire mesh.
In fractured rock, shielded hard rock TBMs can be used, which erect
concrete segments to support unstable tunnel walls behind the machine. Double
Shield TBMs have two modes; in stable ground they can grip against the tunnel
walls to advance. In unstable, fractured ground, the thrust is shifted to thrust
cylinders that push off against the tunnel segments behind the machine. This keeps
the significant thrust forces from impacting fragile tunnel walls. Single Shield
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TBMs operate in the same way, but are used only in fractured ground, as they can
only push off against the concrete segments.
In soft ground, there are three main types of TBMs: Earth Pressure Balance
Machines (EPB), Slurry Shield (SS) and open-face type. Both types of closed
machines operate like Single Shield TBMs, using thrust cylinders to advance
forward by pushing off against concrete segments. Earth Pressure Balance
Machines are used in soft ground with less than 7 bar of pressure. The cutter head
does not use disc cutters only, but instead a combination of tungsten
carbide cutting bits, carbide disc cutters, and/or hard rock disc cutters. The EPB
gets its name because it is capable of holding up soft ground by maintaining a
balance between earth and pressure. The TBM operator and automated systems
keep the rate of soil removal equal to the rate of machine advance. Thus, a stable
environment is maintained. In addition, additives such as bentonite, polymers and
foam are injected into the ground to further stabilize it.
In soft ground with very high water pressure and large amounts of ground
water, Slurry Shield TBMs are needed. These machines offer a completely
enclosed working environment. Soils are mixed with bentonite slurry, which must
be removed from the tunnel through a system of slurry tubes that exit the tunnel.
Large slurry separation plants are needed on the surface for this process, which
separate the dirt from the slurry so it can be recycled back into the tunnel.
Open face TBMs in soft ground rely on the fact that the face of the ground
being excavated will stand up with no support for a short period of time – this
makes them suitable for use in rock types with a strength of up to 10MPa or so,
and with low water inflows. Face sizes in excess of 10 metres can be excavated in
this manner. The face is excavated using a backactor arm or cutter head to within
150mm of the edge of the shield. The shield is jacked forwards and cutters on the
front of the shield cut the remaining ground to the same circular shape. Ground
support is provided by use of precast concrete, or occasionally SGI (Spheroidal
Graphite Iron), segments that are bolted or supported until a full ring of support
has been erected. A final segment, called the key, is wedge-shaped, and expands
the ring until it is tight against the circular cut of the ground left behind by cutters
on the TBM shield. Many variations of this type of TBM exist.
While the use of TBMs relieves the need for large numbers of workers at
high pressures, a caisson system is sometimes formed at the cutting head for slurry
shield TBMs. Workers entering this space for inspection, maintenance and repair
need to be medically cleared as "fit to dive" and trained in the operation of the
locks.
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9. Identify the topic of each paragraph.
10. Answer the following questions and discuss them with your fellowstudents.
1. What is a tunnel boring machine?
2. What advantages does a tunnel boring machine have?
3. What is the major disadvantage of a tunnel boring machine?
4. What does a modern TBM typically consist of?
5. What types of tunnel boring machines do you know?
6. What factors does the type of machine used depends on?
7. What types of tunnel boring machines are used in hard rock?
8. What types of tunnel boring machines are used in soft ground?
9. Does the use of TBMs relieve the need for large numbers of workers?
11.Give a brief overview of the structure and contents of Text 7B.
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UNIT 8
1. Read and memorize the active vocabulary to the text.
dragline ['dræglaɪn] – драглайн, скребковый экскаватор
to dismantle [dɪs'mæntl] – разбирать, демонтировать
pond [pɔnd] – пруд
pile [paɪl] – отвал
to overburden [ˌəuvə'bɜːd(ə)n] – перегружать
bucket ['bʌkɪt] – ковш
to suspend [sə'spend] – вешать, подвешивать
a boom [buːm] – стрела, вылет
dragrope ['drægˌrəʊp] – ваер
to manoeuver [mə'nuːvə] – маневрировать
manoeuver [mə'nuːvə] – маневр
to drag [dræg] – тащить
to lift [lɪft] – поднимать
lower ['ləuə] – нижний
to dump [dʌmp] – сбрасывать, сваливать
swing [swɪŋ] – качать
to tilt [tɪlt] – наклонять, опрокидовать
release [rɪ'liːs] – избавлять. освобождать
to access ['ækses] – получить доступ
to wind up [wɪnd] – поднимать лебёдкой, наматывать
jib[ʤɪb] – стрела грузоподъемного крана
clutch [klʌʧ] – сжатие, захват
cable ['keɪbl] – канат, трос
pendulum ['pendj(ə)ləm] – маятник, маятниковый рычаг
to drop [drɔp] – опускать, бросать, падать
sequence ['siːkwən(t)s] – последовательность; чередование; цикл (работы)
bench [benʧ] – уступ карьера
toe [təu] – забой (взрывной скважины)
highwall ['haɪˌwɔːl] – уступ
to shift [ʃɪft] – перемещать, пердвигать
low-wall ['ləuˌwɔːl] – нижняя стенка (наклонной скважины)
chop [ʧɔp] – сильный удар
blocky ['blɔki] – глыбистый
angled ['æŋg(ə)ld] – угловой
bottom ['bɔtəm] – нижняя часть
to spoil [spɔɪl] – портить, наносить ущерб
to pull [pul] – тянуть, тащить
truss [trʌs] – стропила
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assembly [ə'semblɪ] – агрегат, монтаж, сборка
offset ['ɔfset] – смещение
Word combinations for connected reading
drag rope – тяговый канат
tar-sand mining – горнодобыча битуминозного песчаника
winch drum – барабанная лебедка
crawler crane – кран на гусеничном ходу
flatbed trailer – прицеп-площадка
wire rope – проволочный канат; проволочный трос
hoist-coupler – подъемная сцепка
hoist rope – подъемный канат, трос
blasted material – взрывчатое вещество
key pass – опорный спуск
heavy unit – тяжелая установка
heavy equipment – тяжелое оборудование
2. Read and translate Text 8A.
Text 8A
EXCAVATION EQUIPMENT
DRAGLINE EXCAVATOR
A dragline excavator is a piece of heavy equipment used in civil
engineering and surface mining.
Draglines fall into two broad categories: those that are based on standard,
lifting cranes and the heavy units which have to be built on-site. Most crawler
cranes with an added winch drum on the front can act as a dragline. These units
(like other cranes) are designed to be dismantled and transported over the road on
flatbed trailers. Draglines used in civil engineering are almost always of this
smaller, crane type. These are used for road, port construction, pond and canal
dredging, and as pile driving rigs.
The much larger type which is built on site is commonly used in stripmining operations to remove overburden above coal and more recently for tarsand mining. The largest heavy draglines are among the largest mobile land
machines ever built. The smallest and most common of the heavy type weigh
around 8,000 tons while the largest built weighed around 13,000 tons.
59
1. wire rope
a. барабанная лебедка
2. flatbed trailer
b. кран на гусеничном ходу
A dragline bucket system consists of a large bucket which is suspended from
a boom (a large truss-like structure) with wire ropes. The bucket is manoeuvered
by means of a number of ropes and chains. The hoist rope, powered by
large diesel or electric motors, supports the bucket and hoist-coupler assembly
from the boom. The dragrope is used to draw the bucket assembly horizontally. By
skillful manoeuver of the hoist and the dragropes the bucket is controlled for
various operations. A schematic of a large dragline bucket system is shown below.
In a typical cycle of excavation,
the bucket is positioned above the
material to be excavated. The bucket
is then lowered and the dragrope is
then drawn so that the bucket is
dragged along the surface of the
material. The bucket is then lifted by
using the hoist rope. A swing
operation is then performed to move
the bucket to the place where the
material is to be dumped. The
dragrope is then released causing the
bucket to tilt and empty. This is
called a dump operation.
On crane-type draglines, the bucket can also be 'thrown' by winding up to the
jib and then releasing a clutch on the drag cable. This would then swing the bucket
like a pendulum. Once the bucket had passed the vertical, the hoist cable would be
released thus throwing the bucket. On smaller draglines, a skilled operator could
make the bucket land about one-half the length of the jib further away than if it
had just been dropped. On larger draglines, this is not a common practice.
Draglines have different cutting sequences. The first is the side cast method
using offset benches; this involves throwing the overburden sideways onto blasted
material to make a bench. The second is a key pass. This pass cuts a key at the toe
of the new highwall and also shifts the bench further towards the low-wall. This
may also require a chop pass if the wall is blocky. A chop pass involves the bucket
being dropped down onto an angled highwall to scale the surface. The next
sequence is the slowest operation, the blocks pass. However, this pass moves most
of the material. It involves using the key to access to bottom of the material to lift
it up to spoil or to an elevated bench level. The final cut if required is a pull back,
pulling material back further to the low-wall side.
3. Match the English word combination with the Russian equivalents
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