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Файл:Английский язык. Учебное пособие для студентов заочной формы обучения направления подготовки бакалавров 130400.65 - «Горное дело»
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UNIT 2
1. Read and memorize the active vocabulary to the text.
to derive [dɪ'raɪv] – получать, извлекать; происходить
to compose[kəm'pəuz] – состоять
rather ['rɑːðə] – лучше, охотнее, предпочтительнее
rock [rɔk] – горная порода
recognized ['rekəgnaɪzd] – признанный; очевидный, явный
to investigate [ɪn'vestɪgeɪt] – изучать, исследовать
completely [kəm'plitlɪ] –полностью, совершенно,
scientist ['saɪəntɪst] – учёный; научный работник
relatively ['relətɪvlɪ] – относительно, сравнительно; соответственно
largely ['lɑːʤlɪ] – в значительной степени
calcium ['kælsɪəm] – кальций
magnesium [mæg'niːzɪəm] – магний
silicon ['sɪlɪkən] – кремний
basalt ['bæsɔːlt] – базальт
to define [di 'fain] — определять
to extrud [ɪks'trud], [ek-] – вытягивать, вытаскивать, извлекать
erosion [ɪ'rəuʒ(ə)n] – эрозия, разъедание; разрушение
weathering ['weð(ə)rɪŋ] – выветривание, эрозия
to contain [kən'teɪn] – содержать в себе, включать
substance ['sʌbst(ə)n(t)s] – вещество
crust [krʌst] – кора, поверхностные отложения
variable ['vɛərɪəbl] – изменчивый, изменяющийся, непостоянный
thickness ['θɪknəs] – толщина, плотность; пласт, слой
sedimentary [sedɪ'ment(ə)rɪ] – осадочный
to subject ['sʌbʤekt] – подвергать
liquid ['lɪkwɪd] – жидкость
cementation [səmen'teɪʃ(ə)n] – скрепление, объединение
pressure ['preʃə] – давление; сжатие
necessary ['nesəs(ə)rɪ] – необходимый, требуемый
particle ['pɑːtɪkl] – частица; крупица
quite [kwaɪt] – вполне, совершенно; полностью
variation [vɛərɪ'eɪʃ(ə)n] – изменение, варьирование; колебание
floor [flɔː] – настил, пласт
to observe [əb'zɜːv] – наблюдать, следить
suspended [sə'spendɪd] – висящий, подвешенный
to bury ['berɪ] – погружаться
to dissolve [dɪ'zɔlv] – растворять
to originate (from) [ə'rɪʤ(ə)neɪt] –брать начало, происходить
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temperature ['temp(ə)rəʧə] – температура; степень нагрева
to layer ['leɪə] – разделять на слои
to stratify ['strætɪfaɪ] – напластовываться, наслаиваться
sedimentation [sedɪmen'teɪʃ(ə)n] – осаждение; отложение осадка
magma ['mægmə] – магма
crystallization [krɪst(ə)laɪ'zeɪʃ(ə)n] – кристаллизация
potassium [pə'tæsɪəm] – калий
sodium ['səudɪəm] – натрий
aluminium [æljə'mɪnɪəm] – алюминий
cooling ['kulɪŋ] – охлаждение
constant ['kɔn(t)stənt] – постоянный, непрерывный; неизменный
solid ['sɔlɪd] – твёрдый
to occur [ə'kɜː] – залегать, происходить
valuable ['væljuəbl] – ценный, полезный
Word combinations for connected reading
Earth's crust – земная кора
oceanic crust – океанический пласт
oceanic floor –океаническое дно
sedimentary rocks – осадочные породы
igneous rocks – изверженные породы
metamorphic rocks – метаморфические породы
gradual cementation – постепенное цементирование
suspended particles — взвешенные частицы
rock-forming processes – процессы образования горных пород
2. Read and translate Text 2A .
Text 2A
THE EARTH'S CRUST
Most mineral resources are derived from the Earth's crust. The crust is
composed of minerals that are crystalline solids with specific and rather
simple composition. Minerals in the Earth's crust are concentrated into
specific groups which are called rocks. Two distinctly different types of
crust are recognized: oceanic and continental.
Since it is difficult to investigate the floor of the ocean, the
composition of the oceanic crust is not known completely. Scientists say
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that it is relatively constant in composition. The oceanic floor consists
largely of minerals rich in calcium, magnesium, iron and silicon, and it is
formed by the cooling of lavas extruded on the sea floor to form a type of
rock called basalt. It is subjected to the same forces of erosion and
weathering.
The continental crust contains less iron and magnesium than the
oceanic crust, but relatively more silicon, aluminium, sodium and
potassium. The continental crust is more complicated and has a more
variable thickness and a less well defined structure.
A systematic examination of all known rock types shows that two
principal types predominate: 1) Igneous rocks which are formed by the
cooling and crystallization of liquids from deep in the crust called magma;
2) Sedimentary rocks which are formed by sedimentation and gradual
cementation of sediments by the action of water, ice, wind and organisms.
They are layered or stratified. Most of the sediments are deposited in the sea
along the continents.
As sediments grow larger and are buried deeper, increasing pressure
and rising temperature produce physical and chemical changes in them. The
resulting metamorphic rocks generally show whether they originated from
sedimentary or igneous rocks. This process is slow — hundreds of millions
of years are necessary. As weathering and erosion occur, some substances
are dissolved and removed in solution while others are transported as
suspended particles.
Continental crust contains extremely varied types of rock. It is quite
possible to say that the rock-forming processes which we can observe today,
have been active for at least 3,500 million years.
The oceanic crust, by contrast with the continental crust, shows little
variation in composition. It leads to the idea that the rocks of the sea floor
might not contain as many valuable mineral resources as do the rocks of the
continental crust. The solution of the problem will be one of the main
problems of oceanographic research in future.
3. Read and translate the following international words. Look up their
transcriptions in the dictionary if necessary. Mind the part of speech.
Specific adj, concentrate v, oceanic adj, continental adj, composition
n, mineral n, erosion n, lava n, aluminium n, structure n, crystallization n,
magma n, temperature n, result n v, organism n, chemical adj, process n,
physical adj, active adj, variation n, idea n, problem n, systematic adj.,
oceanographic adj.
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4. Match the verb on the left with a suitable item on the right. Use each
1. crust
a. a substance that is hard, firm and
doesn’t flow
2. rock
b. a chemical substance
3. composition
c. a mixture of various substances
4. mineral
d. a substance which flows and has
no fixed shape
5. potassium
e. an outer layer of the earth
6. weathering
f. a hard land surface of the earth
7. solid
g. an inorganic substance that occur
naturally in the earth
8. liquid
h. a process of rock disintegration by
the influence of atmospheric
conditions
9. lava
i. igneous rocks which are formed by
the cooling and crystallization of
liquids from deep in the crust
10. magma
j. a molten rock expelled by a
volcano.
item once only.
5. Make the following sentences complete by translating the words and
phrases in brackets.
1. Most mineral resources are derived from (земная кора). 2. Minerals
in the Earth's crust are concentrated into specific groups which are called
(горные породы). 3. The oceanic floor consists largely of minerals rich in
(кальций, магний, железо и кремний). 4. (Изверженные породы) which
are formed by the cooling and crystallization of liquids from deep in the
crust called magma. 5. (Осадочные породы) which are formed by
sedimentation and gradual cementation of sediments by the action of water,
ice, wind and organisms. 6. The resulting (метаморфические породы)
generally show whether they originated from sedimentary or igneous rocks.
7. As (выветривание) and (эрозия) occur, some (вещества) are dissolved
and removed in solution while others are transported as suspended particles.
8. It is quite possible to say that (процессы образования горных пород)
which we can observe today, have been active for at least 3,500 million
years. 9. (Океанический пласт), by contrast with the continental crust,
shows little variation in composition. 10. It leads to the idea that the rocks
of the sea floor might not contain as many valuable (полезные
ископаемые) as do the rocks of the continental crust.
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6. Answer the following questions. Discuss your answers with your
groupmates.
1. Where are most mineral resources derived from?
2. What specific groups do minerals form in the Earth's crust?
3. What are the main types of crust?
4. What minerals does the oceanic crust consist of?
5. What minerals does the continental crust consist of?
6. What are the basic types of rocks?
7. What did metamorphic rocks originate from?
8. Does the oceanic crust contain more valuable mineral resources than
continental one?
7. Translate from Russian into English.
1. Большинство полезных ископаемых добывают из земной коры.
2. Горные породы – это группа минералов, которая образуется в
земной коре.
4. Горные породы делятся на осадочные и изверженные породы.
5. Метаморфические породы происходят из осадочных или
изверженных пород.
6. Океанический пласт состоит из минералов, богатых кальцием,
магнием, железом и кремнием.
7. Континентальный пласт содержит больше кремния, алюминия,
натрия и калия.
8. Океаническое дно содержит меньше ценных полезных ископаемых,
чем континентальный слой.
8. Skim Text 2B and try to understand what is about and what
information is known to you.
Text 2B
MINERALS
Minerals that make up rocks, are defined as inorganic substances
which occur naturally and have a definite chemical composition and
physical properties which vary within known limits.
The major properties are colour, crystal form, hardness, cleavage and
others. Cleavage is one of the most diagnostically useful mineralogical
properties which can be found throughout the mineral.
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Minerals of use to man can be grouped into two broad categories: 1)
metals, such as aluminium, copper, gold, silver, iron, tin, platinum,
chromium, nickel, lead and zinc, and 2) non-metallic minerals, such as
diamonds, salt, limestone, cement, sulphur, and asbestos. When minerals
occur so that they can be worked at a profit they are called ore deposits.
Mineral deposits are seldom equally rich throughout.
Economic minerals are those which are of economic importance and
include both metallic and non-metallic minerals.
Most minerals consist of several elements. Such elements are oxygen,
silicon, titanium, aluminium, iron, magnesium, calcium, sodium, potassium
and hydrogen. They make up more than 99 per cent by weight of all the
rock-forming minerals. Of these, aluminium, iron and magnesium are
industrial metals. The other metals are present in small quantities, mostly in
igneous rocks.
For example, iron is one of the most abundant metals in the Earth's
crust. There are three important classes of iron deposits: deposits associated
with igneous rocks; residual deposits and sedimentary deposits. Iron
deposits associated with igneous rocks are usually small but very rich
bodies either of haematite or magnetite. Large concentrations have been
successfully mined in Pennsylvania (the USA) and in the Russian
Federation.
Residual deposits of iron minerals are formed wherever weathering
occurs. Iron deposits formed this way are very widespread. It should be
stressed that the residual deposits were among the first to be exploited by
man.
Sedimentary iron deposits make up most of the world's current
production.
As the essential component of every variety of steel, iron is obviously
the most important of all industrial metals. It has played a large part in the
development of our modern civilization. Iron ores are mainly used for
producing cast iron, steels and ferro-alloys. From a scientific point of view,
iron's most important property is that it becomes magnetized.
The magnetic iron ore is the main wealth of the Kursk Magnetic
Anomaly (KMA). It is necessary to say that only in the last century was the
secret of the unusual magnetism of enormous iron ore masses discovered
underground.
Iron fields are worked by surface mining which is more economical.
But the KMA is rich not only in iron ores. Its deposits contain bauxite,
phosphorite, cement, sand and clays.
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9. Relate each heading to the corresponding part of Text 2B.
1. The main groups of minerals.
2. The composition of minerals.
3. The important classes of iron ore deposits.
4. Industrial importance of iron ores.
5. The characteristic feature of the KMA.
10. Answer the following questions.
1. Why is cleavage the most important property of minerals?
2. How can ore deposits be defined?
3. What are iron ores used for?
4. What is the KMA rich in?
11. Give a brief overview of the structure and contents of Text 2B.
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UNIT 3
1. Read and memorize the active vocabulary to the text.
to explore [ɪk'splɔː] – разведывать месторождение полезного
ископаемого с попутной добычей
to extract [ɪk'strækt ] – вытаскивать, извлекать
to process ['prəuses] – обрабатывать, перерабатывать.
major I ['meɪʤə] – более важный, значительный
required [rɪ'kwaɪəd] – необходимый
to locate [ləu'keɪt] – определять местонахождение
to refer [rɪ'fɜː] (refer to) – направлять (ссылаться)
to dredge [dreʤ] – производить дноуглубительные работы, драгировать
dredging ['dreʤɪŋ] – выемка грунта; драгирование
raw [rɔː] – сырой
to establish [ɪs'tæblɪʃ ], [es-] – устанавливать
quality ['kwɔlətɪ] – качество
quantity ['kwɔntətɪ] – количество
to prove [pruv] – доказывать
proving [pruvɪŋ] – опробование, предварительная разведка
prospector [prə'spektə] – старатель
visible ['vɪzəbl] – видимый
evidence ['evɪd(ə)n(t)s] – основание; признак(и); свидетельства
distinctive [dɪ'stɪŋktɪv] – отличительный, характерный
malleable ['mælɪəbl] – ковкий (о металле)
magnetite ['mægnətaɪt] – магнетит, магнитный железняк
heavy ['hevɪ] – тяжёлый
capable ['keɪpəbl] – способный
to attract [ə'trækt] – притягивать
to crop [krɔp] – выходить на поверхность (о пласте, породе)
search [sɜːʧ] – поиск(и)
additional [ə'dɪʃ(ə)n(ə)l] – добавочный, дополнительный
supply I [sə'plaɪ] – снабжение, поставка
occurrence [ə'kʌr(ə)n(t)s] – залегание, месторождение
investigation [ɪnvestɪ'geɪʃ(ə)n] – исследование
sign [saɪn] – знак, символ
locality [ləu'kælətɪ] – местность; район
to obtain [əb'teɪn] – получать, добывать; приобретать
mountainous ['mauntɪnəs] – гористый
fissure ['fɪʃə ] – трещина, расщелина; излом
filling ['fɪlɪŋ] – наполнение, насыпка
to expect [ɪk'spekt ], [ek-] – ждать, ожидать
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particular [pə'tɪkjələ ] – редкий, особенный, специфический
seam [sim] – стык
sandstone ['sæn(d)stəun] – песчаник
shale [ʃeɪl] – глинистый сланец, сланцеватая глина
vein [veɪn] – жила
crystalline ['krɪst(ə)laɪn] – кристаллический
to determine [dɪ'tɜːmɪn] – определять, устанавливать
aerial ['ɛərɪəl] – воздушный, авиационный
helicopter ['helɪkɔptə] – вертолёт
besides [bɪ'saɪdz] – кроме того
satellite ['sæt(ə)laɪt] – спутник
galena [gə'liːnə] – галенит, свинцовый блеск
lustrous ['lʌstrəs] – блестящий
aircraft ['ɛəkrɑːft] – самолёт, летательный аппарат
liquefaction [ˌlɪkwɪ'fækʃ(ə)n] – сжижение; ожижение; разжижение
burden ['bɜːdn] – бремя
muon [ˈmjuːɒn] – мюон
Word combinations for connected reading
ore body – рудное тело
end product – конечный продукт
physical properties – физические свойства
yellow metal – желтый металл
mentioned above – указанные ранее
country rock – коренная (основная) порода
geological exploration – геологическая разведка (с попутной добычей)
evidence of mineralization – доказательства наличия месторождения
lustrous metal – блестящий металл
additional supplies of minerals – дополнительные запасы минералов
distinctive properties – отличительные свойства
the occurrence of ore deposits – залегание рудных месторождений
2. Read and translate Text 3A .
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Text 3A
PROSPECTING
Mining activities include prospecting and exploration for a mineral
deposit through finding, proving, developing, extracting and processing the
ore. That is why it is possible to divide the mining activity into three major
phases: 1) before mining which involves prospecting and exploration
required to locate, characterize and prove a potential ore body; 2) mining
which refers to actual coal or ore extraction. Extraction processes include
underground or surface mining and dredging; 3) after mining which
involves processing and preparing the raw ore for the end product.
As has already been said, before a mineral deposit can be worked, that
is, before it can be extracted from the Earth for use by man, it must first be
found. The search for economically useful mineral deposits is called
prospecting. To establish the quality and quantity of a mineral deposit, the
type of country rock, etc. means to prove it and this process is called
proving. Prospecting and proving are only two different stages of mining
geological exploration, the latter includes drilling and driving of openings.
Last century prospectors looked for visible evidence of mineralization
on the surface of the Earth. To recognize valuable minerals it was necessary
to know their various distinctive physical properties. For example, gold
occurs in nature as a heavy malleable yellow metal. Galena, the most
important mineral containing lead, is dark grey, heavy and lustrous. The
first ores of iron to be mined were deposits of magnetite, a black heavy
mineral capable of attracting a piece of iron.
As the deposits of mineral that cropped out at the surface were mined,
the search for additional supplies of minerals took place. The science of
geology was used to explain the occurrence of ore deposits.
The aim of geological prospecting is to provide information on a
preliminary estimation of the deposit and the costs of the geological
investigations to be made. It also indicates whether it is available to
continue the exploration or not.
Prospecting work includes three stages: 1) finding signs of the
mineral; 2) finding the deposit; 3) exploring the deposit.
General indications of the possibility of exposing this or that mineral
in a locality can be obtained by studying its general topographical relief, the
type of ground and its general natural conditions. Thus, in mountainous
regions where fissures were formed during the process of mountain
formation, ore minerals could be expected in the fissure fillings. In hilly
regions, sedimentary deposits would be expected.
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