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Файл:Английский язык. Учебное пособие для студентов заочной формы обучения направления подготовки бакалавров 130400.65 - «Горное дело»
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to mount [maunt] – монтировать, устанавливать
to adjust [ə'ʤʌst] – устанавливать; подгонять; регулировать
versatile ['væːsətaɪl] – универсальный; широкого назначения
non-coherent [ˌnɔnkəu'hɪər(ə)nt] – неслипшийся; рыхлый
fragmented [fræg'mentɪd] – разбитый на куски
stripping ['strɪpɪŋ] – вскрыша
slope [sləup] – наклон, уклон
bulldozer ['bulˌdəuzə] – бульдозер
to shoot [ʃuːt] – проводить сейсморазведочные работы
highwall [haɪ'wɔːl] – откос, откос уступа
advance [əd'vɑːn(t)s] – продвижение, подвигание (забоя)
hillside ['hɪlsaɪd] – склон горы, холма
slurry ['slʌrɪ] – моечная вода; пульпа; суспензия мелкого угля
drivage [‘draiviʤ] – проходка; горная выработка
working ['wɜːkɪŋ] – выемка; выработка
Word combinations for connected reading
dragline excavator – ковшовый экскаватор
continuous-bucket excavator – одноковшовый экскаватор
belt-conveyer – ленточный конвейер
coarse rock – грубая порода
full revolving – полноповоротный
diesel engine – дизельный двигатель
gasoline engine – бензиновый двигатель
crowding action – напорное действие
a cutting edge — острый край
shovel reach – радиус
bank height – высота уступа действия
locomotive crane – локомотивный (рельсовый) кран
boom swing – поворот стрелы
frame-and-boom dragline – рамочный драглайн со стрелой
versatile machine – универсальный станок
bucket wheel excavator – роторный экскаватор
walking dragline – шагающий драглайн
flat seam – горизонтально залегающий пласт
steep slopes – крутые (пологие) склоны гор
arch support erection – возведение арочной или сводчатой крепи
in conjunction with – в связи с
labour-consuming – трудоемкий
longwall method – система разработки длинными столбами (лавами)
to meet the requirements – отвечать требованиям
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remote control – дистанционное управление
roof supporting – крепление кровли
powered roof support – механизированная крепь (кровли)
trunk roadway – магистральный штрек
Abbreviations
ft [futˌ fiːt] – фут, футы
V ['vɔljuːm] – объем
yd3; cu yd – кубический ярд
deg [dɪ'griː] – градус
yd3/hr ['kjuːbɪk,jɑːd pɜː auə] – кубический ярд в час
m ['miːtə] – метр
2. Read and translate Text 6A.
Text 6A
MODERN MINING MACHINERY
The nature of the material, the topography and general conditions, the
quantities to be handled, capital investment and engineering determine the
methods of excavation and the selection of the machines. The problem of open-pit
mining is economical and efficient handling of ore and of waste rock, which may
be overburden or may be in part included within the ore mass. Open-pit mining
calls for the use of modern excavating and transportation machinery and methods.
Excavating involves the loosening and breaking by machinery or by drilling and
blasting, loading, transportation and dumping.
Materials handled in open-pit operations range from alluvials, clays, and
shales up to hard rocks. Excavation equipment falls into two groups:
1) excavators and loaders and 2) excavators, loaders and transporters.
The machinery used in open-pit mining are the power shovel, dragline
excavator, continuous-bucket excavator, and locomotive crane and bucket. The
power shovel excavates from the level upon which the machine stands to a bank
height determined by the highest position of the bucket; it loads into cars, trucks,
belt-conveyer hoppers, or other units. The dragline excavator digs below its level,
it can dig under water. The locomotive crane and bucket can excavate below the
level and under water and can also excavate from stockpiles of low height. Of
these three the power shovel can handle large, coarse rock and excavate more
compact materials than can the others; the dragline excavator is more effective
over a wider range of loose rock and alluvials than the locomotive crane and
bucket.
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The modern power shovel is full-revolving, mounted on tractors and
operated by electric motors, diesel engine or gasoline engine. It is a mobile unit
moving under its own power and handled by one operator. Its principal motions
are: 1) the swing about its axis, 2) the crowding action of the dipper as it takes its
load, 3) the lifting action as the dipper cuts into the bank, 4) the final swing to
dumping position, and 5) the operating of the dipper door to discharge the
contents of the dipper. The dipper is provided with a cutting edge and with teeth
for tearing and cutting into the bank and for handling coarse loose rock.
Shovels are available in a wide range of designs and capacities to meet most
stripping conditions. For example, the giant shovel has a reach of more than 460 ft
and is powered by 50 motors ranging from V* to 300 hp. It will remove 3 million
yd3 of overburden per month while working in banks more than 100 ft high.
The full revolving steel frame-and-boom dragline was developed in 1906
and the walking dragline in 1912. Since then the dragline excavators have been
improved and electric, diesel and gasoline engine units are used as conditions
require. Bucket capacities up to 25 cu yd. (weight 35 tons plus load 65 tons) and
boom up to 250 ft in length represent the common size. The boom is mounted on
a heavy steel frame that can be rotated 360 deg. The boom angle can be adjusted
to digging conditions. Buckets vary in weight to suit digging conditions; heavier
buckets with the weight concentrated close to the cutting edges are required for
hard digging. The dragline is a versatile machine. It will dig noncoherent and
well-fragmented blasted material but not coarsely broken or compact materials. It
will excavate below water. Short-boom draglines are used for loaders, for trucks
and cars. Long-boom draglines are used in coal stripping overburden excavation
in soils, sands and gravels. Dragline capacity depends upon the machine size and
type, the operating and digging conditions. Draglines are available in a wide range
of sizes to meet varying conditions.
As has already been mentioned bucket wheel excavators of different types
find wide application in mining operations. One of the latest types can work with a
bench height of up to 28 metres, a pit slope of 65° and a bench width of about 65
metres. Theoretical digging capacity is in the order of 4,500 to 3,600 cubic metres
per hour. Bucket capacity is 820 liters. The number of buckets equals 22 and the
length of bucket boom is 37 metres and the discharge boom length is 40.5 metres.
Bucket wheel drive power is about 2 by 630 kilowatts.
A typical operation using bulldozers and draglines for stripping removes
overburden consisting of medium hard shale and sandstone which is drilled and
shot. Two heavy bulldozers remove the overburden to the spoil area. A diesel
dragline with a 165-ft boom and a 14 V/yd bucket follows the bulldozers and
throws material as far away from the highwall as possible. The dragline casts an
average of about 800 yd3/hr and the two bulldozers push this material to the spoil
area.
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1. gasoline engine
a. роторный экскаватор
2. coarse rock
b. горизонтально залегающий пласт
3. frame-and-boom dragline
c. полноповоротный
4. dragline excavator
d. поворот стрелы
5. bucket wheel excavator
e. ленточный конвейер
6. flat seam
f. рамочный драглайн со стрелой
7. full revolving
g. грубая порода
8. boom swing
h. бензиновый двигатель
9. belt-conveyer
i. ковшовый экскаватор
1. стрела, вылет
a. loader
2. отвал; откос; уступ
b. bucket
3. наклон, уклон
c. capacity
4. продвижение, подвигание (забоя)
d. boom
Flat coal seams and steep slopes cause overburden thickness to increase
rapidly as successive cuts advance into the hillside. To meet these difficult
conditions the large walking dragline is most useful because of its long dumping
range. The disadvantage in using the large dragline is that it must have a suitable
base to be mounted on and this is sometimes difficult to provide in rocky
overburden. This factor must be considered in choosing between a dragline and a
shovel.
Summing up, it is necessary to say that though all the equipment described
remains in surface mining operations, various new developments are being
introduced such as hydraulic removal of overburden, different automated systems
and others.
3. Match the English word combination with the Russian equivalents
4. Which of these statements are true and which are false? Find the wrong
statements and correct them.
1. Materials handled in open-pit operations are alluvials, clays and shales.
2. The machinery used in open-pit mining are the power shovel, dragline
excavator, continuous-bucket excavator, and locomotive crane and bucket.
3. The modern power shovel is full-revolving, mounted on tractors and operated
by electric motors, diesel engine or gasoline engine.
4. The modern power shovel is partly-revolving, mounted on bulldozer and
operated by electric motors.
5. The dragline is a versatile machine, it will excavate below water.
5. Match the Russian word with the English equivalents
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5. загрузочное устройство;
погрузчик
e. bank
6. ковш, черпак
f. to mount
7. мощность, производительность
g. slope
8. ось, осевая линия, вал
h. advance
9. конструкция; проект; план
i. axis
10. монтировать, устанавливать
j. design
6. Answer the following questions.
1. What determineв the methods of excavation and the selection of the machines?
2. What are the main groups of the excavation equipment?
3. What kind of machinery is used in open-pit mining?
4. What is the dragline excavator intended for?
5. What are the principle motions of the modern power shovel?
6. Is the dragline a versatile machine?
7. Where is the large walking dragline used in mining engineering?
8. Do bucket wheel excavators find a wide application in mining operations?
9. When was the full revolving steel frame-and-boom dragline created?
10. Is mining machinery being developed now?
7. Translate from Russian into English
1. При разработке открытым способом используют современные
землеройные и транспортировочные машины.
2. Землеройные машины делятся на две группы: 1) экскаваторы и
погрузчики; 2) экскаваторы, погрузчики и транспортировочные машины.
3. Ковшовый экскаватор может капать ниже своего уровня, а также под
водой.
4. Локомотивный кран и ковш могут капать с невысокого отвала горной
породы.
5. Современный мощный одноковшовый экскаватор является
полноповоротным.
6. Стрела ковшового экскаватора установлена на тяжелой стальной раме,
которая может вращаться на 360 градусов.
7. Очень сложно установить шагающий драглайн на гористой вскрышной
породе.
8. Skim Text 6B and try to understand what is about and what information is
known to you.
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Text 6B
MECHANIZATION, AUTOMATION AND
Much attention is given to mechanization, automation and remote control of
mining operations. It is important to note that in coal faces all the main process,
cutting, breaking, loading and roof supporting are mechanized. Mining equipment
sets (complexes) consisting of cutter-loaders or ploughs, conveyers and
mechanical supports are used on a broad scale.
Removal of coal may be done by different methods: mechanical cutting, use
of explosives, nuclear explosives, hydraulic mining, use of lasers and drilling.
The use of explosives is one of the reliable methods of cutting hard rock
underground. Recent developments have included slurries containing explosives
as opposed to nitroglycerine. These slurries are extremely safe but require a
strong detonation.
There is a considerable potential in the use of nuclear explosion but the
process is limited because of radioactive contamination and structure damages.
Recent years have been highlighted by a transition to narrow-web coal
mining machines and the wide-scale use of powered roof supports. Mechanized
complexes for working flat seams between 0.8 and 3.5 m thick have been
developed and are commercially available. Special complexes are manufactured
for steep seams of greater thickness.
In gently sloping and inclined thick beds the longwall method is common.
Extraction coal by this method promotes mechanization of all mining operations.
The average length of the working face in coal mines is 100-105 m. The average
monthly advance is 35-40 m as a result of operating with mechanized sets. The
tendency is the use of coal winning machines, powered roof supports, flexible
conveyers and other equipment.
The principal goal for research is to design new systems and improve
existing ones to increase the level of mechanization under complicated mining
conditions, particularly in thin and steep seams as well as in seams with poorly
caving or unstable roofs.
Progress in the field of drivage work is being directed towards improving
and widening the use of heading and tunnelling machines. For example, in
driving headings much use is made of special combines, coal loading machines
with crab buckets and bucket-type rock loaders. Development of active cutting
heads for heading machines is very effective. A boom-type heading combine has
been developed for work in coal and rock of not very great hardness, and rotary
type heading machines with diesel cutting heads are also well advanced.
REMOTE CONTROL IN MINING
46
Heading complexes to increase the efficiency of drivage are being
developed. They integrate a heading machine, arch support erection, drilling and
roof support units, a telescopic belt conveyer and a monorail, some complexes
include shuttle cars. It is also planned to develop tunneling machines which will
provide for the mechanization of all operations of the driving cycle.
Main trends in the development of underground transport are towards the use
of belt conveyers for coal transport in trunk roadways. This tendency is
expanding and consequently new models of belt conveyers have been developed.
Belt conveyers find application in horizontal and inclined workings. But hard
conditions under which belt conveyers have to operate in coal workings often
limit their use.
A model that works successfully under these hard conditions and meets the
high output requirements is the flight or drag conveyer. The rigid structure of
such machines makes it possible to mount a winning machine on its frame for
self-loading of coal on the conveyer.
Other problems to be solved include materials handling, ventilation, methane
drainage, the control of preparation plants, etc. In many mines the remote control
of conveyer sequences, fans and hoists are in operation.
Automation is the main objective to make mining processes less dependent
upon miners in the mine. It will also improve the quality of the product and the
workers' safety. Much has been done in automated planning and control of the
coal industry as a whole. It is quite possible to say that semiautomated longwall
system have already become a reality. In such a face an automated powered roof
support may be used in conjunction with remotely controlled shearer which
improves the working conditions of miners greatly.
Besides, it is of interest to note that computers gain mining acceptance. They
have become valuable tools in many applications. They are especially useful in
mine design, simulation, scheduling, monitoring and reclamation. As is known,
mine planning is labour-consuming operation and requires a considerable amount
of the planner's time. The computer programmes can give information on coal
seam thickness, tonnage, quality and the nature of disturbances. Computers can
help determine production levels of different extraction strategies.
Microcomputers also find their way to mining and exploration projects.
9. Identify the topic of each paragraph.
10. Answer the following questions and discuss them with your fellowstudents.
1. Are all the main process, cutting, breaking, loading and roof supporting
mechanized in coal faces?
2. What are the methods to cut hard rock underground?
47
3. What does a rational method of mining guarantee?
4. What does before mining activity include?
5. What processes does development work involve?
6. What basic sloping methods are in use now?
7. What are the main methods of working bedded deposits?
8. Is underground or open-cast mining preferable now? Why?
9. Can you give a few examples of the largest enterprises
producing ores in the country?
11. Give a brief overview of the structure and contents of Text 6B.
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UNIT 7
1. Read and memorize the active vocabulary to the text.
drilling ['drɪlɪŋ] – бурение, сверление
in-depth [ˌɪn'depθ] – тщательный
well [wel] – скважина
derrick ['derɪk] – буровая вышка
to level['lɛv(ə)l] – выверять по уровню
to erect[ɪ'rekt] – сооружать; устанавливать; возводить,
lubricant ['luːbrɪkənt] – смазочный материал, смазка
to haul [hɔːl] – везти, перевозить; транспортировать
extraction [ɪk'strækʃ(ə)n] – добывание, извлечение
deposit [dɪ'pɔzɪt] – залежь; месторождение
to pump [pʌmp] – накачивать, закачивать
auger ['ɔːgə] – бурав, сверло, бур
to sample ['sɑːmpl] – брать образцы или пробы
sub-surface [ˌsʌb'sɜːfɪs] – подземный
fabrication [ˌfæbrɪ'keɪʃ(ə)n] – производство; изготовление
marine [mə'riːn] – морской
slurry ['slʌrɪ] – шлам, жидкая глина
hoist [hɔɪst] – подъёмный механизм; подъёмник
acid ['æsɪd] – кислота
reservoir ['rezəvwɑː] – бак, резервуар
catering ['keɪt(ə)rɪŋ] – ресторанное обслуживание
crew [kruː] – бригада
infrequent [ɪn'friːkwənt] – нечастый, редкий
pipe [paɪp] – труба
cutting ['kʌtɪŋ] – обрезок
to supply [sə'plaɪ] – снабжать, поставлять
to penetrate ['penɪtreɪt] – проникать, пронизывать
downhole ['daunhəul] – скважинный
blowout ['bləuˌaut] – внезапный выброс; фонтан
to overcome [ˌəuvə'kʌm] – преодолевать
conventional [kən'ven(t)ʃ(ə)n(ə)l] – обычный, традиционный; общепринятый
explode [ɪk'spləud] – взрываться
joint [ʤɔɪnt] – соединение
annulus ['ænjuləs] – пространство между трубой и внешней стенкой, кожухом
буровой скважины
collar ['kɔlə] – отверстие буровой скважины; устье шахты
49
fluid ['fluːɪd] – жидкость
debris ['deɪbriː]– осколки, обломки; обрезки; лом
derrickman ['derɪkmæn]– верховой рабочий
stem [stem] – стержень
roughneck ['rʌfnek] – рабочий на буровой вышке
Word combinations for connected reading
drill rig – буровая установка
drilling mud – буровой шлам; буровой раствор
oil well – нефтяная скважина
mineral deposits – месторождения полезных ископаемых
underground utilities –подземные коммуникации
mud pump – буровой насос
offshore oil rig – прибрежная нефтяная вышка
drill bit – буровая коронка
environmental investigation – исследование окружающей среды
marine rigs – морская буровая установка
supply base – база снабжения
rotary rig – бурильно-вращательная установка
drill string – буровой трубопровод
tungsten carbide steel – сталь, армированная карбидом вольфрама
industrial diamond – технический алмаз
rotating cone – вращающийся конус
cutting head – резцовая коронка
downward force – сила, действующая вниз
tool pusher – буровой мастер
waste material – пустая порода; отходы
salt water brine – соляной раствор из скважины
licensed landfill – допустимое место хранения отходов
2. Read and translate Text 7A.
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