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THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA _________________________________________________ 111
New York
New York is the largest city in the United States
and one of the largest cities in the world. Its population is over eight million. It is situated in New
York State, at the mouth of the Hudson River. In
early times the New York area was populated by
Indians. In 1626 the Dutch Trade Company bought
Manhattan Island from the local Indians for twenty
four dollars. Here the Dutch founded their colony
and gave it the name New Amsterdam. Forty years
later the English fleet entered the habour, captured
the city and renamed it New York.
New York consists of five parts, called boroughs.
They are Manhattan, Brooklyn, Queens, the
Bronx and Richmond. All districts of New York
are linked together by numerous bridges.
Manhattan is an island 13 miles long and 2 miles
wide. It is the centre of American finance, advertising, art, theatre, publishing, fashion and everything else. It is the real centre of the city. Manhattan is divided into the East Side and the West
Side. The dividing line is Fifth Avenue. Manhattan is also divided into Lower (Downtown) Manhattan and Upper (Uptown) Manhattan.
1,500,000 people live in Manhattan but five
million people work here every day. Many of New
York offices, the New York Stock Exchange, the
American Stock Exchange, the Empire State
Building are situated here.
New York is a city of “skyscrapers.” The first
skyscraper in New York was built in 1902.It was
twenty storeys high.
Now you can get a good view of New York City
from the top of the Empire State Building (102
storeys). The Empire State Building is one of the
tallest buildings in the world. It was built in
1931.It has become a symbol of New York.
The Statue of Liberty is the symbol of American democracy. It stands on Liberty Island in
New York port. France gave the statue to America in 1884 as a symbol of friendship. Liberty
carries the torch of freedom in her right hand.
In her left hand she is holding a tablet with the
inscription “July 4, 1776” — American Independence Day.
Today New York City is nicknamed “the Big
Apple,” because it has an energy that few other
cities can equal.
New York is an industrial and cultural centre of
the country. The most important branches of industry produce vehicles, glass, chemicals. There
are many museums, art galleries, theatres here.
There are two world-famous streets in New
York — Broadway and Fifth Avenue. Broadway is
the centre of the theatres and night life. Fifth
Avenue is the great shopping, hotel and club avenue.
Names
New York ['nju: 'jD:k] — Нью-Йорк
Hudson ['hEdsAn] River — Гудзон
the Dutch Trade Company [dEtS treId 'kEmpAnI] — Голландская торговая компания
Manhattan [mBn'hBtn] — Манхаттан
New Amsterdam [nju: 'BmstAdBm] — Нью-Амстердам
Brooklyn ['bruklIn] — Бруклин
Queens [kwi:ns] — Квинс
the Bronx [broNks] — Бронкс
Richmond ['rItSmAnd] — Ричмонд
the New York Stock Exchange — Фондовая биржа Нью-Йорка
the Empire ['empCIA] State Building — Эмпайр Стейт Билдинг
Broadway ['brD:dweI] — Бродвей
the Statue of Liberty ['stBtju: Av 'lIbAtI] — Статуя Свободы
Fifth Avenue — Пятая Авеню
112 _________________________________________________ THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
Vocabulary
to populate ['pDpjuleIt] — населять
local ['lAukAl] — местный
to enter — входить
harbour ['hC:bA] — гавань
to capture ['kBptSA] — захватывать силой
to rename ['ri:'neIm] — переименовать
to consist of — состоять из
borough ['bErA] — небольшой город, район
numerous ['nju:mArAs] — многочисленный
wide [wCId] — широкий
advertising [,BdvA'tCIzIN] — реклама
publishing — издательский бизнес
fashion — мода
to divide [dI'vCId] — разделять
lower ['lAuA] — нижний
Answer the questions.
1.What is the largest city in the USA?
2.What is the population of New York?
3.Where is New York situated?
4.Who was the New York area populated by in
early times?
5.When was Manhattan bought from the local
Indians? How much did it cost?
6.When did the English fleet enter the harbour
and capture the city?
7.How many parts does New York consist of?
What are they?
8.How are the districts of New York linked together?
9.What is the real centre of the city?
10.How many parts is Manhattan divided into?
11.What avenue of Manhattan is the dividing line?
12.How many people live in Manhattan? How
many people work there?
upper ['EpA] — верхний
skyscraper ['skCI,skreIpA] — небоскреб
view [vju:] — вид
democracy [dI'mDkrAsI] — демократия
to carry — нести
torch [tD:tS] — факел
freedom ['fri:dAm] — свобода
tablet ['tBblIt] — дощечка (с надписью)
inscription [In'skrIpSAn] — надпись
to nickname — давать прозвище
energy ['enAdZI] — энергия
equal ['i:kwAl] — равный; to equal —сравниться
branch [brC:ntS] — отрасль
vehicle [vi:Ikl] — транспортное средство
chemical ['kemIkAl] — химический
13.When was the first skyscraper in New York
built? What was its hight?
14.What statue is the symbol of American democracy?
15.Where does the Statue of Liberty stand?
16.What country gave this statue to America as a
present? When? Why?
17.What is there in the hands of Liberty?
18.Why is the nickname of New York “the Big
Apple”?
19.New York is an industrial and cultural centre of
the USA, isn’t it?
20.What most important branches of industry are
there?
21.What two world-famous streets in New York
do you know?
22.What are they famous for?
Put in the missing words according to the text.
1.Manhattan is an island 13 miles ... and 2 miles
... .
2.In early times the New York area was popu-
lated by ... .
3.In her left hand she is holding ... with ... “July
4, 1776” — American Independence Day.
4.The first ... in New York was built in 1902.
5.New York consists of five parts, called ... .
6.All districts of New York are linked together by
... bridges.
7.New York has an energy that few other cities
can ... .
8.The Statue of Liberty is the symbol of Ameri-
can ... .
9.The most important ... of industry are produc-
ing ..., ..., ... .
10.New York is the centre of American ..., ..., art,
theatre, ..., ... and everything else.
11.The first skyscraper in New York was twenty ...
high.
THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA _________________________________________________ 113
Read the beginning of the sentence and find its end in the text.
1.Manhattan is the centre of American ...
2.The Statue of Liberty is the symbol ...
3.New York consists of five parts, called boroughs.
They are ...
4.In 1626 the Dutch Trade Company bought ...
5.Today New York City is nicknamed ...
6.Liberty carries ... . In her left hand she ...
7.It is situated in New York State ...
8.Forty years later the English fleet ...
9.There are two world-famous streets in New York
...
10.Manhattan is divided ...
11.New York is a city of ...
12.Manhattan is the centre of ...
Choose the correct verb for each blank.
renamed, carries, gave, has, is divided, entered, is nicknamed, has, are linked, bought,
captured
1.Manhattan ... into the East Side and the West
Side.
2.All districts of New York ... together by numerous bridges.
3.France ... the statue to America in 1884 as a
symbol of frendship.
4.In 1626 the Dutch Trade Company ... Manhattan Island from the locan Indians for twenty
four dollars.
5.Liberty ... the torch of freedom in her right
hand.
6.Today New York City ... “the Big Apple”, because it ... an energy that few other cities can
equal.
7.Forty years later the English fleet ... the harbour, ... the city and ... it New York.
8.New York City ... an energy that few other cities can equal.
Read and learn by heart the dialogue. Then act it out.
Alex: Hello, Steve! Nice meeting you again. How
have you been?
Steve: Hi! I’ve been quite well and I’m happy to
see you too. Where have you been all this
time?
Alex: I was having my vacation in New York.
Steve: Did you like it there?
Alex: “Like” is not the right word. It was great!
Steve: How long were you in New York, Alex?
Alex: About two weeks.
Steve: What did you see?
Alex: Not much, I’m afraid. I went on a sightseeing
tour, though — squares, monuments, historical buildings and all that.
Steve: Did you visit the Museum of Modern Art?
Alex: Not yet. But I’ve read a lot about it.
Steve: What a pity! Their Impressionists are very
good.
Alex: Yes, Cezanne is my favourite. But between
you and me, I don’t understand abstractionists. I mean I don’t know what people
see in them.
Steve: Tastes differ.
114 _________________________________________________ THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
Holidays in the USA
Americans celebrate Christmas and New Year’s
Day, Easter, Halloween, St. Valentine’s Day as
the English do. But there are some American
holidays. They are Martin Luther King’s Day,
Presidents’ Day, Memorial Day, Independence
Day, Labour Day, Columbus Day and Thanksgiving.
Independence day is the most important American holiday. They celebrate it on the 4
th
On the 4
of July in 1776 the American colonies
th
of July.
declared their independence from Britain. Americans usually have picnics on this day.
Martin Luther King’s Day is celebrated in January. Martin Luther King was a famous fighter for
civil rights for Afro-Americans. In the 1950s and
1960s he organized the civil rights movement. In
1968 he was assasinated. Presidents“ day is celebrated in February. It is the day on which George
Washington and Abraham Lincoln are honoured.
They were born in February. George Washington
was the first American president. Abraham Lincoln headed the country during the Civil War and
put on end to slavery.
Memorial Day is celebrated on the last Monday
in May. On this day Americans honour the soldiers killed in war. There are always parades on
this day.
On the first Monday in September Americans
celebrate Labour Day. They honour the American worker.
Columbus Day is celebrated on the second
Monday of October. Americans mark the coming
of Columbus“s ship to America. They honour the
man who was the discoverer of their country.
On the 31
st
of October Americans celebrate
Halloween. On this day children dress in fancy
costumes as witches, ghosts and other monsters
or characters from TV programmes.
They go from house to house, knock at the door
and say: “Trick or treat.” People give them sweets,
fruit or cakes. If they don’t get something tasty,
they play a trick on people.
Thanksgiving is celebrated on the fourth Thursday of November. People go to church and families come together for the day. They decorate their
houses with fruit and flowers of autumn and prepare traditional American food: roast turkey, potatoes and pumpkin. They thank God for many
things. This holiday was first celebrated in 1621
by the colonists after their first good harvest.
Washington’s birthday is celebrated on the 22
of February. It’s a great day for shoppers. The
department stores of Washington D. C. started
a national tradition of sales marked by unusual
bargains.
nd
HOLIDAY DATE
1.New Year’s Day January, 1
2.Martin Luther King’s Day January, third Monday
3.St. Valentine’s Day February, 14
4.Presidents’ Day February, third Monday
5.Washington’s Birthday February, 22
6.St. Partick’s Day March, 17
7.April Fool’s Day April, 1
8.Easter late March or early April
9.Memorial Day May, last Monday
10.Mother’s Day May, one Sunday
11.Father’s Day June, one Sunday
12.Flag Day June, 14
13.Independence Day July, 4
14.Labour Day September, first Monday
st
th
nd
th
st
th
th
THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA _________________________________________________ 115
HOLIDAY DATE
15.Columbus Day October, second Monday
16.Halloween October, 31
17.Veterans’ Day November, 11
th
th
18.Thanksgiving November, fourth Thursday
19.Christmas Day December, 25
20.New Year’s Eve December, 31
th
st
Names
Christmas ['krIsmAs] — Рождество
New Year’s Day — Новый год
Easter ['i:stA] — Пасха
Halloween ['hBlAu'i:n] — Канун дня всех святых
St. Valentine’s Day — День св. Валентина
Martin Luther King’s ['mC:tIn 'lu:FA 'kIN] Day — День Мартина Лютера Кинга
President’s Day — День Президента
Memorial Day — День Памяти
Independence Day — День Независимости
Labour ['leIbA] Day — День Труда
Columbus [kA'lEmbAs] Day — День Колумба
Thanksgiving Day — День Благодарения
George Washington ['dZD:dZ 'wDSINtAn] — Джорж Вашингтон
Abraham Lincoln ['eIbrAhBm 'lINkAn] — Авраам Линкольн
the Civil ['sIvl] War — Гражданская война
Washington’s Birthday — День рождения Вашингтона
Vocabulary
to declare [dI'klLA] — объявлять
fighter ['fCItA] — борец, боец
civil rights ['sIvl 'rCIts] — гражданские права
movement ['mu:vmAnt] — движение
to assassinate [A'sBsIneIt] — (предательски)
убивать
to honour ['DnA] — чтить, почитать
to head [hed] — возглавлять
parade [pA'reId] — парад
Answer the questions.
1.What holidays do Americans celebrate as the
English do?
2.What is the most important American holiday?
When is this holiday celebrated?
3.Why do Americans celebrate Independence
Day? What do they usually do on this day?
4.What was Martin Luther King? What movement did he organize? When was he assassinated?
5.Why do Americans celebrate Presidents’ Day
in February? What were George Washington
and Abraham Lincoln?
to mark [mC:k] — отмечать
fancy ['fBncI] — причудливый, маскарадный
witch [wItS] — ведьма
ghost [MAust] — привидение, призрак
trick [trIk] — фокус, трюк
treat [tri:t] — угощение
bargain ['bC:MIn] — сделка, удачная покупка
pumpkin ['pumkIn] — тыква
harvest ['hC:vIst] — урожай
6.When is Washington’s birthday celebrated?
7.Who do Americans honour on Memorial Day?
8.When do Americans celebrate Labour Day?
9.What was Columbus? Why do Americans honour Columbus?
10.Why do people in America dress in fancy cos-
th
tumes on the 31
of October? What do they
usually do on this day?
11.When was Thanksgiving Day first celebrated?
Why? What do Americans thank God for on
this day? What do they usually have for Thanksgiving dinner?
116 _________________________________________________ THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
Mark Twain
All modern American literature comes from one
book by Mark Twain called Huckleberry Finn.
Ernest Hemingway
Mark Twain is a famous American writer. His
real name was Samuel Langhorne Clemens. “Mark
Twain” was his pen name. On the river Samuel
often heard the boatmen shout “Mark twain.” This
meant the water was twelve feet deep. When
Samuel began to write he chose for himself the
name Mark Twain.
Samuel Clemens was born in 1835 in a small
town in the State of Missouri in the USA. When
the boy was five years old, he was sent to school.
Little Samuel did not like school, but he had many
friends at school. Samuel was their leader. In summer, when school was over, the boys spent many
happy hours on the Missouri River. When he became a writer he wrote about his friends in his
stories. Tom Sawyer was very often a portrait of
the writer; Huckleberry Finn was his friend Tom
Blankenship; Aunt Polly was his mother; Tom’s
brother Sid was like Mark Twain’s brother Henry.
When Samuel was 11 years old, his father died,
leaving nothing to his wife and four children.
Samuel had to leave school and look for work.
His elder brother was working as a printer and
he helped Samuel to learn printing. For some
years Samuel worked as a printer for the town
newspaper and wrote short humorous stories for
the newspaper.
In 1853 Samuel decided to leave home. He
wanted to be a sailor. First, he went to St. Louis,
then to New York, then to Philadelphia. When
Samuel was 20 years old he found a job on a boat
travelling up and down the Mississippi. On that
boat he learned the work of a pilot. The pilot had
to know the river very well when he took a ship
along it.
Then Samuel Clemens went to California and
worked on gold-mines for a year. There he continued writing humorous stories. He sent them to
newspapers under the pen name of Mark Twain.
The publishers and readers liked his stories. Mark
Twain was invited to work as a journalist for a
newspaper.
In 1870 he got married, and a new and happy
life began for him. He had one son and three
daughters. He loved his family very much.
In 1876 Mark Twain published his best novel
The Adventures of Tom Sawyer and in 1884 The
Adventures of Huckleberry Finn.
These novels are known and loved by children
and grown-ups all over the world.
Names
Mark Twain ['mC:k 'tweIn] — Марк Твен
Ernest Hemingway ['A:nIst 'hemINweI] — Эрнест Хемингуэй
Samuel Langhorne Clemens ['sBmjuAl 'lBNhD:n 'klemAnz] — Сэмюэль Лэнгхорн Клеменс
the State of Missouri [mI'zuArI] — штат Миссури
the Missouri River — река Миссури
New York ['nju: 'jD:k] — Нью Йорк
St. Louis [snt 'lu:Is] — Сент Луис
Philadelphia [,fIlA'delfjA] — Филадельфия
the Mississippi [,mIsI'sIpI] — Миссисипи
California [,kBlI'fD:njA] — Калифорния
Tom Sawyer [tDm 'sDjA] — Том Сойер
Huckleberry Finn ['hEklbArI 'fIn] — Гекльберри Финн
THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA _________________________________________________ 117
Vocabulary
real [rIAl] — настоящий
pen name — псевдоним
portrait ['pD:trIt] — описание, портрет
to look for — искать
printer — типограф
printing — печатание
humorous ['hju:mArAs] — юмористический
sailor — моряк
boat [bAut] — лодка
pilot ['pCIlAt] — лоцман
Answer the questions.
1.What was Mark Twain’s real name? Why did
he choose such a pen name?
2.Where and when was the famous American
writer born?
3.At what age did he begin to go to school?
4.Did Samuel like to go to school?
5.Who were the prototypes of the heroes of his
6.What happened to Samuel’s family when his
father died?
7.Who helped Samuel to learn printing?
8.Where did Samuel work as a printer?
gold-mine ['MAuldmCIn] — золотой рудник,
прииск
to publish ['pEblIS] — публиковать
journalist ['dZA:nAlIst] — журналист
to get married — жениться
adventure [Ad'ventSA] — приключение
grown-up — взрослый
boatman ['bAutmAn] — лодочник
shout [SCut] — крик
deep [di:p] — глубина
9.What stories did he write when he worked as a
printer?
10.Why did Samuel decide to leave home in 1853?
Where did he go?
11.What job did Samuel find when he was 20 years
old?
12.Where did Samuel go then? Where did he work
for a year?
13.Where was Mark Twain invited to work as a
journalist?
14.When did he get married? Was he happy with
his family? How many children did he have?
15.When did Mark Twain publish his best novels?
Read the beginning of the sentence and find its end in the text.
1.In 1870 he got married and ...
2.The pilot had to know ...
3.This meant ...
4.In summer, when school was over, ...
5.Samuel Clemens was born in ...
6.For some years Samuel worked as ...
7.In 1876 Mark Twain published his best novel ...
8.When Samuel was 20 years old ...
9.These novels are known and ...
10.When he became a writer ...
11.First, he went to St. Louis ...
Put in the missing words according to the text.
1.Samuel was their ... .
2.“Mark Twain” was his ... name.
3.Then Samuel Clemens went to California and
worked on ... for a year.
4.On the river ... Samuel often heard the boatmen ... “Mark twain.” This meant the water was
twelve ... .
5.On that boat he learned the work of a ... .
6.His elder brother was working as ... and he
helped Samuel to learn ... .
7.His ... name was Samuel Langhorne Clemens.
8.Samuel was their ... .
118 _________________________________________________ THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
Choose the correct verb for each blank.
was invited, was sent, had, took, decided, began, was, was, published, spent
1.In summer, when school ... over, the boys ...
many happy hours on the Missouri River.
2.Mark Twain ... to work as a journalist for a
newspaper.
3.In 1876 Mark Twain ... his best novel The Ad-
ventures of Tom Sawyer and in 1884 The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn.
Read and learn by heart the dialogue. Then act it out.
Carol: 4827086.
Cathy: Carol? It’s Cathy speaking. How are you
getting on?
Carol: I am well. And you?
Cathy: Not too bad. Can you help me, Carol?
Carol: Certainly. What’s the problem?
Cathy: I need your advice. My younger brother
has read all books for children we have at
home. Now I’m going to the library because I want to borrow some books for
him. He can’t go there himself because he
is ill.
Carol: What kind of books does he prefer? As far
as I remember, he is in the 6
he?
th
form, isn’t
4.When Samuel ... to write he chose for himself
the name Mark Twain.
5.When the boy ... five years old, he ... to school.
6.The pilot ... to know the river very well when
he ... a ship along it.
7.In 1853 Samuel ... to leave home.
Cathy: Yes, you are quite right. If I’m not mis-
taken, he enjoys reading adventure novels
and different detective stories.
Carol: It seems to me that a detective story isn’t
good reading for him. What do you think
about The Adventures of Tom Sawyer by
Mark Twain? Has he read this novel yet?
Cathy: I know for sure he hasn’t. What a good
idea! This novel is loved by children and
grown-ups all over the world. As for me,
I’ve read this novel several times.
Carol: OK. Come to me right now I’ll give
you this book. Is that OK with you?
Cathy: Oh, it’s great! Thanks for your help,
Carol. I knew you would give me good
advice and help me.
Carol: You’re welcome.
Other countries
120 _____________________________________________________________ OTHER COUNTRIES
Canada
Canada is the second largest country in the
world. Only Russia has a greater land area.
Canada is situated in North America.
Most experts believe that the first people who
lived on this land came from Asia about 15,000
years ago. They came over a land bridge that once
connected Asia and North America. Their descendants are known today as Indians. The ancestors of the Eskimos came to Alaska after them
probably about 5,000 years ago.
In 1497 John Cabot found rich fishing grounds
off Canada’s south-east coast. He was an Italian
navigator in the service of England. His discovery
led to the European exploration of Canada. France
set up a colony in eastern Canada in the early
1600’s. Great Britain gained control of the country in 1763, and thousands of British emigrants
came to Canada. In 1867, the French and Englishspeaking Canadians created a united colony called
the Dominion of Canada. Canada gained its independence from Britain in 1931.According to the
Constitution Act of 1982 the British Monarch,
Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom, was
recognized as the Queen of Canada.
The population of Canada is about 28 million.
About 80% of the population live within 320 km
of the southern border. Much of the rest of
Canada is uninhabited or thinly populated because of severe natural conditions.
Canada is a federation of 10 provinces and 2
territories. There are two official languages in
Canada. They are English and French. About 57
per cent of all Canadians have some English ancestry and about 32 per cent have some French
ancestry. Most French Canadians live in the province of Quebec. They have kept the language and
customs of their ancestors. Many of them believe
that their province should receive a special recognition in the Canadian constitution. About 2
per cent of the country’s population are American Indians and Eskimos.
Ottawa is the capital of Canada. Toronto and
Montreal are the largest cities of the country.
Today Canada is one of the most highly developed countries in the world. It is a major producer of electric power. It is also a leading producer of wheat, oat and barley. Canada ranks
among the world’s top manufacturing countries.
Names
Canada ['kBnAdA] — Канада
Asia ['eISA] — Азия
Quebec [kwI'bek] — Квебек (провинция Канады); г. Квебек
Ottawa ['DtAwA] — г. Оттава
Toronto [tA'rDntAu] — г. Торонто
Montreal [,mDntrI'D:l] — г. Монреаль
Alaska [A'lBskA] — Аляска
Vocabulary
expert ['ekspA:t] — специалист
to connect [kA'nekt] — соединять
descendant [dI'sendAnt] — потомок
ancestor ['BnsIstA] — предок
probably ['prDbAblI] — вероятно
rich fishing ground — богатая рыбой
местность
navigator ['nBvIMeItA] — мореплаватель
service ['sA:vIs] — служба
exploration [,eksplD:'reISAn] — исследование
to set up — воздвигать, располагать
early ['A:lI] — ранний; in the early — в начале
to gain [MeIn] — добиваться
to create ['kri:'eIt] — создавать
united [ju'nCItId] — объединенный
dominion [dA'mInjAn] — доминион
according to [A'kD:dIN] — согласно
to recognize ['rekAMnCIz] — узнавать, при-
знавать
border ['bD:dA] — граница
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