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Файл:Английский язык для аспирантов. English for Post-Graduate Students. Учебно-методическое пособие по английскому языку для аспирантов
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3. Support your topic sentence with the necessary reasons or arguments
raised by the author/lecturer but omit all references to details, such as dates or
statistics.
4. Use discourse markers that reflect the organization and controlling
idea of the original, for example cause-effect, comparison-contrast, classification,
process, chronological order, persuasive argument, etc.
5. In a longer summary, remind your reader that you are summarizing by
using “summary reminder phrases”, such as
The author goes on to say that ...
The article (author) further states that ...
(Author's last name) also states/maintains/argues that ...
(Author's last name) also believes that ...
(Author's last name) concludes that
6. Restate the article’s/lecturer’s conclusion in one sentence.
7. Give a full reference for the citation
Exercise 1.Summarize in your own words, the advantages and
disadvantages of owning a television. Your account should not be more than
130-140 words.
TV: pro and contra
With the invention of televisions, many forms of entertainments have been
replaced. Lively programs like television serials and world news, have removed
from us the need to read books or papers, to listen to radios or even to watch
movies. In fact, during the 1970s, when televisions were first introduced, cinema
theatres suffered great losses as many people chose to stay in the comforts of their
homes to watch their favorite programs.
Indeed, the television brings the world into our house. Hence, by staying at
home and pressing some buttons world happenings are immediately presented
before us. Children nowadays develop faster in language, owing to the early
exposure to television programs. At such tender age, it would be difficult for them
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to read books or papers. Thus, television programs are a good source of learning
for them. Furthermore, pronunciations by the newscasters, actors or actresses are
usually standardized, hence young children watching these programs will learn the
“right” pronunciations too. Owning a television is also extremely beneficial to
working parents who are usually too busy or tired to take their kids out for
entertainments. Surrounded by the comforts of their home, the family can have a
chance to get together and watch their favorite television programs.
Of course, we should not be too carried away by the advantages of the
television and overlook its negative points. Watching television programs takes
away our need to read. Why bother to read the papers when we can hear them from
the television news reports? Why read books when exciting movies are screened?
The lack of reading is unhealthy especially to younger children as they will grow
up only with the ability to speak but not write. I have a neighbor whose six-yearold child can say complete sentences like “I like cats”, but when told to write out
the sentence, is unable to do so. Not only are the writing skills of children affected,
their thinking capacities are also handicapped. Television programs remove the
need to think. The stories, ideas and facts are woven in the way television planners
wanted. Exposure to such opinions and the lack of thinking opportunities will
hinder the children's analyzing ability.
Despite the disadvantages of watching television programs, personally, I
think that choosing the “middle path”, which is to do selective television viewing
and not over indulging in the habit should be the best solution to reconcile both
the merits and demerits of owning a television.
Answer
In his article “TV: pro and contra” the author considers positive and negative
sides of watching TV programs. He thinks that television keeps us informed of the
world affairs. On the one hand, early exposure to television programs helps to
develop language skills of young children. These children can also learn to
pronounce words accurately because of the standardized pronunciation in the
programs. In a family where both the parents are working, the television provides
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the family an opportunity to get together at leisure times. On the other hand he
thinks that one of the disadvantages of watching television programs is that we do
less reading and hence our writing skills are affected. Younger children may learn
to speak but not write from television programs. The author concludes that
selective viewing could be the best solution of the problem. (139words)
Exercise 2. Summarize the following text on the advantages and
disadvantages of advertisements in not more than 130 - 140 words.
Is It Worth to Advertise?
We are bombarded by many advertisements every day. Vendors try all
means and ways to gain our attention and sell us their products or services.
Advertisements appear everywhere; on television programs, radios, in the papers,
magazines, pamphlets and so on.
Advertisements are actually very useful though we sometimes feel annoyed
when they interrupt our favorite television programs. They provide us with free
information on the products and services. There are two types of advertisements.
The informative advertisements are the ones which provide us with the details of
the products or services. This information is especially useful if the product or
service is new. For instance, when we need to buy a computer, advertisements
describing the latest models and their different functions would be extremely
helpful. However, only a minority of the advertisements are informative ones.
Many of them belong to the second category -- the persuasive kind. These
advertisements not only tell us more about the products, at the same time, they
persuade customers to buy them by claiming that their products are superior to the
rivalry ones. These claims may sometimes be untrue.
Besides being informative and persuasive, advertisements also help to
subsidize the prices of magazines and newspapers. Our newspapers are sold at a
low price of about one dollar, owing to the advertisements in the papers; otherwise,
the price would have been higher.
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A recent report has warned of global food ……… unless
SHORT
The current system of farming and food distribution is changed.
The
Report highlights fears that currently rapid increases in yields
come at
the expense of ………. , and that unless action is taken , hunger
and
SUSTAIN
………. will become growing problems.
NUTRIEN
The pollution is expected to rise to around 8.3 billion
twenty years, and ………. is set to continue, and it is expected
URBAN
While advertisements can be good helpers for shopping, they do have their
shortcomings. Most advertisements aim to sell only. Faults of the products or
services are usually hidden from the consumers. Hence, sometimes, we feel
deceived if the product or service we bought does not turn out the way the
advertisements claim to be.
Sometimes, advertisements by rival competitors can get very intensive,
especially when there are many firms producing similar products. One common
example is the washing powder. There are so many advertisements for the different
brands that customers sometimes get confused over what they should buy.
Furthermore, having more advertisements would mean that the production cost of
the firm would be increased. These rises in cost are usually passed on to the
consumers in the form of higher prices.
Hence, in conclusion, though I do advocate advertisements, I do not deny
their flaws. Without them, we might have to buy things based on incomplete
information or go through more complicated ways before getting to know the
products or services. On the other hand, too many advertisements also complicate
our buying decisions. So I would say that we cannot live without advertisements
but we must be careful how we live with them.
Understanding English
Read the text below. Use the word given in capitals at the end of some of the
lines to form a word that fits in the gap in the same line.
Fears of Future Global Hunger
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that
65-75 % of the world’s population will live in the cities.
Increasing
World ……….. will lead to the rise in demand for energy, food
and fresh
PROSPEROUS
water.
The report also considers the billion people world wide who
………
EAT
And are therefore obese to be another example of the …………
of the
FALL
current system to provide health and well-being to the world’s
population.
The authors believe that the ………. of new technologies
can play a
APPLY
Role in ……….. future food shortages. They see cloning,
nanotechnology
MINIMAL
And genetic ……….. as potential solutions. However, although
many of these
MODIFY
technologies have been adopted worldwide, there is still ………..
to their
RESIST
use in the part of Europe.
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MODULE 3. PUBLIC SPEAKING
UNIT. 3.1. THE ART OF PUBLIC SPEAKING
Read the text blow and say what the speaker has done in the wrong
way:
The speaker approaches the head of the room and sits down at the table.
(You can’t see him/her through the heads in front of you.) S/he begins to read from
a paper, speaking in a soft monotone. (You can hardly hear. Soon you’re nodding
off.) Sentences are long, complex, and filled with jargon.The speaker emphasizes
complicated details. (You rapidly lose the thread of the talk.) With five minutes
left in the session, the speaker suddenly looks at his/her watch. S/he announces —
in apparent surprise— that s/he’ll have to omit the most important points because
time is running out. S/he shuffles papers, becoming flustered and confused. (So do
you, if you’re still awake.) S/he drones on. Fifteen minutes after the scheduled end
of the talk, the host reminds the speaker to finish for the third time. The speaker
trails off inconclusively and asks for questions. (Thin, polite applause finally
rouses you from dreamland.)
SECRETS OF SUCCESSFUL PRESENTATIONS
Whenever anyone stands up in front of another group of people, they are, in
effect, presenting themselves.
Whether this is in a formal business setting where one may be trying to
introduce a new product or service to a customer, or is simply a speech at a family
wedding, all can loosely be termed as presentations.
But who is the judge of whether a presentation is good and effective? Well,
the answer is straightforward - YOU!
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Overcoming nervousness
Tips for Public Speaking
The words public speaking strikes fear and anxiety even in the minds of
competent and confident people. Does the thought of speaking in front of a group
evoke fear, make you sweat, starts your heart pounding? It's likely you have
glossophobia - the fear of public speaking.
Feeling some nervousness before giving a speech is natural and even
beneficial, but too much nervousness can be detrimental. Here are some proven
tips on how to control your butterflies and give better presentations:
1. Know your material. Pick a topic you are interested in. Know more
about it than you include in your speech. Use humor, personal stories and
conversational language – that way you won’t easily forget what to say.
2. Practice. Practice. Practice! Rehearse out loud with all equipment
you plan on using. Revise as necessary. Work to control filler words; Practice,
pause and breathe. Practice with a timer and allow time for the unexpected.
3. Know the audience. Greet some of the audience members as they
arrive. It’s easier to speak to a group of friends than to strangers.
4. Know the room. Arrive early, walk around the speaking area and
practice using the microphone and any visual aids.
5. Relax. Begin by addressing the audience. It buys you time and calms
your nerves. Pause, smile and count to three before saying anything. ("One onethousand, two one-thousand, three one-thousand. Pause. Begin.) Transform
nervous energy into enthusiasm.
6. Visualize yourself giving your speech. Imagine yourself speaking,
your voice loud, clear and confident. Visualize the audience clapping – it will
boost your confidence.
7. Realize that people want you to succeed. Audiences want you to be
interesting, stimulating, informative and entertaining. They’re rooting for you.
8. Don’t apologize for any nervousness or problem – the audience
probably never noticed it.
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9. Concentrate on the message – not the medium. Focus your
attention away from your own anxieties and concentrate on your message and your
audience.
10. Gain experience. Mainly, your speech should represent you — as an
authority and as a person. Experience builds confidence, which is the key to
effective speaking.
The structure
I. Introduction
1. Attention-getter
2. Thesis
II. Body
1.
2. No more than 5 points
3.
III. Conclusion
1. Review
2. Closing statement
3. Question and answer period
Thesis statement, sometimes called the central idea, is a single sentence that
summarises the message/ it is so important that you should repeat it several times
during your presentation. The thesis gives the listeners the main idea of what you
are trying to tell them:
Purpose statement describes what you want to accomplish when you have
finished your presentation.
e.g. Thesis: The planet is in danger. We are able to help.
Purpose statement: Audience members will be happy to give donations to
“Save Our Planet” Project.
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Helping you present professionally
1. Using Visual Aids
Visual aids are an important part of many presentations. The most
commonly used media are the flipchart and computer-based presentation programs.
Here are some suggestions for making the most of your visual aids:
Computer-based visuals
The technology is rapidly changing. These days, using a laptop computer
and presentation software such as Microsoft PowerPoint is the norm. Add a screen
and other equipment, and you can produce and display dramatic visual aids,
including animation and simulations. Computer-based visuals are becoming the
standard for most technical, educational or business-related presentations. Useful
for large and small audiences, they can convey simple as well as complex
information. If you use a remote control, you can change the visuals while walking
about the room. To accomplish this you’ll need a data projector, a device that
accepts output from a computer and projects it onto a screen. Plan to create the
visuals in advance, to ensure all of the electronic components work together and be
sure to rehearse with them.
Keep your visual aids:
Visible
Simple
Colorful, but don't let them upstage you
Justified by the content -- not too many or too few slides
For effective PowerPoint shows:
Don't read the slides to your audience!
Make your text large.
Choose colors that make the text easier to read.
Use bullet points instead of full sentences.
Don't let the text or graphics fly around too much.
Avoid charts and diagrams that are hard to see.
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Most Important: - Remember, you control the presentation; don’t let it
control you. PowerPoint should be a “visual aid” – not the entire show.
2. Body Language
Gestures: Get Moving!
The human body contains more than 700 muscles, but few of those are used
by speakers – except when using their arms and fingers in a life-preserving clutch
of lecterns and laser pointers or frenetically clicking on PowerPoint slides.
Speakers tend to focus most of their efforts in search of the perfect word to
illustrate their precious points, despite overwhelming evidence proving that, in
fact, our bodies speak louder than words.
Your effectiveness as a speaker is directly related to your ability to invoke
emotion and interest through the use of non-verbal communication. Your listeners
judge you and your message based on what they see as well as what they hear. In
public speaking, your body can be an effective tool for adding emphasis and clarity
to your words. It’s also your most powerful instrument for convincing an audience
of your sincerity, earnestness and enthusiasm. Whether your purpose is to inform,
persuade, entertain, motivate or inspire, your body language and the personality
you project must be appropriate to what you say. As Ralph Waldo Emerson said,
“What you are speaks so loudly that I cannot hear what you say.” So be sure your
appearance, posture and attire is appropriate as well.
Here’s how you can incorporate appropriate body language into your
speeches:
Start with eye contact. Being prepared – having control of your
message – is a prerequisite for being able to project and establish a bond with the
audience. Don’t just pass your gaze throughout the room; try to focus on individual
listeners and create a bond with them by looking them directly in the eyes for five
to 10 seconds.
Smile!
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