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Файл:Английский язык для аспирантов. English for Post-Graduate Students. Учебно-методическое пособие по английскому языку для аспирантов
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6. avoid / prevent
Rapid government reforms managed to ____________ a revolution taking
place.
He's always trying to ____________ taking a decision if he can help it.
7. beside / besides
The office is just ____________ the railway station.
____________ their regular daytime job, many people do extra work in the
evening.
31
8. briefly / shortly
____________ before the conflict began, the army pulled down the border
posts.
The senator spoke ____________ about the need for political reform.
9. channel / canal
The television ____________ received a formal complaint about the
program.
The Suez ____________ was built in the second half of the nineteenth
century.
10. conscientious / conscious
Most people are ____________ of the need to protect the environment.
____________ workers should be rewarded for their hard work.
11. continual / continuous
A ____________ trade embargo has badly affected the economic
infrastructure.
32
The computer has given us ____________ problems ever since we installed
it.
12. control / inspect
Environmental health officers regularly ____________ kitchens and other
food preparation areas.
The government plans to ____________ the price of meat to make sure it
doesn't go up too much.
13. criticism(s) / objection(s)
They didn't raise any ____________ when we insisted on inspecting the
figures.
The government's plan was met with severe ____________.
14. damage / injury / harm
It was a severe ____________ which needed immediate hospital treatment.
A lot of ____________ was caused to buildings along the coast during the
storm.
There's no ____________ in taking a break from your job now and then.
15. discover / invent
When did he ____________ the telephone?
Did Alexander Fleming ____________ penicillin?
16. during / for / while
Stores were closed ____________ the duration of the conflict.
____________ the transition from a dictatorship to democracy, the country
experienced severe strikes and riots.
The bomb went off ____________ the President was making his speech.
17. however / moreover
The plan was good in theory. ____________, in practice it was extremely
difficult to implement.
The plan was excellent. ____________, it was clear from the beginning that
it was going to be a success.
18. considerate / considerable
He made a ____________ amount of money from his dotcom enterprise.
She's a very ____________ person, so she would never intentionally upset
anyone.
19. intolerable / intolerant
33
rules.
I consider his behavior to be quite ____________.
The government is ____________ of other political parties.
20. job / work
Everybody has the right to a decent ____________ with good pay.
Following the recession, many people are still looking for ____________.
21. lay(s) / lie(s)
The city of Quito ____________ near the equator.
The manager made it clear he intended to ____________ down some strict
22. look at / watch
We must ____________ the situation in Lugumba carefully, and be prepared
to act if violence flares again.
We need to ____________ the problem carefully and decide if there is
anything we can do about it.
23. permission / permit
34
I'm afraid we can't ____________ photography in here.
They received ____________ to attend the sessions as long as they didn't
interrupt.
24. possibility / chance
There is always the ____________ that the government will reverse its
decision.
If we act now, we have a good ____________ of finding a cure for the
disease.
25. priceless / worthless
____________ paintings by artists like Van Gogh should not be in the hands
of private collectors.
As inflation spiraled out of control, paper money suddenly became
____________.
26. principal(s) / principle(s)
Many people refuse to eat meat on ____________.
The ____________ of the college is an ardent non-smoker.
The country's ____________ products are paper and wood.
Not many people are familiar with the ____________ of nuclear physics.
27. process / procession
The ____________ made its way down the avenue.
Applying for a visa can be a long and frustrating ____________.
28. raise / rise
As prices ____________, demand usually drops.
In response to the current oil shortage, most airlines plan to ____________
their fares.
29. respectable / respectful
The delegates listened in ____________ silence as the chairman spoke.
They want to bring up their children in an area which is considered to be
____________.
30. treat / cure
Hospitals are so understaffed that they find it almost impossible to
____________ patients with
minor injuries.
They were unable to ____________ the disease, and hundreds died as a
35
result.
31. subjective / objective
Your report should be as ____________ possible: just present the facts and
try to avoid saying what you think about them.
The newspaper article was extremely ____________: the journalist more or
less forced his own views and ideas on his readership.
32. disinterested / uninterested
In order to end the dispute, we need some impartial advice from a / an ____
third party.
I thought they would enjoy my talk, but they were completely
____________.
33. imply / infer
From what you just said, can I ____________ that you think I'm interfering?
I didn't mean to ____________ that you were interfering. I merely said that I
needed a bit of time to myself.
34. complimentary / complementary
36
In western societies, acupuncture and hypnosis are seen as __________
medicines.
All new students will receive a ____________ study pack and dictionary.
Writing
Exercise 8.
Write a paragraph on the following topic: Written or Spoken Skills in
English. What is More Important for a Researcher? ( 200 -220 words).
37
A
B
1.clear
a. it avoids making assumptions
(Everyone knows that ...) and unproven
statements (It can never be proved that
...). It presents how and where data were
collected and supports its conclusions
with evidence;
2.simple
b. it avoids vague and ambiguous
language such as about, approximately,
almost;
3.impartial
c. it uses direct language, avoiding
vague or complicated sentences.
Technical terms and jargon are used
only when they are necessary for
accuracy
4.structured logically
d. statements and ideas are
supported by appropriate evidence that
demonstrates how conclusions have
MODULE 2. SCIENTIFIC WRITING
UNIT 2.1 WRITING FOR SCIENCE
Introduction
Writing is a very important part of science; it is used to document and
communicate ideas, activities and findings to others. Scientific writing can take
many forms from a lab notebook to a project report, or from a paper in an
academic journal to an article in a scientific magazine much of which is devoted to
describing and explaining.
Exercise 1. Match a characteristic feature of a scientific writing (A) with the
description of its characteristic (B)
Characteristics of good scientific writing.
38
been drawn as well as acknowledging
the work of others.
5.accurate
e. it avoids unnecessary detail
6.objective
f. ideas and processes are expressed in a
logical order. The text is divided into
sections with clear headings;
Text 1
Developing good scientific writing
To reflect the characteristics of good scientific writing in your own work,
you need to think about the way that you write and the language that you use. A
good scientific author will have given consideration to the following choices in
writing, making decisions that improve the effectiveness of the writing.
Choosing the words
To make your writing clear, accurate and concise you should consider
carefully the words that you use, and the ways in which you use them.
Technical terms
In most scientific writing you will need to use some scientific or technical
terms in order to be clear and unambiguous. However, use such terms only when
you need to do so and do not try to impress the reader by using unnecessary
technical jargon or lengthy words.
Abbreviations
Abbreviations can be a very useful way of saving time and avoiding
repetition, but they can be confusing and might not be understood by everyone.
Use standard abbreviations where these exist, and reduce your use of abbreviations
to an absolute minimum; they are rarely essential.
39
Objective
The car travelled at 38
kilometres per hour.
It is a clear, objective
statement of fact
Subjective
The contents of the test
tube turned a beautiful
blue colour.
Beautiful is subjective
because it cannot be
measured or accurately
explained to the reader.
Passive
Active
1.The project was defended by the IT
manager
The IT manager defended the
project.
2.It was agreed that the experiment
should be...
We agreed that the experiment should
be...
3.A new strategy was
developed.
The team developed the strategy
of the company’s development for the
next ten years.
4.The program was deleted from the
computer.
Somebody has deleted the program from
the computer.
Use objective rather than subjective language
Objective language is language that is impartial and states a fact or process;
subjective language is open to question or interpretation as it implies personal
thought or belief. For example:
Always use language that is concrete and specific rather than vague and
personal.
Choosing a “voice”
Scientific writers have a tendency to use passive rather than active
expressions; stating that a was affected by b uses the passive voice while stating
that b did something to a uses the active voice. The following example shows a
sentence written in both the passive and active voices.
The passive voice is particularly useful when:
1. You wish your writing to be formal and depersonalized.
2. Information about the agent is obvious or unimportant
40
Impersonal,
passive
It was decided that the temperature should be raised gives no
information about the identity of the people who made the
decision.
Personal,
active
We decided that the temperature should be raised avoids
ambiguity and makes the sentence sound more direct, but uses the
personal and rather informal we.
Impersonal,
active
The research team decided that the temperature should be raised
is clear and direct.
3. You do not know the identity of the agent.
However, the use of the passive voice can lead to clumsy and
overcomplicated sentences. Compare the two sentences below:
Passive: Difficulty was experienced in obtaining the product in a high
state of purity.
Active: The product was difficult to purify.
In general, the active voice is clearer, more direct and easier to read, but the
passive voice can be more appropriate in particular circumstances. What is most
important is for you to be aware of how you are writing, and how the voice that
you choose affects the tone and the meaning of your words.
Personal or impersonal?
Scientific writers often try to avoid the use of personal expressions or
statements in order to make their writing seem more impartial and formal. The
following sentence has been written with both personal and impersonal expressions
to highlight the contrast between the two writing styles.
Impersonal: The explanation for this phenomenon may be found
in…
Personal: We/I believe that the explanation for this phenomenon may be
found in...
However, used indiscriminately, writing impersonally can result in clumsy
statements through an excessive use of the passive voice. This can lead to
ambiguity or inaccuracy in your written work, for example:
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