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Файл:Английский язык для аспирантов. English for Post-Graduate Students. Учебно-методическое пособие по английскому языку для аспирантов
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Express emotion with your facial muscles. For inspiration, take a
look at the The Human Face, a BBC documentary narrated by John Cleese of
Monty Python fame, now available on DVD.
Avoid distracting mannerisms – have a friend watch as you practice
and look for nervous expressions such as fidgeting, twitching, lip biting, key
jingling, hands in pockets or behind the back.
Telling a story? Highlight the action verbs and look for ways to act
out one or more parts. Speaking about marathon running? Run a few steps.
Stay true to your personality. Don’t copy gestures from a book or
other speaker, but respond naturally to what you feel and say.
Make gestures convincing. Every hand gesture should be total body
movement that starts from the shoulder – never from the elbow. Half-hearted
gestures look artificial.
Vary your speaking position by moving from one spot on the stage
to another. For example, walk to the other side of the stage as you move to a new
topic or move toward the audience as you ask a question.
3. Useful expressions
Introduction
Can everyone see? Well, good morning ladies and gentleman. Thank you for
coming.
Before we start I’d like to introduce myself. My name is ... and I am the ...
(position) of ... (company).
I’m here today to talk about ...
I’m going to look at three main areas.
First, I’ll talk about ...
After that I will ...
And finally ...
My presentation will take around 10 minutes. If you have any questions, I’ll
be happy to answer them at the end of my talk
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Body
First of all, I’d like to look at ...
Any questions so far?
Secondly, ...
I must emphasize that ...
The question is ...
I’d like you to look at ... You will see that ...
As you can see from the graph, ...
The figures show that ...
If I can just side-track for a moment, ...
As I mentioned earlier, ...
I’ll come back to that in a moment.
Now let’s move on to the question of ...
This brings me to my last point, which is ...
As you know, ...
In general, ...
On the other hand ...
Finally, ...
Conclusion
In conclusion, let me briefly go through the main points again. First I talked
about ..., then I described ...,and finally I ... .
Right, I think that’s everything. Let me finish by thanking you very much for
your attention. And now, if you have any questions, I’ll be happy to try to answer
them.
Dealing with questions
Could you be a little more specific? / Can I just check what you’re asking?
You’ve raised an important point there. Could I ask what your own view is?
Anyone like to comment on that?
Jane, this is your area. Would you like to make a comment?
We only have a few minutes left. Is there one last question?
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Power Point visuals rhetoric voice humour
memorable signposting engaging
Exercise 1. a) Think of an excellent presentation you have attended. Why
was it so good? Discuss your answer with a partner. Use some of the phrases in the
box.
b) Have you heard of TED ?
TED (Technology, Entertainment, Design) is a global set of conferences
owned by the private non-profit Sapling Foundation, under the slogan “Ideas
worth spreading”. TED was founded in 1984 as a one-off event and it is very
popular all over the world. Many excellent TED presenters break the rules of
public speaking.
Exercise 8. Scan the article from a business journal. Match the subheadings (a-h) to the posts (1-8).
(a) Signposting (e) Being positive
(b) Storeytelling (f) Visuals
(c) Great finish (g) Humour
(d) Play with the language (h) Cartoons
Breaking the rules Last week, I watched another great TED talk and once
again noticed: the presenter failed to give an overview. She didn’t use any
signposting language. In fact, the lady didn’t even use PowerPoint. But the talk
was great. It got me thinking about all the stuff we do on Presentation skills
courses about ʹstating aimsʹ and ʹsumming upʹ, and why great speakers often don’t
do any of this! So I used my blog to ask industry colleagues to tell me about
something in a presentation that really impressed them. In this article, I’m going to
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share their responses. Some of their re plies really made me think. Here are my
favourite posts:
1 [....] Listen to “Apple‐speak”, talks from Apple presenters and check out
the number of times they use the words “incredible”, “great”, “amazing”. They
really enthuse the audience, and Steve Jobs himself has a great “sense of theatre”.
2 [...] I saw a presentation where the presenter showed us one cartoon after
another while he continued speaking. We processed them, laughed and followed
everything he said. I still cannot understand how we did that.
3 [...] This Japanese guy hissed ‐ menacingly ‐ at the end of his presentation:
“If you have any questions ‐ please, HESITATE to ask”. We all burst out laughing.
It was so clever to change the original phrase like that.
4 [...] The presenter was speaking about supermarkets and organic foods.
He picks up this grape and looks at it, saying: “This may be sprayed with
pesticide”. (Eats it) “I may die in two minutes. If you any questions, better make
them quick!”.
5 [....] I was at a talk and the speaker was blind. Of course, he didn’t use any
visuals, but I followed everything ‐ that was because he repeated key phrases and
guided us through his talk. Amazing.
6 [...] The presenter obviously worked in graphic design, Anyway, he
stripped away all his bullet‐points and just showed pictures and one or two
key‐words. But what pictures! Sensational. His spoken words just echoed his text.
7 [....] I just cannot understand why some things are funny and some aren’t.
My jokes fall flat! Humour, when you see it, always makes a good presentation
into a great one.
8 [....] Don’t present. Build the content into a succession of stories. Powerful
magic.
So, what did I learn from this exercise? There doesn’t seem to be one thing
that makes a presentation great. Good presenters do what they do well by
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Introduction
Gained attention and interest
A B C D E
Introduced topic clearly
A B C D E
Related topic to the audience
A B C D E
Established credibility
A B C D E
Previewed the body of the speech
A B C D E
BODY
Main points clear
A B C D E
Main points fully supported
A B C D E
Organization well planned
A B C D E
Language accurate
A B C D E
Language clear
A B C D E
Language appropriate
A B C D E
Connectives effective
A B C D E
Conclusion
Prepared audience for ending
A B C D E
Reinforced crtain idea
A B C D E
Vivid ending
A B C D E
employing all sorts of tips and tricks. I think you have to know and respect the
rules first and after that, breaking the rules is possible. After all, Martin Luther
King did it through rhetoric, not PPT!
Exercise 2. Go to ted.com and find there a 3-5 minute presentation. Analyze
it according to the following scheme ranking each position in the following way:
A – excellent, B – good, C – average, D – fair, E – poor.
Exercise 3. Sticking to the Rule of Three
Nearly all of Steve Jobs’ presentations were divided into three parts. For
example: When Jobs took the stage on September 9, 2009, he told the audience he
would be talking about three products: iPhone, iTunes and iPod. Along the way he
provided verbal guideposts such as “iPhone. The first thing I wanted to talk about
today. Now, let’s move on to the second, iTunes.”
The number three is a powerful concept in writing. Playwrights know that
three is more dramatic than two; comedians know that three is funnier than four;
and Steve Jobs knew that three is more memorable than six or eight. Even if he had
20 points to make, Jobs knew that the audience was only capable of holding three
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or four of them in short term memory.Better that they remember three than forget
everything.
Go to Appendix 6 and read the text “Boosting Morale”. How does the “Rule
of three” work? How many examples of “threes” can you count? Use the table
from exercise 2 to give a detailed analysis of the text.
UNIT 3.2 DESCRIBING TRENDS AND RESULTS
There are different types of graphs:
Bar charts
Line graphs
Pie charts
Tables
Describing graphs
Going Up: rose, increased,went up,grew
Going Down: decreased, felld, ropped, declined
No Change: stayed the same, remained constant, , levelled off, stabilised
Up and Down: fluctuated, zig-zagged, fluttered, undulated
Small Changes - Adjectives / Adverbs : gently,gradually, slightly, steadily
Big Changes - Adverbs / Adjectives: suddenly, sharply, dramatically,
steeply, a lot
Low Points: bottomed out, reached a low
Exercise 1. Match the graphs to the correct definitions by using the
numbers of each graph:
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1. Sales bottomed out in May.
2. Sales levelled off from July.
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3. Sales rose steadily over the year.
4. Sales peaked in June.
5. Sales remained the same.
6. Sales increased sharply from June.
7. Sales rose gradually through the year.
8. Sales fell steadily through over the year.
Exercise 2. Describe the Pie-Charts “ World Population 2001”. Then
check your variant with the suggested answer.
Suggested Answer
1. The pie-chart gives
information on the world
population figures in 2001.
Overall, almost three-quarters
of the world’s population live
in Asia and Africa.
Asia is by far the biggest
region, with 3721 million
people. The second largest area is Africa, with 813 million, less than a quarter of
Asia’s population. Europe has three quarters of a billion people. Together, Latin
America and North America have about 840 million. Finally, Australia and New
Zealand have less than 31 million.
As can be seen, the greatest concentration of the world’s population is in
Asia, with Africa far behind.
Exercise 3. Study the bar Bar Chart “ Date Production” then answer
the questions.
The chart shows the top ten date-producing countries and their annual
production in tonnes, 2001.
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Questions:
1. What does the bar graph show?
2. Overall, what were the top three or four producers?
3. Which country produced the most dates?
4. How much more did Egypt produce than Iran? (in tonnes)
5. What country was the second-highest producer in 2001?
6. How many tonnes of dates did Iraq, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia and the
UAE produce?
7. How does Algeria's production compare to the UAE's output?
8. Libya and Sudan each accounted for less than _____________ tonnes.
9. Oman's production is ___________________ Egypt's figure. (Insert a
fraction)
10. In summary, how many countries produce over half a million tonnes a
year, and which country is the leading producer?
Exercise 4. Find ONE error in each sentence below describing the bar
chart above , then put the corrected sentences in order to make a model essay.
a. Finaly, Sudan’s and Libya's crops yielded under 0.2 million each.
In summary, date production is the most abundant in Egypt and Iraq.
b. Pakistan and Iraq, with outputs of approximately 630,000, were not
far ahead.
c. First, Egypt took the lion's share of production with over a million
tonnes but Iran is a close second with almost .9 million.
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d. The bar graph shows date production in tonnes for the world's top
producer in 2001.
e. The rest nations, however, were far less productive.
f. Algeria supplied the world with nearly 400,000 tonnes and Oman
around a half million.
g. Following them came the UAE and Saudi Arabia, rival each other
with about 740,000 tonnes each.
h. Overall, Egypt and Iran account to the majority of goods whilst Sudan
and Libya are in the minority.
i. In contrast, harvests in Oman and countries in northern Africa are far
more plentiful.
j. Ten countrys in the Gulf region and northern Africa are featured.
Exercise 5. Study the Bar Graph below and answer the questions:
Bar Graph: City growth
Which are the fastest growing cities in the world?
Questions
What was the population of New York in 1950?
What was the population of New York in 2000?
By what percentage did it increase between 1950 and 2000?
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