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Файл:Английский язык для аспирантов. English for Post-Graduate Students. Учебно-методическое пособие по английскому языку для аспирантов
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Bordens lived which turned into centers of commerce and trade as well as
production.
What makes this passage plagiarism?
The preceding passage is considered plagiarism for two reasons:
the writer has only changed around a few words and phrases, or
changed the order of the original’s sentences.
the writer has failed to cite a source for any of the ideas or facts.
If you do either or both of these things, you are plagiarizing.
NOTE: This paragraph is also problematic because it changes the sense of
several sentences (for example, “steam-driven companies” in sentence two misses
the original’s emphasis on factories).
Here’s an ACCEPTABLE paraphrase:
Fall River, where the Borden family lived, was typical of northeastern
industrial cities of the nineteenth century. Steam-powered production had shifted
labor from agriculture to manufacturing, and as immigrants arrived in the US, they
found work in these new factories. As a result, populations grew, and large urban
areas arose. Fall River was one of these manufacturing and commercial centers
(Williams 1).
Why is this passage acceptable?
This is acceptable paraphrasing because the writer:
accurately relays the information in the original
uses her own words.
lets her reader know the source of her information.
Here’s an example of quotation and paraphrase used together, which is
also ACCEPTABLE:
Fall River, where the Borden family lived, was typical of northeastern
industrial cities of the nineteenth century. As steam-powered production shifted
labor from agriculture to manufacturing, the demand for workers “transformed
farm hands into industrial laborers”, and created jobs for immigrants. In turn,
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growing populations increased the size of urban areas. Fall River was one of these
hubs “which became the centers of production as well as of commerce and trade”
(Williams 1)
Why is this passage acceptable?
This is acceptable paraphrasing because the writer:
records the information in the original passage accurately.
gives credit for the ideas in this passage.
indicated which part is taken directly from her source by putting the
passage in quotation marks and citing the page number.
Note that if the writer had used these phrases or sentences in her own paper
without putting quotation marks around them, she would be PLAGIARIZING.
Using another person’s phrases or sentences without putting quotation marks
around them is considered plagiarism EVEN IF THE WRITER CITES IN HER
OWN TEXT THE SOURCE OF THE PHRASES OR SENTENCES SHE
HAS QUOTED.
Strategies for Avoiding Plagiarism
1. Put in quotations everything that comes directly from the text especially
when taking notes.
2. Paraphrase, but be sure you are not just rearranging or replacing a few
words.
Instead, read over what you want to paraphrase carefully; cover up the text
with your hand, or close the text so you can’t see any of it (and so aren’t tempted
to use the text as a “guide”). Write out the idea in your own words without
peeking.
3. Check your paraphrase against the original text to be sure you have not
accidentally used the same phrases or words, and that the information is accurate.
Terms You Need to Know
Common knowledge: facts that can be found in numerous places and are
likely to be known by a lot of people.
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Example: John F. Kennedy was elected President of the United States in
1960.
This is generally known information. You do not need to document this
fact.
However, you must document facts that are not generally known and ideas
that interpret facts.
Example: According the American Family Leave Coalition’s new book,
Family Issues and Congress, President Bush’s relationship with Congress has
hindered family leave legislation (6).
The idea that “Bush’s relationship with Congress has hindered family leave
legislation” is not a fact but an interpretation; consequently, you need to cite
your source.
Quotation: using someone’s words. When you quote, place the passage you
are using in quotation marks, and document the source according to a standard
documentation style.
The following example uses the Modern Language Association’s style:
Example: According to Peter S. Pritchard in USA Today, “Public schools
need reform but they’re irreplaceable in teaching all the nation’s young” (14).
Paraphrase: using someone’s ideas, but putting them in your own words.
This is probably the skill you will use most when incorporating sources into your
writing. Although you use your own words to paraphrase, you must still
acknowledge the source of the information.
Produced by Writing Tutorial Services, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN
Exercise 2. Take an article devoted to the topic of your research read it
carefully and find all the references the author does. Are they mainly quotations or
paraphrases? Report to the students about your results.
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Paraphrasing Exercises
Exercise 1.Which sentences are closest in meaning to the five sentences below?
1. 25% of adolescents who have one baby have a second baby within two years
of the first baby's birth.
a. 25% of babies are born to mothers who are adolescents.
b. One out of four adolescent mothers has another baby before the first baby
reaches his second birthday.
c. A quarter of adolescent mothers gives birth when their first born is two.
d. 25% of adolescent mothers become pregnant again when their first babies are
two years old.
2. It has been reported that the richest one percent of Americans own 40% of
the country's wealth.
a. The richest 1% are 40 times as wealthy as the rest of Americans.
b. If the gap between rich and poor continues to grow at the current rate, the richest
one percent will soon own 40% of the country's wealth.
c. 40% of the country's wealth is in the hands of only 1% of Americans.
d. 99% of Americans own 40% as much as the richest 1%.
3. The judge was relieved when the jury was finally ready to announce its
verdict.
a. When the jury announced its verdict, the judge was relieved.
b. The judge asked the jury to arrive at a verdict.
c. The judge welcomed the prospect of an imminent verdict.
d. The jury welcomed the judge's relief.
4. Research data suggest that girls who witnessed maternal abuse may tolerate
abuse as adults more than girls who did not.
a. Women who witnessed the abuse of their mother as teens are more likely to
become abusive adults.
b. Women who observed the abuse of their mothers when they were young are
more likely to endure abuse themselves.
c. Women who were abused as children are more likely to abuse their own
children.
d. Girls who testify about maternal abuse tolerate abuse as adults more readily.
5. Martha thinks that the issue of adolescent problems is important to write
about.
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a. Martha thinks that adolescents like to write about their problems.
b. Martha feels that writing about adolescent problems is worthwhile.
c. Martha believes that the dream of most adolescents is to write something
important.
d. Martha thinks that adolescents can write about their problems.
Exercise 2. Write your own paraphrase for the following sentences:
1. A local newspaper claims that 75% of all homeless people do not like homeless
shelters and prefer to live as they do now.
__________________________________________________________________
2. Ronny told his aunt that a bear had attacked him, which she found difficult to
believe.
__________________________________________________________________
3. Anyone who has ever driven through the Mojave Desert knows that one should
always carry a supply of extra water.
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__________________________________________________________________
4. Of the 138 million acres of land that Native Americans owned in 1887, 90
million acres were taken away by whites by 1932.
__________________________________________________________________
5. A woman who was nominated by the president to head the department was
quickly approved by the board of trustees.
__________________________________________________________________
Exercise 3 . Change the form of the word, using the prompt in brackets.
E.g. development (change to verb) ‐ to develop
1. To analyse (change to noun)
2. Evaluation (change to verb)
3. Theoretical (change to verb)
4. Problem (change to adjective)
5. To expect (change to noun)
6. To agree (change to opposite verb)
7. To prove (change to noun)
8. To prove (change to opposite verb)
Exercise 4. Finish these paraphrased sentences by changing the word/word
type and grammar.
E.g. We studied the statistics then applied for funding.
After _________ the statistics, we made an_________ for funding.
After studying the statistics, we made an application for funding.
1. The council cut funding so we could not provide free parking.
• Because of council funding _________, there was no_________ for free parking.
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2. His proposal was a failure as it was too theoretical.
• His proposal_________ because it relied too much on _________ .
3. As the emphasis was only on the UK, there were weaknesses in the evidence.
• By _________ the UK only, the evidence was _________ .
Exercise 6. Paraphrase the following:
1. For many people across Europe, the introduction of the Euro has led to price
rises in many everyday goods.
2. Women have traditionally been seen as mothers and home makers and it is only
in recent years that they have been making significant inroads into the job market.
There is still a long way to go before they achieve complete equality with men but
the situation has definitely improved.
Exercise 7. Summarise the following paragraph in the number of words in
brackets.
One restriction would arguably be on food advertising. 95% of these during
children’s television programmes were for products high in fat, salt or sugar
(Grissom, 2010) and many, including the World Health Organisation, believe that
there is a link between such foods and increasing levels of obesity and high blood
pressure. Yet for every $1 spent by the WHO to combat these effects of a poor
diet, the global food industry spends $500, part of an annual industry worth $25
billion (WHO, 2009). It is obviously not a fair fight and as children’s health is at
stake, there is a strong case for a limitation on food advertising to the young. (30
words)
Exercise 8. Paraphrase and summarise the following paragraph
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…there is indeed considerable overlap between ethics and law. In fact, the law is
essentially an institutionalisation or codification of ethics into specific social rules,
regulations, and proscriptions.
Nevertheless, the two are not equivalent. … The law might be said to be a
definition of the minimum acceptable standards of behaviour. However, many
morally contestable issues, whether in business or elsewhere, are not explicitly
covered by the law. ... In one sense then, business ethics can be said to begin where
the law ends. Business ethics is primarily concerned with those issues not covered
by the law, or where there is no definite consensus on whether something is right
or wrong.
(Extract from Crane, A. and Matten, D. (2007) Business Ethics. pp5, 7)
UNIT 2.3 WRITING A SUMMARY
What is a summary?
The goal of writing a summary of an article, a single chapter or a whole
book is to offer as accurately as possible the full sense of the original, but in a
more condensed form. A summary restates the author's main point, purpose, intent
and supporting details in your own words.
Why summarize?
The process of summarizing enables you to grasp the original text better, and
the result shows the reader that you understand it as well. In addition to this, the
knowledge you gained by summarizing makes it possible for you to analyze and
critique the original text.
1. For a text, read, mark, and annotate the original. (For a lecture,
work with the notes you took.)
highlight the topic sentence
highlight key points/key words/phrases
highlight the concluding sentence
outline each paragraph in the margin
2. Take notes on the following:
the source (author--first/last name, title, date of publication,
volume number, place of publication, publisher, URL, etc.)
the main idea of the original (paraphrased)
the major supporting points (in outline form)
major supporting explanations (e.g. reasons/causes or effects)
Steps of writing your summary:
1. Organize your notes into an outline which includes main ideas and
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supporting points but no examples or details (dates, numbers, statistics).
2. Write an introductory paragraph that begins with frame including an
in-text citation of the source and the author as well as a reporting verb to
introduce the main idea. Examples:
a) An article:
In his/her article (or lecture) “___________________,”
___________________ (year)
(title, first letter capitalized) (author/lecturer's
last name)
argues/claims/reports/contends/maintains/states that
____________________________. (main idea/argument; S + V + C)
In his article "Michael Dell turns the PC world inside out," Andrew E.
Serwer (1997) describes how Michael Dell founded Dell Computers and claims
that Dell’s low-cost, direct-sales strategy and high quality standards account for
Dell’s enormous success.
a) A book:
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In his book The Pearl, John Steinbeck (1945) illustrates the fight between
good and evil in humankind.
b) An interview:
In my interview with him/her (date), __________________(first name, last
name) stated that ....
Other examples of frames:
1. According to _________ (author’s last name) (year),
____________(main idea).
2.___________’s (author’s last name) article on ___________ (topic) (year)
discusses the ___________ (main idea).
3._____________ (author’s last name year), in his/her article,
“__________” (title of the article) argues that ____________(main idea).
The main idea or argument needs to be included in this first sentence. Then
mention the major aspects/factors/reasons that are discussed in the article/lecture.
Give a full reference for this citation at the end of the summary). The following
reporting verbs can be used:
Reporting Verbs:
Strong argument: argue, claim, maintain, insist
Neutral: state, report, explain, discuss, illustrate
Suggestion: suggest, recommend
Counterargument: argue against, object
Criticism: criticize
For a one-paragraph summary, discuss each supporting point in a separate
sentence. Give 1-2 explanations for each supporting point, summarizing the
information from the original.
For a multi-paragraph summary, discuss each supporting point in a
separate paragraph. Introduce it in the first sentence (topic sentence).
Example: The first major area in which women have become a powerful
force is politics.
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