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Файл:The English Language in Use. Everyday Life Communication. Учебное пособие для студентов 1 курса, обучающихся по направлению 45.03.02 Лингвистика
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add to these descriptions?
● Use the information of text 3 and fill in the table
Fast Food Casual Dining Fine Dining
Landscaping
Seating
Design
Service
Demands of clients
to satisfy
Food
Gratuity
● Analyze the popular establishments of Rostov (Zolotoy Kolos, Pit’ Kofe
etc.). What is their place in classification of establishments? Are there any
individual features of local establishments?
● Vocabulary Development
To dine/eat out, a party, rush, slap up dinner, good value for money, veggie,
homelike setting, cozy place, relaxed atmosphere, dreadful service, spacious
terrace, spectacular view, various choice, long queues, rough waiters, trendy
décor, convenient location, organic food, suitable (strange) untrained palate,
tempts one’s palate, for cushioned area, booth, complimentary dessert, put in
a take-out container odds and ends of the meal for the customer to bring home
(to pack up), busboy, regulars, British (American, Mexican, French, Italian,
Indian, Chinese, Thai, Georgian, Greek) cuisine, noisy place, I wouldn’t
recommend it to you. It overcame my expectations.
The quality of food and dishes
Positive: rich, decadent, yummy, mouth-watering, out of the world, it melts in
the mouth, scrumptious, savoury, meat – tender, juicy, well done, rare,
medium-rare, vegetable salad – fresh, crisp, piping hot, aromatic, substantial,
nutritious, palatable, spongy, to my taste. It is worth trying.
Negative: uneatable/undrinkable, disgusting, revolting, unpalatable, it turns
my stomach, I can’t put it near the mouth, the meal is cold, stale bread, mild
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ice-cream, meat (undercooked, overcooked, dry, tough, chewy – you must
chew it for a long time before you can swallow it), rancid, gooey, oily, greasy,
fatty, bland, tasteless, burnt. It leaves much to be desired. This doesn’t taste
right. This steak is too hard. I'm afraid this wine tastes corked. Excuse me this
wine isn't chilled properly.
Items: tablecloth, napkin, ash-tray, flower vase, enterpiece, tray, glassware,
hollowware, cutlery, roll-up, bread basket, soup bowl, salt shaker, pepper
shaker, red wine glass, water tumbler, ice-cream bowl, soup spoon, tea/coffee
spoon, salad spoon, cake fork, china, crockery, dinner/soup plate, bottom
plate, side plate, saucer.
Make up dialogues:
1) People want to celebrate some occasion and discuss the choice of
establishment.
2) Eating establishments of Russia, Europe and America. People share
impressions and exchange advice.
3) Two waiters working in a fine dining restaurant speak about how they are
fed up with clients’ whims.
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PART II. THE THEORETICAL ASPECTS
OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE
I. GRAMMATICAL MATTERS
THE USE OF THE VERB “TO BE”
The verb “to be” is one of the most widely spread English verbs, and its
role in the English grammar is really big. It has a number of grammatical
roles which differ in the following aspects: 1) translation (semantic meaning
or its absence); 2) the possibility to combine with other grammatical elements;
3) the opportunity to be the basis of different types of predicates.
Let’s start with the independent status of the verb “to be” when it is a
notional verb. It forms a simple verbal predicate by itself in the meaning
connected with location, existence or state: Where is my scarf? We have been
in this room for half an hour, but you haven’ t explained what has happened! I
am in a very strange mood. The notional verb “to be” can be used in two
types of locative constructions: 1) descriptive (There was a beautiful flower-
bed under her windows); the sentences of this type begin with the
introductory word “There” which is not translated into Russian, and have an
adverbial modifier of place at the end. The object here is first introduced in
the context that is why nouns in the singular take the indefinite article, nouns
in the plural take the zero article; 2) specifying (The juice is in the fridge); the
object was already mentioned in the previous context that is why it is used
with the definite article.
All the other meanings of the verb “to be” are not independent and
imply the verb “to be” being accompanied by other concomitant elements.
Thus, the verb “to be” as an auxiliary verb is not translated into Russian,
it/they precede notional verbs forming the simple verbal predicate. The
auxiliary verb “to be” is used to form 1) progressive tenses (it is combined
with Participle I: When I saw the boy, he [was sleeping] under a shady tree);
2) perfect continuous tenses (it is used in the third form and preceded by
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another auxiliary verb “to have”; it is followed by Participle I: They [have
been discussing] the issue for an hour); 3) passive voice (“to be” itself takes
the required tense form – for example, will be – for the future simple, is being
– for the present progressive, has been – for the present perfect etc: The old
building [was] finally [destroyed]; It seems to me, we [are being watched]).
“To be” is often used as a link verb. It provides the connection between
the subject and the nominal part of the compound nominal predicate. The
nominal part is also called “the predicative”, it can be expressed by any part
of speech, but most frequently – by nouns and adjectives. The link verb “to be”
has lost its archaic translations “есть”, “суть”, though sometimes they are
used to add a kind of old-like colouring to the utterance, or to make the phrase
sound a bit ironical: Our duty is to protect our Motherland – Наш долг есть
Родину защищать. In the Russian language the link verb “to be” if often
replaced by the graphical symbol of a dash: Этот человек — очень
опытный врач, This man is a very experienced doctor.
The link verb “to be” is the basis of a few impersonal constructions
which may appear useful to depict people’s attitudes to different events,
situations, other people’s actions (It is so kind of him to borrow us a little
money), or to describe the condition of the environment (холодно, сухо,
душно, грязно и т п — It is so stuffy here, will you open the window).
Though the sentences are impersonal, a person can be involved in these
constructions being preceded by the preposition “for”: It was surprising for
Mary to learn the rules of behaviour in this establishment. From the
pragmatic point of view, the person here is of secondary importance, this
grammatical pattern draws the reader’s/listener’s attention to the emotional
reaction of the person who is in the focus of the situation, and also to the
action expressed by an infinitive. Note: In the Russian language in impersonal
constructions the use of adverbs is observed, while in English only
ADJECTIVES can be used in this position. Compare: Приятно (наречие)
прогуляться весной по парку – In spring it is so pleasant (adjective) to have
a little walk in the park.
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“To be” in some contexts possesses modality and can be regarded as a
modal verb. Modality is the peculiar quality of some verbs to reveal
someone’s attitude to another action expressed by an infinitive. All the modal
verbs are followed by infinitives, so is the modal verb “to be” forming the
compound modal predicate. As a modal verb “to be” can have the following
meanings:
1) official obligation: At the end of the working day Miss Atkins was [to check]
whether all the items of office equipment were unplugged.
2) the action in the future which was settled before: Alex is [to come] in the
evening, I have met him in the morning and he promised to drop in.
3) the action or situation in the future which is presented as someone’s fate:
Nobody knows in the childhood what is [to happen] to him in the future.
“To be” is often a part of phraseological units which form the simple
phraseological predicate, usually they do not have a word-to-word translation:
She [is fond] of old-fashioned furniture. This interior [is] really [up to date].
Translate and learn a few more “to be-idioms”: to be in the red, to be broke,
to be over the hill, to be over the moon, to be in the dark (=not informed), to
be under the weather, to be on the ball
Translate the sentences. Say in which of them the verb “to be” is a link-verb
and a notional verb.
1) Его сестра – врач. 2) Их дети послушные и воспитанные. 3) Мама на
кухне. 4) Наш дом старый, но уютный. 4) Их комната большая и светлая.
5) Где моя сумка? – Она в прихожей. 6) Это блюдо очень вкусное. 7)
Туфли дорогие? 8) Твой план опасен для нас. 9) Ночи зимой долгие. 10)
Дети сейчас в парке.
Insert the proper form of the verb “to be” and translate the sentences.
1) It … cold. 2) It … dark. 3) It … hot. 4) It … warm. 5) It … silly of you to
invite him. 6) It … interesting to read this book. 7) It … silly to go there. 8)
It … unpleasant to work when it … hot. 9) It … funny to watch this comedy.
10) It … pleasant to drink hot tea when it … cold. 11) It … clever of you to
learn English. 12) It … wonderful to go for a walk in spring.
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Translate the sentences and correlate them with impersonal constructions:
It was … that
It is … for smb … that
It is … for smb … to do smth
It is/was …
It is/was … of smb to do smth
1. Было ясно, что он не собирается решать проблему. 2. Ирэн было
смешно читать его любовные письма. 3. Вполне очевидно и несомненно,
что мы победили. 4. В номере грязно, я пожалуюсь менеджеру. 5. С
твоей стороны нечестно скрывать от меня эти важные факты. 6. Ванессе
было невыносимо осознавать, что ее семья обанкротилась. 7. С их
стороны было очень невежливо проигнорировать наше приглашение.
Note: Mind the cases of grammatical synonymy:
1) Irene was amused to read his love-letters / Reading his love-letters was a
great amusement to her; 2) Our victory is quite evident and unquestionable
2) Grammatical synonymy for the topic “Appearance”: He has blue eyes /
His eyes are blue / He is blue-eyed / His eyes are like the sky in spring.
The choice of the grammatical way to express the idea depends on what is
prior from the point of view of the author of the utterance; besides, the level
of education and the author’s being well-read plays its role. The bigger your
collection of synonymical grammatical means is the more linguistically
developed you are.
■ Which of the following sentences are impersonal?
It is cold. It is red. It is quiet. It is short. It is uncomfortable. It is tasty. It is
dark. It is silly. It is clean. It is clear.
Use the sentences in small contexts in which “It” is used: a) as a formal
subject; b) as a noun-substitute.
Note: a formal subject does not substitute any word from the previous context
and is not translated into Russian, while a noun-substitute as it is clear from the
term is used instead of a noun used in the previous context, it is translated into
Russian in accordance with the Russian gender of the noun (он, она, оно).
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Make impersonal sentences using the following words. Which words can
hardly be used in impersonal sentences? Find the word which can not be a
part of an impersonal construction. Try to divide these adjectives into
semantic groups: 1) the physical condition of the space around (temperature,
humidity and lighting etc); 2) emotions (positive and negative); 3) moral
evaluation; 4) the rest (how would you call this group?)
Честно, отвратительно, подло, невежливо, мило, жадно, оскорбительно,
невыносимо, быстро, лестно, светло, душно, глупо, приятно, скучно,
болезненно, хитро, противно, интересно, волнительно, раздражающе,
благородно, досадно, полезно, грязно, сыро, забавно, важно,
справедливо, удобно, неприятно, ужасно, прекрасно.
COMPARATIVE CONSTRUCTIONS
Comparative constructions can appear productive when describing
someone’s appearance, character and other things. Saying “compare” we
mean looking for similar features, but sometimes the difference between the
objects is important. The word “juxtaposition” may be also used to denote this
logical procedure.
I. If the objects possess similar qualities, the following linguistic means
can be used:
1) The double conjunction: as...as. In this model the compound nominal
predicate is used with the predicative-adjective: His hair is as black as coal
(“Is black” – a compound nominal predicate, “black” – a predicative-adjective,
two objects (hair and coal) possess the quality of blackness). From the
phonetic point of view both elements of the double conjunction are unstressed.
2) The word “like”. It is preceded by a simple verbal predicate, the way of
someone doing an action is similar to the way another person/object produces
this kind of action: Her eyes sparkled like wonderful stars (“sparkled” is a
simple verbal predicate, the common action is “sparkling”, stars sparkled and
eyes sparkled). The comparative word “like” is often used in literary
descriptions: The boy’s eyes were like the greenish water of the lake (были
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подобны). This place feels like a jail. It’s just like him. Note: “Like” can be
used as a suffix: There was something child-like about the way he smiled.
There was a strange smell in the shop – a sort of dusty-like. In colloquial
speech “like” can be used to ask for example: – He is constantly telling silly
stories. – Silly stories? Like what?
3) The word “both”. It is used to show that two persons\objects a) possess
similar qualities: (They both are very young); b) are in the equal condition
(They both feel all right); c) do the same action (They both are sleeping); d)
are in the same place (They both live in Rostov). In a sentence the word “both”
can be used in different positions and combinations: a) as the pure subject of
the sentence: I got acquainted with two girls. Both are beautiful and clever; b)
at the beginning of the sentence followed by the preposition “of”: Both of us
attend the musical school; c) preceded by personal pronouns: They both are
long-haired and long-legged; d) followed by two homogeneous subjects:
Both Tom and his girl-friend are tall and well-built; e) introducing two
homogeneous predicatives-adjectives after the link-verb “to be”: She was
both physically attractive and spiritually beautiful; f) preceding two
homogeneous attributes which are in the post-position to the noun they
modify: He managed to marry a woman both hard-working and tight-fisted.
4) The adjective “same”: Galina is the same age as Svetlana.
II. If objects differ in some way the following words and constructions
can be used:
1) The conjunction “than” preceded by an adjective in its comparative degree.
The idea of comparison can be intensified with the help of the following
words: much намного, гораздо), far (гораздо), a little (немного), even
(даже), still (еще): Jacob is much older than his wife. In reality she appeared
even more beautiful than on the portrait. When Alex met Patty in a few years
he found her still more beautiful than she had been in her green years.
2) The word “Unlike” which can be translated 1) в отличие от: Unlike all his
brothers he is red-haired; 2) непохожие, несхожие, отличающиеся: The
sisters have quite unlike features/traits. Learn the phrases: to be as unlike as
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day and night; this photograph is unlike him; such behaviour is unlike her;
unlike signs; unlike charges; to be unlike to ;
3) To specify the “mathematical” degree of objects’ being dissimilar the
constructions (1)“twice as … (as) …” (Gram is 44. His wife is twice as young
(The husband is twice as old); This dress is twice as expensive as that one
(Это платье вдвое дороже, чем то); (2)“three times … as … as …” (She
is three times as fat as me) are used. Note: Adjectives in these constructions
are used not in the comparative but in the positive degree!!!
4) The word “half” also can be used: This fur-coat is half the price of that one
(вдвое дешевле). Their flat is half the size as mine (вдвое меньше). Your
garden is half as large as theirs (вдвое меньше). She is half my age (вдвое
моложе)
Note: In the English phrases describing the difference in age the preposition
before the number of years is not used, while it is used in Russian: Энн на 2
года младше, чем Алекс — Ann is 2 years younger than Alex.
Note: To show the logical link between two qualities (Cause and Effect), the
pattern “the + comparative degree of comparison, the + comparative degree
of comparison” (чем …, тем …) is used: The sooner the better; The older we
grow the wiser we become.
To emphasize that some object demonstrates the highest degree of the
quality, adjectives in their superlative degree are used. Mind the prepositions:
the tallest of all the boys – самый высокий из мальчиков; the highest in the
city – самый высокий в городе. An attributive clause may be used in this
context too: He is the cleverest pupil [whom I have ever taught] (of all I have
ever taught). It is the most beautiful dress [that I have ever seen] (of all the
dresses I have ever seen).
Pay attention: To avoid repetition of nouns (which is stylistically not
all right) the following linguistic means are used in comparative constructions:
1) The word-substitutes “one” and “that”: This suit is as elegant as that one;
Miranda’s character is much more amiable than that of her younger sister.
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2) The Nouns in the Absolute Genitive Case: Molly’s skin is darker than her
mother’s.
3) Possessive pronouns in the Absolute (Independent) form
My hair though dyed looks more natural than hers.
Read and translate the following sentences. Pay attention to the comparative
elements. Which of them express similarity and which – difference?
1) Her hair is longer than her sister’s. 2) He is the strongest guy in the team. 3)
I will be as accurate as a surgeon. 4) It is difficult to believe they are twins –
they are quite unlike. 5) Joshua was a foolish old man. In contrast, his son
was thoughtful and hardworking. 6) They are as unlike as day and night. 7)
Unlike his father he is tall. 8) She's unlike anyone I've ever met. 9) His hands
were as cold as ice. 10) I’m sorry but it is not such a good composition as
your previous one. 11) His ears are twice as big as yours. Children are
constantly teasing him. 12) Her bag is the same as the one I bought last month.
13) Your friendly advice sounds like preaching. 14) His younger daughter is
the least beautiful of all. 15) He is not so well-built as his brother. 16) I am
not as strong as he is. 17) Her hills are twice as high as mine. 18) Your flat is
three times as large as ours. 19) She is the prettiest of them all. 20) Tom is the
bravest in the regiment. 21) The longer is the day the shorter is the night. 22)
Both Simon and his brother wear casual clothes. 23) Neither Pat nor Demy
can speak Spanish. 24) My face is really half as wide as his. 25) My best
friend Rodger is two years older than me. 26) It sounds like hell. 27) The
brothers have unlike traits. 28) They are as like as two peas. 29) She was a
small, dainty child, unlike her sister who was large and had big feet. 30) Both
Mary and Tom want to go to University. 31) The sooner you'll start, the
sooner you'll finish. 32) This boy of twelve is as tall as his father. 33) The
price was four times as high as I had expected. 34) Gela’s style is much more
elegant than her sister’s. 35) He eats like a pig. 36) She is much younger than
her husband. 37) It smells like a dead rotten cat. 38) Tom's a rather shy child,
unlike his younger brother. 39) He is not as reliable as his friend. 40) Her
smile was like the sunray in my dark surroundings.
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