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Файл:The English Language in Use. Everyday Life Communication. Учебное пособие для студентов 1 курса, обучающихся по направлению 45.03.02 Лингвистика
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the speaker is asking or offering a favour and also such requests/ offers are
often very polite” (22) and kindly. Requests/ offers with this intonation
pattern sound sincere and friendly. For ex.: “Come in, please”. (1). “Show
him in please” (1). “Sit down, please” (1). “You'll have some tea with us,
won’t you?” (1). “Would you like to have it for the next year?” (1). “What can
I do for you?” (1). “Here, please” (1). “Here you are” (1). The High Fall alone
in imperative sentences renders friendly insistence. “Let’s go to the diningroom” (1).
6. Adverbials at the end of the sentence. If the time or place carries certain
importance in the sentence, adverbials have logical stress then, and they even
can be accentuated by the Fall Rise. For ex.: “Would you like to have it for
the next year?” (1). “Must I pay anything right now?” (1).
7. Separation of the subject for emphasis. For ex.: “Doctor Sandford is in his
study” (1).
8. Intonation of special questions. High Fall in special questions conveys
interest and liveliness. For ex.: “Where do I sign?” (1).
9. Intonation of general questions. Low Rise in general questions conveys
speaker’s genuine interest. For ex.: “Do you receive the Times?” (1).
10. Direct address at the end of the sentence. For ex.: “What is it, Betty?”
(11). “Mr. White wants to see you, Henry” (1). “Well, Mr. White” (1).
Mastering English Suffixes and Prefixes
It is important for students to know the English suffixes which add the
negative meaning to the word: il-, ir-, im-, in-, un-, dis-, mis-, non-, de-, anti-
How do we know which negative prefix to use with which word when there
are so many of them? We are sad to say there is no good rule for when to use
one negative prefix over another with a certain root word. Learning to use the
appropriate negative prefix with the right root word is something you have to
learn from listening, reading, and speaking English as much as you can. If
you use the wrong negative prefix the word will sound off to a native speaker.
But you will likely still be understood, because the negative connotation of all
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of these prefixes is the same – they all mean ‘not.’
Another tricky thing about negative prefixes in English is that some words
can take more than one negative prefix, but the meaning of the word is then
different, depending on the negative prefix used. This only happens in a
minority of words, try to remember the specific meaning they have. For ex.:
disable – unable, discomfort – uncomfortable, to discover – to uncover.
IL- is mostly used with the words beginning with the consonant l. For ex.:
logical – illogical, legal – illegal, legible – illegible.
IR- is mostly used with the words beginning with the consonant r. For ex.:
responsible – irresponsible, replaceable – irreplaceable, rational – irrational.
IM- is mostly used with the words beginning with the consonants p, b, m.
For ex.: polite – impolite, personal – impersonal, mortal – immortal, moral –
immoral, balance – imbalance.
IN- is often used before the consonant especially before c, b, s. For ex.:
capable – incapable, coherent – incoherent, complete – incomplete,
convenient – inconvenient, sanity – insanity, credible – incredible. Before the
combination ac. For ex.: accurate – inaccurate, active – inactive. But:
acceptable – unacceptable.
Exceptions: formal – informal, articulate – inarticulate.
IN- is often used in words beginning with vowels (except i and u). For ex.:
organic – inorganic, eligible – ineligible.
UN- The main bulk of English words form their opposites with the help of the
prefix un-. Also it’s the main prefix for verbs to form their antonyms.
Unfortunately there is no fixed rule when and where this prefix must be used.
Therefore words with this prefix must be learned by heart. But there are some
particular cases which can help you: the prefix un- is used before vowels in
adjectives and participles. For ex.: usable – unusable, attractive – unattractive.
The prefix un- is used before consonants especially before c, b, s, h, f. For ex.:
believable – unbelievable, bearable – unbearable, comfortable –
uncomfortable, happy – unhappy, fettered – unfettered, welcoming –
unwelcoming, natural – unnatural. Verbs with the prefix un- often have the
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opposite meaning not the negative one. For ex.: to do – to undo, to chain – to
unchain.
DIS- is often used before vowels. For ex.: advantage – disadvantage, appear –
disappear. It can also used in some words beginning with consonants. For ex.:
tasteful – distasteful, trust – distrust, passionate – dispassionate. Especially
the prefix dis- is often used before t. For ex.: tasteful – distasteful, trust –
distrust. It is often used with adjectives and participles. For ex.: organized –
disorganized. It is often used with nouns and verbs. For ex.: to satisfy – to
dissatisfy, ability – disability. It is often used before h. For ex.: honest –
dishonest, harmonious – disharmonious, heartened – disheartened.
MIS- is used only in nouns, verbs and participles. This prefix is used in words
rendering the meaning of something wrong, incorrect, misleading. For ex.:
fortune – misfortune, to dial – to misdial, to understand – to misunderstand, to
interpret – to misinterpret.
NON- is used not often and sometimes it can substitute other negative
prefixes, for example un-. For ex.: professional – nonprofessional –
unprofessional, recoverable – nonrecoverable – unrecoverable. It is often used
in nouns. For ex.: smoker – nonsmoker, sense – nonsense. It also can be
added to adjectives and verbs. For ex.: alcoholic – nonalcoholic, existent –
nonexistent. This prefix often renders the meaning of absence of something.
DE- is almost always used before a verb, or a word formed from that verb. It
means to reverse the verb’s action. For ex.: to hydrate – to dehydrate, to
regulate – to deregulate, to toxify – to detoxify, to code – to decode, to frost –
to defrost, to value – to devalue, to motivate – to demotivate.
ANTI- means ‘against’. It can be put before lots of nouns and adjectives, the
list of words is growing all the time. For ex.: social – antisocial, aging – antiaging.
To crown it all, we’ll give you a little life hack, if you get at a loss in a
conversation and can’t remember what negative prefix should be used with
the word, use just the negative particle NOT instead.
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Writing Compositions. Making Descriptions
Describing people. Describing places. Describing events. Writing stories.
I. Describing people.
“When describing people your composition needs to be well-organized.
The composition should have an introductory paragraph where you briefly
set the scene (name/ time/ place you met/ saw him or her, etc.), a main body
consisting of two or more paragraphs, describing physical appearance,
personality characteristics and hobbies/ interests/ everyday activities and a
final paragraph which summarizes your feelings about the person described.
Each paragraph starts a new topic. Paragraphs should be well developed and
linked together” (16).
“When describing physical appearance you should give details in the
order like it’s given in the table below, moving from the most general
adjectives to some specific ones. When describing character and behaviour,
support your description with examples” (16).
height/build/age facial
features
hair clothes/accessories character hobbies/interests
While writing a description/ a composition try to make it more interesting and
involving by using a wide scope of various adjectives, not simple ones like
big, good, nice but brighter and more informative ones (superb, marvelous,
fabulous, etc.).
Try to be very careful with tenses. If you describe someone or something in
the present, you can use present tenses. If you describe someone or something
in the past, you must use past tenses only, if you have to describe something
happened before a certain moment in the past, do not forget to use Past
Perfect.
Try to avoid very simple and short sentences, try to make them more complex,
eye-/ear-catching, carrying value.
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II. Describing places.
While describing a place, you should include into your composition the
following parts: 1. “An interesting introduction in which you name the
location of this place and the reasons for choosing this place to describe” (16);
2. “A main body where you analyze the main aspects of this place in detail
(sights, atmosphere, details about the place)” (16). In this part you should
feature out an overall look of its place first and then its particular details; 3. A
final paragraph where you describe your feelings about this place, your final
thoughts or your recommendations.
The tenses you can use are various, it depends on the question you set.
Present tenses can be used if you are asked to describe some place, for a
tourist brochure, for example. Past tenses are used if you describe your visit
to some place which happened some time ago. Subjunctive mood can be used
if you want to feature a house, a city or another place of your dream.
To make your description vivid and alive while describing a place, use
your senses – not only eyes (describing only what you see), but also hearing
(you can describe the sounds can be heard in that place), touch (sensations
and impressions of being there and touching the objects there), smell, taste.
Try to avoid common adjectives (like good, nice, etc.), replace them
with more factual, picturesque (like huge, enormous, etc.), also use opinion
adjectives which convey your emotions (like charming, incredible, etc).
Possible variants for starting the composition – using your senses
describing weather, surrounding, expressing your general attitude to the place
or you can use a quotation about the place to open your composition. For ex.:
“An Englishman’s home is his castle”.
III. Describing events.
To describe a special event firstly you should give the accurate
information about it – introduce this event, state the place, the time
and the reason it takes place. Give the detailed information about the
preparation for this event and the detailed description of the event
itself. The paragraphs of your description should be well-structured.
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Finish your composition by featuring your and other participants’
feelings and reactions about the place and the event giving general
comments.
IV. Writing stories.
Writing a good story either in the first or third person means depicting a
sequence of events in an interesting involving manner. A good story must
contain: 1. “An interesting beginning to catch the readers’ or listeners’
attention and make them want to go on reading or listening to your story” (16);
2. “A good development in the main body. To make an appropriate
development of your story you should bear in mind a correct use of tenses,
especially of the past. Past Simple and Past Continuous are used to set the
main events, Past Perfect is used to talk about events which happened before
the main event(s)” (16); 3. “A good ending, if possible an unexpected or
unpredictable one, to surprise the reader and create a long-lasting impression
after reading or listening to your piece of writing” (16).
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У
чебное издание
Манжелеевская Елена Вячеславовна
Пархоменко Ольга Андреевна
THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE IN USE:
EVERYDAY LIFE COMMUNICATION
Подписано в печать 25.10.2021 г.
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