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Файл:Intercultural Approach of Professional Lexicon
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Published by the Aitmatov Academy, London, 2014
Intercultural Approach
of Professional Lexicon
by Zhainagul Beisenova
The publication of this work was funded by the Ministry of
Education and Sciences of the Republic of Kazakhstan through its
grant for the 'Lecturer of the Year 2012'
Published by the Aitmatov Academy, London, 2014
Intercultural Approach of Professional Lexicon
by Zhainagul Beisenova
Doctor of Philological Sciences, Professor
It is a great pleasure to introduce the first English-language translation of Zhainagul
Beisenova's doctoral thesis. We have worked imder the auspices of the Aitmatov
Academy. The Academy is a London-based charity, dedicated to promoting Central
Asian culture, primarily through presenting translations of Central Asian academic and
literary texts to the English-language readership of the UK and beyond.
An English-language translation of Dr Beisenova's research comes at a particularly
appropriate time in the University's and Kazakhstan's calendar, as it joins with all 47
Member States of the СогтсЦ of Europe to celebrate the European Day of Languages.
This transnational festival, celebrated each 26 September, brings together millions of
people who take part in activities to promote linguistic diversity and the ability to speak
other languages, and encouraging people ever5where to learn more languages
throughout their lives, develop their multilingual skills and reinforce inter-cultural
understanding. It is a perfect day to launch a translation, which itself is a study of the
multilingualism that underpins so many aspects of Kazakh society.
First publication in Russian as Otraslevaya terminologiya
"Parasat", Almaty, 2009; Kazakh University of the Humanities and
Law , Astana, 2011
Third (English) Edition, 2014
Translated by Nick Sandars and John Amor
Edited by Rahima Abduvalieva
© Zh.Beisenova, 2014
ISBN
99978978-0-9926186-5-0
Contents
Note to the Third (English) Edition 6
Abbreviations 9
Introduction 10
1. Theoretical and methodological principles Terminology to be used
1.1. Key terminology used in systemic-typological linguistics 19
1.2. Analysing specialised subject-specific terminologies in Russian and
Kazakh: issues and challenges concerning various aspects
of their theoretical and methodological bases 22
1.3. Meta-linguistic foundations 27
1.4. Analysis of terms and terminology as the categories
of theoretical linguistics 30
1.5. The scientific aspects of terms 39
1.6. Terms and terminological systems as aspects
of the study of terminology 43
1.7. The linguistic-cognitive basis of studies
in the modern terminological space 46
1.8. Subject-specific terminology as a part of a research-based
view of the world 50
1.9. Derivative characteristics of specialised terminology 54
2. Typology and classification of subject-specific terminology
2.1. General typology of subject-specific terminology 56
2.2. Classification of subject-specific terminologies
within Russian and Kazakh linguistics 59
2.3. Principles of subject-specific terminology and its formation 67
2.4. Terminological variation 71
2.5. Terminological dichotomies 75
2.6. The question of integrating individual subject-specific
terminological systems 78
Conclusion 145
Bibliography 160
Note to the Third English Edition
It is a great pleasure to introduce the first English-language translation of Dr
Zhainagul Beisenova's doctoral thesis. We have worked under the auspices of the
Aitmatov Academy. The Academy is a London-based charity, dedicated to promoting
Central Asian culture, primarily through presenting translations of Central Asian
academic and literary texts to the English-language readership of the UK and beyond.
An English-language translation of Dr Beisenova's research comes at a particularly
appropriate time in the University's and Kazakhstan's calendar, as it joins with all 47
Member States of the Council of Europe to celebrate the European Day of Languages.
This transnational festival, celebrated each 26 September, brings together millions of
people who take part in activities to promote linguistic diversity and the ability to speak
other languages, and encouraging people everywhere to learn more languages
throughout their lives, develop their multilingual skills and reinforce inter-cultural
understanding. It is a perfect day to launch a translation, which itself is a study of the
multilingualism that underpins so many aspects of Kazakh society.
The thesis
Dr Beisenova's thesis itself takes up three fundamental positions. It first posits the
existence of a 'natural' or 'universal' language that connects all language, echoing
research traditions that date back to the very beginnings of comparative linguistics and
philology. A theory is proposed that the formation of all words is motivated, which can
be proved if their etymology can be traced far enough back in time. The theory is finally
exemplified through an analysis of veterinary terminology in Kazakh and Russian.
The three positions are considered in more detail in each of the three chapters of the
thesis.
Chapter 1 outlines the general typology of subject-specific terminology, then
moving on to specific examples of these terminologies within Russian and Kazakh
linguistics. Beisenova then lays out the background and rationale behind how
subject-specific terminology is formed. She focuses on where terminological variation
can arise from and why, as well as the impact of terminological dichotomies, including
normativity versus description, detail versus brevity, lexical versus ideographic
definition.
Chapter 2 probes more deeply into the central elements of the thesis in a
consideration of the functional and motivational nature of specialised terminology.
Beisenova starts by introducing the the full range of functional
5
status found in Russian ana Kazakh terms, including nominative, definitive,
communicative and heuristic functions, and focussing in particular on the classificatory
function. This enables the concept of Motivation to be introduced and related the
systemic approach to describing and defining veterinary terminology. The second half
of the chapter explores the extent to which national and cultural characteristics can be
discerned in the motivation of terms related to animal disease (zoonosis) in both Russian
and Kazakh. The study combines linguistic classification with a classification of animal
disease pathology, according a range of criteria derived from veterinary terminology as
proposed by professional terminologists. This leads to the derivation of a potential
model of how Russian-Kazakh motivation-based dictionaries might start to be
developed. The model derived proposes ten motivations with ta basis in factors
covering the genus and species of a bacterium through to colour, geographical incidence
and historical factors such as eponomy.
The third chapter concludes the study with a consideration of what further work is
needed across the world of terminology, lexicography and linguistics more widely in
order to combine a research-based and diachronic tracking of the evolution of
subject-specific terminology with a more prescriptive-leaning element of terminological
systemisation and harmonisation of terminologies, which, the study posits, should
increase the accuracy and level of professional specialisation across disciplines within
the Russian- and Kazakh-speaking research community and beyond.
A translator's perspective
As Dr Beisenova is director of the translation department at Astana University, it
seems fully appropriate to dwell for a moment on the actual process of having
translated her research: on our approach, the theory we drew on, the practical tools we
made use of and the wider pleasures, challenges, and surprises.
Our approach drew primarily from the functionalist school of translation theory,
developed and championed perhaps most actively by Christiana Nord and Hans
Vermeer. It centres on the the translator's first duty is to identify what the translation he
or she is being commissioned to produce is destined to be used for. The new ground
being broken by the Aitmatov Academy and Astana University in this project presented
an exciting set of challenges in defining our skopos or overall translation objective,
which involved coming to a professional judgement based on a triangulation between
information derived from interviewing our commissioners, web-based research and the
application of translation theory from Vermeer and Nord, through to Newmark and
Venuti.
Every text has its challenges, as the translator engages in the business of
transferring meaning appropriate to the agreed function of the target text, while
seeking to retain key aspects of the source text. Our text presented an exciting array of
challenges. Following Mona Baker's helpful tripartite approach to translation problems,
we have picked out one issue at word level, phrase level and text level, which we hope
will be an insight into the pleasures and surprises we encountered along the way.
At word level, the clearest challenge was that of the specialised terminology
itself.
At the phrase level, we found that accurate transfer to the norms of an anglophone
academic readership necessitated a readjustment of the level of certainty used to
describe theories, empirical observations and conclusive findings. Whereas in the source
text, the norm appeared to be a more categorical style, involving phrases such as
"without doubt" or "these people possess a deeper knowledge of reality" a target text which
retained an equivalent level of credibility would need to use renderings such as "few doubts
remain" or "some claim/ have suggested a deeper knowledge for these people."
Finally, at the text level, we were introduced to a range of interesting issues of
cultural specificity. For example, the target text appeared to presuppose that a language
is co-terminous with a nation (eg: "Every language forms its own conceptualisations of the
world driven by its history of the nation.") This notion was problematised within the target
text itself by references to Russian, both in the context of the lingua franca of the USSR
and as a national language of at least two existing countries of the CIS. In transfer to the
source language and anglophone academic cultural norms (insofar as they exist), we
needed to consider how the elision of language and nation might resonate against
cultural norms of languages crossing national borders, and of the place of minority
languages within one or more countries. This led to formulations such as "linguistic
community" and a de-emphasising of the notion of nations and borders.
At the outset, we noted that this was the first translation of Dr Beisenova's thesis -
which logically begs the question why a second or subsequent version might be
necessary. As translators, particularly having taken a functionalist approach to our work
here, we are very aware of the need for different audiences, generations and subject
specialists to re-translate according to their own requirements. Perhaps this will be the
start of a rich vein of translation and re-translation academic investigation and research
from central Asia. For now, it is but a first step, which we hope you will enjoy as much
as we did.
ohn Amor and Nick Sandars
London July 2014
Q
Abbreviations
NKM - Nauchnaya kartina mira (Description of the world scientifically)
VOZ - Vsemirnaya organizatsiya zdravohraneniya (World Health Organisation)
VOZZH - Vsemirnaya organizatsiya zdorovya zhivotnyh (World Animals' Health
organisation)
MEB - Mezhdunarodnoye epizooticheskoye bureau (International epizootic bureau)
MP - Motivologicheskiy priznak
MZ - Motivologicheskoye znacheniye
VF - Vnutrenniya Forma (Internal Form)
TBD - Terminologicheskiy Bank Dannyh (Data Bank of Terminology)
DTSZHVJ - Dal' V. Tolkovyi slovar' zhivogo velikorusskogo jazyka. 8 izdanije - M.,
1981-1982. Tom 1-4 (Russian Lexicon by V.Dal', vol 1-4, 8th Edition, M.
1981-1982)
MKos - Musabaev G. Kazaksha - oryssha soezdyk. - Almaty, 1983 (Kazakh -Russian
dictionary by G.Musabaev, Almaty, 1983)
OKMDS - Oryssha-kazaksha mal derigerlik soezdyk. - Almaty, 1969 (Russian -Kazakh
veterinary dictionary, Almaty, 1969)
OKMSHS - Oryssha-kazakhsha mal sharuashylyk soezdyk. - Almaty, 1994.
(Russian-Kazakh veterinary dictionary, Almaty, 1994).
RKS - Russko-kazahskiy slovar'. - M.: Gosizdat, 1954. - 935 s. - Alma-Ata,
1978-1981. (Russian - Kazakh Dictionary. - M, 1954; Alma-Ata, 1978-1981).
Sbsij - Sevortian E.B. Etymologicheskiy slovar' tiurkskih jazykov. M.,
1974-1980. T 1-3. (Etymological dictionary of Turkic languages. - M.,
1974-1980. vol.1-3).
VESRJ - Vasmer E. Etymologicheskiy slovar' russkogo jazyka. - M., 1986-1987, T.1-4.
(Etymological Dictionaryof Russian Language by E.Vasmer, M,
1986 - 1987, vol.1-4).
JSTS - Jazyk spezialnyh tseley (Language for special needs) JKM
- Jazykovaya kartina mira (Map of world languages)
Introduction
This monograph will aim to carry out a comprehensive (which is to say
systemic-typological, contrastive, terminological, linguistic and culturological) analysis
of the interaction between theoretical and applied aspects of the process of forming and
developing subject-specific terminology in the Russian and Kazakh languages, taking
into account both linguistic and logical theories. The following specific objectives will be
adopted with this in mind:
• to investigate through comparison the development of the theory of the
systemic and typological foundations of subject-specific terminology as an
independent academic discipline and describe its meta-language;
• to identify and substantiate the basic principles of subject-specific
terminology;
• to carry out a multilateral terminological analysis and determine the particular
characteristics of term-formation in the Russian and Kazakh languages and the
accumulation of terms in subject-specific terminology, based on the model of the
veterinary medical term system;
• to identify the linguistic and social conditions for the formation of term
systems in the Russian and Kazakh languages both synchronically and
diachronically;
• to study the systemic and dynamic, cognitive and informational nature of
subject-specific term systems;
• to describe the nature of the systemic and typological characteristics of terms in
the Russian and Kazakh languages, based on the theoretical assumptions of
related academic disciplines;
• to demonstrate the importance of motivation as a means of both reflecting and
expanding the knowledge of a social or professional body, with a particular focus
on the field of veterinary medicine, taking into account the functional demands
of those who represent the field, as well as teachers in specialist schools;
The object of study will be subject-specific terminology. One of the conditions of
comparative linguistics is a contrastive analysis of the objects of study. Hence the
decision to compare veterinary medical terminology in the two differently structured
languages of Russian and Kazakh. This choice was determined by the following factors:
the language of veterinary medicine is the living language of a rapidly developing
science of great social importance.
9
veterinary medicine is one of the oldest and yet most modern areas of science, with
established scientific traditions. Having its roots in ancient lexical structures and
constantly evolving as part of our common stock of words, veterinary terminology
allows us to trace the development of this category of words throughout the writings of
a fixed period in the existence of a language. In the language of veterinary medicine new
concepts are constantly emerging that require verbal expression, which comes about by
using terms combined together in the terminology. This in turn leads to the conscious
need for linguists and terminologists to organize and standardize the Russian and
Kazakh language systems. In this respect, the terminological units of veterinary medical
terminology in Russian and Kazakh have directly aided the complex analysis described
in this paper, allowing us to present the most convincing demonstration of the dynamics
of subject-specific terminology. In this paper we attempt for the first time a systematic
approach to the analysis of such aspects of the chosen field of knowledge as
epizoological term-systems. This model may be applied in examining the formation of
any given subject-specific terminology.
Groundbreaking research by both foreign and domestic scholars into systemic
typology, theoretical terminology and contrastive linguistics have been brought together
to form the theoretical and methodological basis of the dissertation. Theories deriving
from the general principles of linguistics occupy a prominent position in this
methodology: the theory of systemic typology (V.P.Melnikov); nomination theory
(L.K.Zhanalinov); onomasiology; motivology (M.M.Kopilenko); applied linguistics;
sociolinguistics (B.H.Hasanov, E.D.Suleimenova, N.Zh.Shaimerdenova); the theory of
classification and 'proper' terminology (A.Baitursynov, U.Aitbaev, V.M.Leychik,
Sh.Kurmanbayuly). The paper brings together research from various parts of the world,
with a particular focus on theoretical developments in Kazakhstan (Zh.Zhubanov,
N.Sauranbayev, A.K.Kaidarov, B.Kaliyev, E.Abdrasilov), Russia (D.S.Lotte,
G.O.Vinokur, A.A.Reformatsky, V.V.Vinogradov, V.Danilenko, T.L.Kandelaki,
A.S.Gerd, S.V.Grinyov, S.G.Kazarina, L.P.Ruposova, A.V.Superanskaya, V.A.Tatarinov),
and abroad (O.Vyuster, E.K.Dresen), pertaining to the development of different term
systems.
The sources of research are original veterinary medical texts in Russian and Kazakh,
academic texts by scholars from various academic disciplines, monographs and
scholarly articles on the history of veterinary medicine, philosophy, history, sociology,
cultural studies, ethnography; extracts from Russian and Kazakh dictionaries; specialist
veterinary medical dictionaries; studies by the World Organisation for Animal Health
(OlE, Office International des Epizooties, founded in 1924).
The functionality of subject-specific terminology is understood to mean the life of a
language for specific purposes in all its many forms, relating to specific
10
subject areas as a communicative activity, and a living process.
Taking subject-specific terminology as the research topic in a new category of
scientific and professional nomination and its multidimensional analysis, it is possible to
identify a number of debatable theoretical positions: the boundaries of the semantic and
structural differences of subject-specific terminology and subject-specific term systems,
terms and non-terms; the interaction between terminological and non-terminological
units; causes for the formation of subject-specific scientific term systems; consistency as a
criterion for the termhood of regular units; isolating the basic principles for the
formation of subject-specific terminology.
The scientific novelty of this paper lies in the theoretical foundations of new
nominative units in scientific and professional thesauruses, and the parameters for
selecting professionally termed vocabulary in the common stock of veterinary
vocabulary in contemporary Russian and Kazakh. The first common attributes to be
identified in the specialised fields of veterinary terminology are integrity, relative
stability, relative immobility, structure, and connectivity. This allows us to convincingly
demonstrate that specialised veterinary terminology may be used as a linguistic model
for a particular specialist area. The theoretical significance of the paper comes in its
integral plurality of approach, enabling us to construct a model for research into
functionality in subject-specific terminology. The theoretical significance of this paper is
in its research into the function of terms in Russian and Kazakh terminology, and
developing a model for the interaction and mutual enrichment of specialised
vocabularies in both Russian and Kazakh, which can be used in analysing the
subject-specific terminology of other languages with different systems. In addition, this
paper also develops further the general theory of language, the theory of intercultural
communication, norms, and cognitive terminology.
Veterinary science in the system of
subject-specific terminology
Despite significant differences in the specific subject knowledge in some areas of
science and technology, the term systems in which they operate have common features,
formed as they are by the lexical material of the language spoken by the people who
create the terminology.
Features peculiar to the terminology of various branches of, for example, veterinary
medicine, demand particular attention because in the work of any researcher, problems
inevitably arise in constructing terminological systems -linguists, terminologists, and
require a joint solution.
The term system of any academic discipline, including theoretical and practical
veterinary medicine, both reflects its current state, and is also a tool for its further
development. So far, veterinary terminology has not undergone any
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