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(variola), паратуберкулезный энтерит (paratuberculosis), сибирская язва (splenic
fever), туберкулез (tuberculosis), чума (plague), ящур (foot and mouth disease),
стафилакокк (staphylacoccus), стригущий лишай (trichophytosis),
энтеротоксемия (enterotoxemia), сап (malleus);
7. Diseases of fur-bearing animals: алеутская болезнь (aleutian disease), болезнь
Ауески (pseudorabies), ботулизм (botulism), бруцеллез (brucellosis), вирусный
гепатит (viral hepatitis), колибактериоз (colibacillosis), лептоспироз (leptospirosis),
листериоз (listeriosis), микроспороз (Gruby's disease), паратиф (paratyphoid),
пастереллез (pasteurellosis), туберкулез (tuberculosis), чума (plague),
энзоотический энцефаломиелит (enzootic encephalitis);
8. Diseases of deer: бешенство (rabies), бруцеллез (brucellosis), некробактериоз
(necrobacillosis), сибирская язва (splenic fever), туберкулез (tuberculosis), ящур (foot
and mouth disease);
Diseases of rabbits: пастереллез (pasteurellosis), инфекционный ринит (infectious
rhinitis), листериоз (listeriosis), миксоматоз (myxomatosis), стрептококкоз
(streptococcosis), фиброматоз (fibromatosis), спирохетоз (spirochetosis);
. Diseases of dogs: бешенство (rabies), бруцеллез (brucellosis), туберкулез
(tuberculosis), чума (plague);
11. Diseases of cats: бешенство (rabies), микроспория (Gruby's disease);
12. Diseases of fish: бранхиомикоз (branchiomycosis), дерматомикоз (dermatomycosis),
инфекционная анемия лососевых (infectious salmon anaemia), краснуха карпов (red
spot disease), оспа карпов (carp pox), фурункулез (furunculosis), воспаление
плавательного пузыря (swim bladder disease), весенняя вирусная болезнь (spring
viraemia);
13. Diseases of bees: американский гнилец (American foulbrood), европейский гнилец
(European foulbrood), мешотчатый расплод (sacbrood disease), гафниоз, паралич
(paralysis), аспергиллез (pneumomycosis), аскосфероз (ascospherosis).
Every biological species of animal is extremely unique in its anatomical makeup, its
natural behaviour (mode of life), its susceptibility to different kinds of infections, and its
feeding habits. This is the reason why several disease names are repeated when they are
classified by animal species, because the symptoms, duration, pathogeny and method of
treatment of any zoonosis is different for different species of animal. For example if we
compare the symptoms of plague in bovine cattle and pigs: 'the incubation period in
bovine cattle is from three to seventeen days, while in goats, sheep, and camels, display
an abortive or
sympiumless form of the disease. Typically on the second or third day there is
inflammation of the mucous membrane in the oral cavity - the locus of the disease to
begin with - moving on to small yellow-grey spots (papules)'.
In pigs 'the incubation period is from five to eight days [...] increased heart and
breathing rates, bright red spots on the skin, quickly progressing to a general state of
weakness. On the second or third day, the disease moves on to anorexia (loss of
appetite) and conjunctivitis. The animal will normally die on the seventh to tenth day'
(Veterinaria Kazakhstana, 1959).
As knowledge is accumulated on infectious zoonoses and the their nomenclature is
dispersed throughout the field of epizoology over time, it becomes necessary to put the
diseases in a particular order, to give them a rational classification. Epizoological
classification of infectious diseases in veterinary medicine is represented in the
following way:
1. Alimentary (from the Latin Alimentarus, meaning food), depending on feeding
habits, connected with the feeding of a pathogen on food and water (as in
bradsot, splenic fever, tetanus, foot and mouth disease, malleus, brucellosis);
2. Respiratory infections, characterised by inflammation of the mucous membranes
of the airways and lungs, where the main path of infection is airborne (as in
influenza, enzootic pneumonia, variola caprina, variola ovina);
3. Transmissible infections, found in the blood and transferred with the aid of
sanguivorous insects (as in encephalomyelitis, rickettsiosis, tularemia, equine
infectious anaemia);
4. Infectious diseases, whose pathogens are transferred through the outer coverings
of animals, without the involvement of a carrier (as in tetanus, foot rot,
necrobacillosis, bovine campylobacteriosis, cowpox). In epizoology infectious
diseases are divided into three groups: zoonoses -diseases which only occur in
animals, and have an animal pathogen; anthroponoses - diseases which exist
only in humans, and have a human pathogen; anthropozoonoses - diseases
which occur in both humans and animals, where the pathogen normally
originates in animals, and less often in humans.
In veterinary medical studies and in WHO research papers it has been shown that
nations have developed complex programmes for fighting to cure infectious zoonoses.
Zoonoses are responsible for many instances of disease in humans. They disrupt the
health of animals and decrease their productivity and the animal products we get from
them. According to an assessment by WHO experts, animal diseases lead to the loss of
more than 30 million tons of milk
every year, an amount equivalent to 200 million children having two glasses of milk a
day. In this sense, zoonoses are a major cause of poor nutrition in adults and children, as
well as various infectious diseases. Zoonoses are therefore a major obstacle to
socio-economic development, and the health of the human population.
Isolating certain material allows us to describe nosological units as being detailed
and non-detailed, including the following types: monolexemic, binary, complex
(descriptive).
Non-detailed epizoologisms include monolexemic units on which terms are built,
on the basis of noun names in Russian and Kazakh: туберкулез (tuberculosis), бруцеллез
(brucellosis); the Russian ящур, and Kazakh аусыл (foot and mouth disease); the Russian
бешенство, and Kazakh цүтырыц (rabies); the Russian and Kazakh лептоспироз
(leptospirosis), листериоз (listeriosis), пастореллез (pasteurellosis), некробактериоз
(necrobacillosis); the Russian оспа, and Kazakh құл (variola), the Russian and Kazakh
туляремия (tularemia), мелиодоз (meliodosis); the Russian столбняк, and Kazakh сiреспе
(tetanus); the Russian and Kazakh ботулизм (botulism); the Russian трихофития, and
Kazakh бұзаутаз (ringworm); the Russian and Kazakh псевдотуберкулез
(pseudotuberculosis), микроспория (Gruby's disease); the Russian фавус, and Kazakh таз
(favus); the Russian and Kazakh анемия (anaemia), кампилобактериоз
(campylobacteriosis), клостридиоз (clostridiosis); the Russian рожа, and Kazakh тiлме
(erysipelas); the Russian сап, and Kazakh маңқа (malleus); the Russian мыт, and Kazakh
сацау (adenitis); the Russian грипп, and Kazakh тумау (influenza); the Russian паралич,
and Kazakh салдану (paralysis); the Russian чума, and Kazakh оба (plague); the Russian
пироплазмоз, and Kazakh солма (piroplasmosis); the Russian паратиф, and Kazakh қылау
(paratyphoid); the Russian менингит, and Kazakh делбе (meningitis); the Russian
трипаносомоз, and Kazakh су-ауру (trypanosomosis); the Russian and Kazakh
сальмонеллез (salmonellosis), пуллороз (pullorosis), орнитоз (ornithosis), аспергиллез
(pneumomycosis), аскосфероз (ascospherosis), аэромоноз (aeromonosis), брадзот (bradsot).
Monolexemic units in Russian epizoologisms appear mainly in monosyllabic nouns,
while zoonotic terms in Kazakh are mainly in the form of polysyllabic words, with
complex bases using the formula 'noun + noun': топалаң (splenic fever in sheep) = топ
('group') + алаң ('plague'); жамандат (splenic fever in horses) = жаман ('bad') + дат
('spot'); царабез (splenic fever in camels) = қара ('black') + без ('gland'); ацбайпац (bovine
cattle plague) = ақ ('white') + байпак; қараталақ (splenic fever in bovine cattle) = қара
('black') + талақ ('spleen'); көрщиқан (carbuncle) = көр ('grave') + щиқан ('growth').
From a lexico-grammatical point of view, Russian epizoologims generally come as
binary noun phrases in the form 'adjective + noun': сибирская язва (splenic fever) =
сибирская ('Siberian') + язва ('ulcer' or 'plague'); эмфизематозный карбункул (blackleg) =
эмфизематозный ('emphysematous') +
карбункул ('carbuncle'); вирусная диарея (virus diarrhoea); инфекционный ринотрахеит
(infectious rhinotracheitis); контагиозная плевропневмония (contagious pleuropneumonia);
инфекционная агалактия (contagious agalactia); инфекционный мастит (infectious
mastitis), энзоотический аборт (enzootic abortion); африканская чума (African plague);
копытная гниль (foot rot). In Kazakh, binary epizoologisms come in two forms of noun
phrases:
1. adjective + noun: вирустық диарея (virus diarrhoea); вирустық гастроэнтерит
(viral gastroenteritis); вирустық гепатит (viral hepatitis); вирустық
энцефаломиелит (viral encephalitis); жұқпалы ринотрахеит (infectious
rhinotracheitis); жүг^імтал суалу (contagious agalactia); энзоотиялық атаксия
(enzootic ataxia); Ньюкасл ауруы (Newcastle disease); жұкпалы стоматит
(infectious stomatitis); қара оцпе (infectious pleuropneumonia); қара қаптал (covering
disease).
2. noun + noun: құрт бацай (foot rot); ақ топалаң (bradsot); бауыр құрт (fascioliasis);
ми цұрт (blind staggers); ж^ілан цұрт (ascariasis); тас окпе (pulmonitis); жұмыр
цұрт (dictyocaulosis); түцы тiлмесi (red spot disease).
In the Russian veterinary medical lexicon there are tripartite noun phrases like
злокачественная катаральная горячка (malignant catarrhal fever); инфекционная
анаэробная энтеротоксемия (infectious anaerobic enterotoxemia); инфекционная
катаральная лихорадка (infectious catarrhal fever); инфекционный атрофический ринит
(infectious atrophic rhinitis); вирусная геморрагическая септицемия (viral haemorrhagic
septicemia); инфекционный везикулярный стоматит (infectious vesicular stomatitis).
In the Kazakh language, complex word phrases come about in epizoologisms
through a process of borrowing; their distinctive characteristics are consciously
borrowed, as a scientific field strives toward the orderly formation of a term system:
вирустыц гемморогиялыц септицемия (viral haemorrhagic septicemia); цой мен ешкiнiн
жұцпалы агалактиясы (contagious agalactia in sheep and goats); жұцпалы анаэробты
энтеротоксемия (infectious anaerobic enterotoxemia); зiлдi кiлегелi ц^ізба (malignant
catarrhal fever); үйректiң вирустыц гепатитi (viral hepatitis in ducks); араның вирустыц
сал болуы (bee paralysis virus).
Complex, multifaceted phrases in Russian and Kazakh manifest themselves in
examples of term phrases and are made up of material from their own languages and
loan words. Term phrases are summoned into being through a striving towards
precision. They give defined characteristics to diseases, their degrees of severity and so
on. Being made up of analytical nomenclature, the Russian and Kazakh languages allow
for more detail, characterising the objects of the external world with a greater degree of
explicitation.
In order to accommodate repeated use of similar names, terms get
dDDreviated. The most widespread method is to use acronyms, such as ПВЛ for
повальное воспаление легких (epidemic pulmonitis); ЗКТ, злокачественная катаральная
горячка (malignant catarrhal fever); АЧС, африканская чума свиней (African swine fever);
ВГЭС, вирусный гастроэнтерит свиней (viral gastroenteritis in pigs); ИАР, инфекционный
атрофический ринит (infectious atrophic rhinitis); ВБС, везикулярная болезнь свиней
(swine vesicular disease); ИЛТ, инфекционный ларинготрахеит (infectious
laryngotracheitis); ВВБ, весенняя вирусная болезнь (spring viral disease); ВГС, вирусная
гемморагическая септицемия (viral haemorrhagic septicemia); ВПП, воспаление
плавательного пузыря (swim bladder disease); КПП, контагиозная плевропневмония
(infectious pleuropneumonia).
Complex zoonotic term phrases have arisen in the Kazakh language in the
following ways:
1. In the process of calquing: цоймен ешкінің жүг^імтал суалуы = contagious
(жүг^імтал) agalactia (суалуы) in sheep and goats (қой мен ешкiнiң); зiлдi КІ легейлi
қабықшаның қабынуы = mucous membrane (кiлегейлi қабықшаның) inflammation
(қабынуы) disorder (зiлдi); ауздын күлдiреулi қабынуы = vesicular stomatitis;
ауасыбагасыз бактериялар тудыратын жұцпалы ауру = infectious (жұқпалы)
anaerobic (ауасыбагасыз) enterotoxemia (бактерия тудыратын ауру);
2. In the process of partial calquing: ж^ілцының жұқпалы энцефаломиелетi (equine
viral encephalomyelitis); ойық жаралы жұқпалы кератит (infectious ulcerative
keratitis); жылқының жұқпалы анемиясы (equine infectious anaemia); араның
вирустық сал болуы (bee paralysis virus); сиырдың вирустық диареясы (bovine viral
diarrhoea); эндемиялық алц^ім iсiгi (hypothyroidism); доңмаңдай балықтың
концидиоздық энтериты (coccidial enteritis of carp).
Cases where epizoologisms in Russian and Kazakh diverge lead us to the following
conclusions:
• Veterinary epizoologisms, as names possessing their own unique functional
values, offer a breadth of possibilities for word-formation;
• The Kazakh language displays a greater inclination than does Russian towards
differentiated, explicit, detailed portrayal of extralinguistic objects;
• Reflecting the national characteristics of a linguistic community,
epizoologisms form specific ranks of nonequivalent vocabulary;
• Nonidentity in the motivation of nonlinguistic phenomena is the reason for the
inadequate segmentation of existing realia.
An especially acute problem for terms in veterinary medicine is that of
synonymy. There is as yet no clear theory on synonymy in terminology. Without going
into too much detail on this point, it makes sense to consider as synonyms only those
linguistic constructs, foreign and native words and phrases, which, while being
composed differently in terms of the sounds they generate, express among
corresponding microsystems identical concepts. It is extremely important for specialists
to get to grips with synonymy. One could argue that synonymy is undesirable in
zoonoses, because for one thing it brings with it further complications in signifying
concepts, and for another scientific speech always strives to be unambiguous, precise,
and accurate.
Full synonyms coincide both in their meaning and co-occurrence. To look at
examples of synonyms in Russian and Kazakh: the English disease name cysticercosis in
Russian can be финноз (from the German Finne, meaning Finn), цистицеркоз (as in
English, taking the Greek roots kystis (cyst) and kerkos (tail)), and ценуроз; listeria
mononucleosis (a disease causing inflammation of the central nervous system), листериоз,
or мононуклеоз; contagious pustular dermatitis (a disease of sheep and goats, characterised
by the formation of papules, scabs on the mucous membranes of the oral cavity and
other parts of the body), контагиозный эктима, or контагиозный пустулезный
дерматит; furunculosis (a disease characterised by septic abscesses in the muscle tissue),
фурункулез, or аэромоноз; saprolegniosis, and dermatomycosis (a disease of fish,
characterised by inflammation of the fins), сапролегниоз, or дерматомикоз; equine virus
abortion (a disease of horses, characterised by fev^r, and sudden abortion), пневмония, or
вирусный аборт кобыл; colibacteriosis (a disease which manifests itself in the extreme
intoxication and dehydration of the organism), колибактериоз, or эпирихиоз;
streptococcosis (a disease of young, characterised by symptoms of sepsis and
inflammation of the joints), стрептококкоз, or диплоккоз.
Very often synonymy occurs in Russian and Kazakh terms where there is eponymy,
where diseases are named after doctors of scholars, as in the following examples:
meliodosis (мелиодоз) is also called Whitmore's disease (болезнь Утмора), after the
English doctor of that name; canine viral hepatitis (гепатит собак) is also called Rubarth's
disease (болезнь Рубарта), after the Swedish scholar; African swine fever (африканская
чума свиней) is also called Montgomery's disease (болезнь Монтгомери), and so on.
We also have synonyms where diseases are eponymously named after their place of
discovery: rickettsial fever (риккетсиозная лихорадка) is also called Marseille fever
(марсельская лихорадка), after the French city; fowl pest, or bird pest (псевдочума птиц) is
also called Newcastle's disease (болезнь Ньюкасла), after the English city; and there are
also North Asian tick-borne rickettsiosis (северо-азиатский риккетсиоз), which in Russian
is also called Сибирский клещевой тиф (lit. Siberian tick-borne typhoid, after the region),
and epidemic polyarthritis (эпидемический полиартрит), which is also called Ross River
virus (лихорадка Росе-Ривер), after the river in Australia, in Kazakh Росс-Ривер безгегі.
From a training perspective, eponyms are unhelpful in the sense that they
superfluously increase the terminology. But any new application of a term will generate
a great deal of neologisms all signifying the same concept, like for example in the
discovery of the disease meliodosis or pseudomalleus (мелиоидоз, ложный сап), which is
also called Stanton's disease (болезнь Стантона), Fletcher's disease (болезнь Флетчера),
and Rangoon malleus (сап Рангуна). Scientific language reflects a tumultuous and
disordered kind of creative activity.
We also find evidence of a great quantity of loan words used in epizoological
terminology in the great quantity of national and international synonyms. Synonymy in
epizoologisms is motivated by those attributes which lie at the heart of the naming
process: they may refer to different manifestations of extralinguistic objects, explicating
either their functional attributes or unique properties. This is how the concepts of
individual animal diseases are formulated as extralinguistic objects.
The study of terminology in Kazakhstan and abroad throughout the 20
th
century has
followed a path from making frequently impracticable demands on terms, to an
approach that allows or even promotes describing the terminology already in use in
relation to the world of objects. In looking at the evolution of semantics in words as a
dynamic aspect of this process, which appears in the form of lexical polysemy when we
compare two languages, the question of signifying terms (at least within a single term
system) acquires particular importance. It should be noted that within the normative
approach to terminology, monosemy is a property of all terms (Golovin, 1981). Within
the descriptive approach, researchers assert that terms do have polysemy, having
various meanings and interpretations defined by different scientific schools, and only a
small degree of commonality.
Using this notion of the polysemy of terms, which occurs over a period time, has
enabled researchers to study the dynamic semantic value of terms with the benefit of
decades and centuries of hindsight (Tatarinov, 1987). There has been a long battle in
specialist literature over the idea of polysemy, and the notion of the unambiguity of
terms has been put forward. But in practice we observe that polysemy is inevitable in
scientific language, particularly in the field of veterinary medicine. In many cases,
deciding on the principal meaning of a term may be determined by life experience and a
person's profession. In this sense, a veterinary surgeon would associate the following
zoonoses not with diseases of humans and animals as such, but with their psychological
state of mind: (Russian / Kazakh / English) бешенство / цүтырыц / rabies; столбняк / ci
респе/tetanus; лихорадка / ц^ізба / fever; горячка/ц^ізу, сандырақтау / fever. As
E.Grodzinsky notes, any polysemic word will usually have one central meaning, from
which other, portable meanings develop. Taking this idea of portable meanings, the
above terms used to signify the physical phenomenon 'disease', have begun to take on
meanings that relate more closely to psychological
condition. Polysemy is a fact of any given field, even though in any given field terms
strive toward monosemy.
The very existence of Polysemy allows us to conclude that monosemy is not a true
property of terms, but rather a demand which is placed on terms.
In specialised veterinary vocabulary, homonymy is widespread. The principal
sources of homonymy are metaphor and metonymy. For example the Russian word
ячмень can refer to 1. An ingredient of bread (barley), or 2. A purulent inflammation of
the sebaceous glands in the roots of eyelashes (sty); язва can refer to 1. A purulent or sore
spot on the surface of the skin or mucous membrane (ulcer), 2. Something harmful, or 3.
A person who taunts (from the verb язвить); рожа can mean 1. An infectious skin
disease (erysipelas), 2. Another word for face, or 3. An ugly or malformed face (mug);
лишай can mean 1. A skin disease manifesting itself in the form of scabs and scars (scald
head), 2. A small plant consisting of fungus and algae, forming a new complex organism
that grows on the roots and bark of trees, and on the ground (lichen) (Ozhegov,
1973:842).
The Kazakh word күл can mean 1. Ash, cinders, or 2. The name of a disease in sheep
(sheep pox); без can refer to 1. Железа, or карабез (splenic fever in camels), 2.Бездей (tough,
resilient), or 3. Без аяк (a cup made out of knotted wood); талақ can mean 1. Splenic
fever in bovine cattle, or 2. Spleen; түйнек can be 1. A plant embryo, or 2. The name of a
gastric disease in small cattle; акбайпак can mean 1. A disease of horses (malleus), or 2.
Nasal, relating to snot, 'snotbag' etc; қарасан can mean 1. A hind limb, or 2.
emphysematous carbuncle; қорасан can refer to 1. A disease in children (smallpox), or 2. A
region of Central Asia in the Middle Ages, Хорасан (now Bukhara).
The main thing about homonyms is that they are found in various semantic fields.
Homonyms do not in themselves preclude the correct understanding of a text. In
homonyms, a single linguistic sign may carry several different meanings, while in
synonymy two or more different signs carry a single meaning. With homonymy, two
signs may be aligned only partially in terms of their meaning, remaining as two distinct
signs situated in different fields and having different denotatums. Specialised veterinary
vocabulary, especially zoonoses, have homonyms in general vocabulary, whether they
are derived from those words or just happen to take the same form.
Homonymy in terminology is a complex phenomenon. In his account of 'The
Methods of Creating Government Standards' for scientific and technical terms and their
definition, A.A.Reformatsky notes: 'If multiple meanings constitute a language law, then
homonymy is 'unlawful', and undesirable, but we frequently come across it in relation to
the laws of sound, loan words, the 'degenration of polysemy', etc. In addition we must
also take into account so-called 'interdisciplinary homonymy', where the same word has
become a term in different disciplines, expressing different concepts in each (for
example
assimilation, operation, acclimatization, agglutination). This is a crucial proDiem, with both
theoretical and practical implications, and demands a solution' (Reformatsky, 1973:52).
Reformatsky notes the possibility of multiple meanings in a given terminology, when
terms are common to related disciplines, for example: agglutination (used in: phonetics,
epizoology: the clumping together of bacteria and red blood cells); block (used in:
military terminology, economics, epizoology: excluding the function of a particular
organ or organ system). The word-term is equivalent, while the term-concept varies, so
that we get: agglutination of bacteria, and agglutinative languages; a local blockade, a spinal
or economic block. This interdisciplinary homonymy occurs in subsystems in both
Russian and Kazakh alike.
As a conceptual phenomenon, antonymy occurs in terminology just as it does in
common vocabulary. In terminology it enables us to signify the extremities of a
terminological field. Antonymy takes a unique form in nosological nomenclature. In
Russian for example, гипертермия (hyperthermia) is the overheating of an organism,
гипотермия (hypothermia) a decrease in the temperature of the organism; гомогенный
(homogeny) is uniformity of structure and composition, гетерегенный (heterogeny)
nonuniformity, uniqueness of origin.
In epizoological nomenclature, all nosological units may be called conditional
antonyms, because all diseases have different durations, symptoms, methods of
treatment, and origins. Conditional antonymy may be founded on further connotations
as can be seen in the following examples of skin infections in Russian and Kazakh:
микроспория/цысаца (Gruby's disease); трихофития/ б^ізаутаз қысақа (ringworm);
фавус/таз (favus). These diseases share a common nature - they are all fungal infections,
involving inflammation of the skin and hair-covered parts of the body, accompanied by
the formation of scabs on the skin. For example:
Трихофития (trichophytia, ringworm) is an infectious disease, characterised by the
appearance on the skin of distinctly defined scaly areas, with hair broken off at the base
and the development of seropurulent exudate. The disease is spread by the fungus
Trichorhytozum.
Микроспория (Gruby's disease, microsporosis) is a fungal disease, characterised by
inflammation of the skin and its derivatives. The disease is spread by the fungus
Microsporum.
Фавус (Favus) is a fungal disease, mainly occurring in birds, characterised by
inflammation of the skin, feathers (or hair), and claws. It is spread by various species of
fungus from the genus Achorion.
In the above examples of nosological units, conditional antonymy in fungal skin
diseases of animals and birds relies on different kinds of pathogen - fungus from the
genera Trichophyton, Micposporum, Achoreon.
Among similar conditional antonyms we could add nosological doublets
iiKe оспа - ложная коровья оспа (variola/pseudocowpox); чума - псевдочума/ жалган оба
(plague/pseudoplague [Newcastle disease]); сап - ложный сап/жалган маңқа
(malleus/pseudomalleus); меланоз - псевдомеланоз/жалган меланоз
(melanosis/pseudomelanosis); туберкулез - псевдотуберкулез/жалган туберкулез
(tuberculosis/pseudotuberculosis); анемия - псевдоанемия/жалган қан аздыгы
(anaemia/pseudo-anaemia); etc.
The incidence of conditional antonymy cannot be put on the same level as
conceptual antonymy or general antonymy.
Nosological units, formed in the terminologisation of common lexis, may lose
antonyms for example the Russian черная оспа (hemorrhagic smallpox), бледная спирохета
(Treponema pallidum), чума бубонная (bubonic plague), чума легочная (pneumonic plague);
and Kazakh ақ топалаң (bradsot), қарабез (splenic fever in camels), жамандат (splenic fever
in horses), алаөкпе (inflammation of the lungs; pulmonitis), ацтышкац (colibacillosis).
As names identifying animal diseases, epizoologisms are terminologised, and this
explains the predominance in them of interlingual synonyms, antonyms, and the
phenomena of polysemy and homonymy. Polysemy is also characteristic of zoonotic
loan terms. One of the reasons for the asymmetry in the internal form of Russian and
Kazakh epizoologisms is the presence in both of them of loan terms for zoonoses.
In this sense the analysis carried out into the linguistic peculiarities of zoonoses
allows us to make conclusions on the nonequivalence of specialised vocabulary, as a
consequence of which semantic relationships in the language system are put together
differently in individual lexical layers.
If in the common lexis of the Russian and Kazakh languages things like polysemy,
homonymy, synonymy, antonymy and so on do occur, then they have their own
peculiarities and delineations within the specialist field of epizoology in each language.
Among the desirable requirements of terms is unambiguity -one nosological unit for one
concept, which is to say, the absence of polysemy, homonymy, synonymy. But in
practice things are different. Epizoological terms cannot escape the material linguistic
form in which all these relationships simply exist. Yet in the microcosm of epizoological
terms there has been a screening of synonyms, a categorisation of homonyms, a
separation of polysemes, a general endeavour toward unambiguity.
The field of terminology looks at many aspects of nomination, and at a theoretical
level has linguistic and philosophical aspects.
The linguistic aspect concerns lexical semantics. From the point of view of language,
epizoological terms are not derived from common vocabulary, yet they have their own
characteristic parts, allowing them to be distinguished from non-terms.
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