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Файл:Conducting work on the maintenance of landscape architecture objects. Textbook
.pdf
M.V. Polovnikova, N.A. Malshina
CONDUCTING WORK
ON THE MAINTENANCE
OF LANDSCAPE
ARCHITECTURE OBJECTS
Textbook
Translation from the Russian
Moscow Saratov
IPR Media Profobrazovanie
2024 2024
СРЕДНЕЕ ПРОФЕССИОНАЛЬНОЕ ОБРАЗОВАНИЕ
Москва
Ай Пи Ар Медиа
Саратов
Профобразование
__________________________________________________________________
М.В. Половникова, Н.А. Мальшина
ВЕДЕНИЕ РАБОТ
ПО СОДЕРЖАНИЮ ОБЪЕКТОВ
ЛАНДШАФТНОЙ АРХИТЕКТУРЫ
УЧЕБНИК ДЛЯ СПО
Рекомендовано Учебно-методическим отделом СПО в качестве учебника
для использования в учебном процессе образовательными учреждениями
среднего профессионального образования по профессии
35.01.19 «Мастер садово-паркового и ландшафтного строительства»
и специальности 35.02.12 «Садово-парковое и ландшафтное строительство»
UDC 712
BBK 85.118.7
P80
Malshina N.A. — Ph.D. of Philosophical Sciences, Associate Professor,
of Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education
Authors:
Polovnikova M.V. — artist, landscape designer;
Associate Professor of Humanities Department
“Saratov State Conservatory named after. L.V. Sobinov”
Polovnikova, Maria Vladimirovna.
P80 Conducting work on the maintenance of landscape architecture objects :
textbook / M.V. Polovnikova, N.A. Malshina. — Moscow : IPR Media ; Saratov :
Profobrazovanie, 2024. — 174 p. — Text: digital.
ISBN 978-5-4497-2646-9
The textbook covers plant nurseries, planning and organizing the work in
nurseries, growing trees and shrubs and floriculture, landscape gardening, and
marketing in landscape design.
Intended for students studying the discipline “Conducting work on the
maintenance of landscape architecture objects”.
Educational digital edition
ISBN 978-5-4497-2646-9 (қазақ) © Половникова М.В., Мальшина Н.А., 2020
ISBN 978-5-4497-0641-6 (Ай Пи Ар Медиа) © ООО Компания «Ай Пи Ар Медиа», 2020
ISBN 978-5-4488-0879-1 (Профобразование) © ООО «Профобразование», 2020
© English edition, translation, design.
LLC “IPR Media”, 2024
Educational publication
Polovnikova
Malshina Nataliia Anatolevna
Editor G.I. Ivanova
Technical editors, computer layout G.I. Ivanova, E.A. Semenova
Proofreader Yu.V. Semenova
Cover by S.S. Siziumova
Maria Vladimirovna
Signed for use on 27.12.2023. Data volume 7,1 Mb
LLC Company “IPR Media”
8 800 555 22 35 (toll-free within Russia)
E-mail: sale@iprmedia.ru
5
CONTENT
INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................... 7
SECTION 1. PLANT NURSERIES .......................................................................... 8
1.1. Plant Nurseries, their purpose, structure and characteristics.
Nursery location ............................................................................................................ 8
1.2. Types and purpose of planting material in the nursery ........................................ 10
1.3. Crop rotations and other measures that ensure nursery soil fertility ................... 12
1.4. Organization, planning and accounting of work in the nursery ........................... 14
SECTION 2. CULTIVATION OF TREES AND SHRUBS
AND FLORICULTURE ........................................................................................... 17
2.1. Stimulating seeds to germinate ............................................................................ 17
2.2. Reproduction of tree and shrub species................................................................ 18
2.3. Growing seedlings ................................................................................................ 20
2.4. Vaccinations. Methods and meanings of vaccinations ........................................ 22
2.5. Pests ...................................................................................................................... 24
2.6. Planting an orchard and caring for it .................................................................... 27
2.7. Bulbous and corm crops ....................................................................................... 30
2.8. Types of lawns ...................................................................................................... 31
2.9. Greenhouses, winter gardens ................................................................................ 35
2.10. Floriculture ......................................................................................................... 39
2.11. Floristics ............................................................................................................. 43
2.12. Relief and reservoirs in landscape design .......................................................... 46
2.13. Interior decoration .............................................................................................. 55
SECTION 3. GARDEN AND PARK CONSTRUCTION
AND FARMING ........................................................................................................ 56
3.1. Work on engineering preparation
of the landscape architecture object’s territory ........................................................... 56
3.2. Vertical layout ...................................................................................................... 58
3.3. Types of territories and methods of their cultivation ........................................... 59
3.4. Drains, their purpose and classification ............................................................... 63
3.5. Paths and other planar elements landscaping,
their types and purpose, materials, design ................................................................... 66
3.6. Stormwater drainage structures ............................................................................ 74
6
3.7. Carrying out the project in nature, work order ..................................................... 75
3.8. Stairs, ramps, slopes, retaining walls ................................................................... 77
3.9. Small architectural forms, their classification and purpose ................................. 80
3.10. Preservation and protection of existing plantings .............................................. 83
3.11. Carrying out planting work and maintenance of landscaping facilities ............. 84
3.12. Plant irrigation system ........................................................................................ 88
3.13. Lighting system .................................................................................................. 90
3.14. Drawing up a work schedule .............................................................................. 92
3.15. Acceptance and commissioning of the facility. Acceptance certificates ........... 94
3.16. Inventory ............................................................................................................. 97
3.17. Protection of landscape architecture objects ...................................................... 99
SECTION 4. MARKETING IN THE LANDSCAPE SECTOR ........................ 102
4.1. Marketing management, goals and functions of marketing.
Types of marketing .................................................................................................... 102
4.2. External and internal environment of the enterprise .......................................... 111
4.3. Product and product life cycle ............................................................................ 115
4.4. Market segments, selection of target market segments ...................................... 117
4.5. Types of marketing research .............................................................................. 119
4.6. Competition in the field of gardening construction
and in the landscape services market ........................................................................ 128
4.7. Pricing ................................................................................................................. 140
4.8. Sales policy ......................................................................................................... 151
4.9. Product promotion and advertising .................................................................... 154
SECTION 5. MACHINES AND MECHANISMS IN LANDSCAPE
AND LANDSCAPE CONSTRUCTION ............................................................... 170
BIBLIOGRAPHY ................................................................................................... 172
7
INTRODUCTION
The discipline program “Conducting work on the maintenance of landscape
architecture objects” is part of the training program for mid-level specialists in
accordance with the Federal State Educational Standard and the corresponding
professional competencies (PC):
1. Analyze the demand for gardening and landscape construction services.
2. Promote gardening and landscape construction services in the services
market.
3. Organize gardening and landscape work.
4. Monitor and evaluate the quality of gardening and landscaping works.
5. Organize work on engineering preparation of the territory of the landscape
architecture object.
6. Select machines and mechanisms for gardening and landscape construction.
The program can be used in additional vocational education and training of
workers in the field of forestry if they have a secondary (complete) general education.
8
SECTION 1. PLANT NURSERIES
1.1. PLANT NURSERIES, THEIR PURPOSE,
STRUCTURE AND CHARACTERISTICS. NURSERY LOCATION
Planr nurseries are specially designated areas for growing planting material.
Depending on the purpose of cultivation, they are divided into forest, forest
reclamation, fruit and berry and decorative.
In forest nurseries, 1–2 year old seedlings are grown to create forest plantings,
shelterbelts, afforestation of sands and mountain slopes, they are sometimes called
forest reclamation ones.
Fruit and berry nurseries are engaged in growing planting material of fruit tree
varieties, berry bushes for planting orchards and berry fields.
Decorative nurseries grow planting material for landscaping and gardening
constructions. Here it is necessary to correctly form the crown, trunk and root. When
growing crops for a long time, up to 20 years, they are specially replanted many
times, increasing the feeding area.
Nurseries can be temporary or permanent. Temporary deposits are made for up
to 5 years, in proximity to the area subject to deforestation.
Permanent ones are designed for a long period of time, for the annual
cultivation of seedlings.
Depending on the area, there can be small (up to 3 hectares), medium
(3–20 hectares), large (more than 20 hectares) nurseries.
Increasing volumes of green construction pose the task of nurseries to increase
the amount of planting material while reducing its cost.
It is necessary to use land more economically, to apply advanced technologies,
methods and mechanization of work.
Decorative nurseries, as a rule, are large mechanized farms designed to grow
various types of tree and shrub seedlings.
The need to create a new nursery is determined by the prospects for green
construction in the area and the need for planting material for landscaping. The target
for the production of planting material per year is also determined by the need for
various seedlings in the nursery area.
It is necessary to know the volume of new green construction and the amount
of work on reconstruction and repair of existing plantings. This is indicated in the
long-term development plan for the region (city).
9
The need for planting material is calculated by multiplying the volume of work
in hectares or kilometers by planting density.
The resulting quantity is distributed in proportion to the volume of work over
the years of the period, calculating the average annual requirement. The annual
production task for the nursery indicates the range of breeds grown, the type of
planting material, the age of the seedlings, and the number of products produced
annually.
When choosing a site for a nursery, pay attention to natural conditions and
territorial location. Natural conditions — soil fertility, topography, water regime.
It is necessary that the soils are fertile, well-drained, fresh, and have a light
texture.
Soils that are unsuitable for a nursery are poor, easily blown, sandy, rocky,
slightly saline, waterlogged, and heavy soils are also undesirable.
You cannot establish a nursery in areas with close groundwater (less than
1–1.5 m). Areas flooded with water, with stagnant water from rain and melted snow
are also contraindicated.
In arid areas, it is better to locate the nursery near reservoirs, rivers, and lakes
for irrigation.
In this case, the water must be fresh, with a salt content of up to 0.15 %.
The area for the nursery should be flat, with a slope of no more than
2–3 degrees. The best slopes for a nursery are northern, northwestern, western and
northeastern slopes.
In the northern regions of the country, southern, western and southwestern
slopes are suitable. It is better to locate the site for the nursery in the center of the
serviced planting area, near a populated area, and have good access roads even in
spring and autumn.
The nursery should not be located near pine and aspen forests to avoid
infection with fungus and pine borer.
Through a special examination, the soil is infested with pests dangerous to
plants, as well as weeds. If the soil is contaminated, it is necessary to take measures
to destroy pests, and only then establish a nursery.
Infestation can be determined by digging a hole of 1 × 1 m width and 60 cm
deep. Severe infestation is considered when 1–2 larvae are detected per 1 m2.
After selecting the territory for the nursery, a horizontal survey is carried out
with a theodolite, and the boundaries are fixed. Make a vertical shot with a level. The
resulting site plan and vertical survey plan are the basis for laying out the nursery.
10
To survey the climate of a territory, data from the nearest weather station is
taken for 5–10 years.
Average air temperatures by month, decade, absolute maximum and minimum
temperatures by month, frost dates, amount of precipitation by month, duration and
thickness of snow cover, prevailing winds by month are taken. Based on these data,
the deadlines and required titles of work are established.
The organizational and economic plan of the nursery is drawn up for 10–15,
sometimes 20 years. The main issues being developed in organizational and
economic terms:
- characteristics of soil-climatic, economic conditions;
- establishing an assortment of trees and shrubs, indicating the quantity for each
species per year;
- establishing departments of the nursery, calculating the area of departments;
- drawing up a project for dividing the nursery area into departments;
- drawing up a project for reclamation measures, drainage, land development,
creation of windbreaks, installation of an irrigation system;
- establishment of appropriate agricultural technology using mechanization;
- development of crop rotations, methods and timing of soil cultivation,
application of fertilizers, timing and application rates;
- timing of procurement and preparation of seeds for sowing, methods and
timing of sowing and care of crops;
- preparation of cuttings, planting and care;
- methods and timing of plant transplantation into nurseries, care;
- vaccinations, care of grafted plants;
- pest and disease control;
- timing of digging up seedlings and saplings, storage conditions;
- calculation of the annual need for seeds, vegetative plants of each breed, and
queen cells.
As a result, the total amount of work is determined, distributed over time, and
the need for transport, machines, tools and instruments, and premises is determined.
They determine costs, draw up a production and economic plan, containing
calculations of investments, income, and calculation of the cost of planting material.
1.2. TYPES AND PURPOSE OF PLANTING MATERIAL IN THE NURSERY
In forest nurseries, material is grown for the creation of forest crops,
landscaping of populated areas and forest reclamation facilities.
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