Добавил:
ivanov666
Опубликованный материал нарушает ваши авторские права? Сообщите нам.
Вуз:
Предмет:
Файл:Conducting work on the maintenance of landscape architecture objects. Textbook
.pdf
51
The shape of the pond fits into the natural landscape. If this is an urban
environment, then you can make the shape geometric (circle, rectangle). With a plot
size of 6 acres, the area of the pond should be no more than 9 m2. The depth of the
reservoir should be at least half a meter for plants; if fish are also planned, then 1.5 m.
To arrange the shape of a reservoir, you can take ready-made structures
(plastic, fiberglass). You can make your own form. To do this, it is necessary to carry
out excavation work and waterproofing.
A pit is dug 15 cm deeper than planned.
The slope of the walls should not exceed 45°. The walls and bottom are cleared
of stones and roots. A 15 cm layer of sand is poured onto the bottom.
For waterproofing, several layers of film or rubberized fabric are used. The
edges of the material extend 80 cm beyond the edges of the pit. These free edges are
pressed with beautiful stones and earth, forming the walls of the reservoir. In an
urban environment, a concrete base is used instead of film.
Aquatic plants used in ponds can be purchased from nurseries. Types of
aquatic plants: floating, oxygen generators, coastal. Floating — Hydrocharis,
hyacinths, utricularia, hornworts. They don't need soil. Such plants are planted 1 pc.
per 1 m2. In winter they are removed indoors.
Oxygenators — hornworts, water buttercups, swampweeds, elodea. They
saturate the water with oxygen and prevent the pond from becoming overgrown with
algae. Several plants are collected in a bunch, tied to a stone, and lowered into water.
Coastal plants — marigold, reeds, cattails, hostas, daylilies.
Water devices are very important in the composition landscape. Water creates a
special microclimate and has great aesthetic significance. All water structures are
divided into natural and artificial. Natural ones include rivers, lakes, ponds, and
artificial ones include artificial lakes, ponds, pools, fountains.
Natural bodies of water require landscaping work such as strengthening slopes
and cleaning the bottom. Methods for strengthening slopes are different; when
choosing a method, attention should be paid to the aesthetic perception of the
structure.
Strengthening the shores of lakes and ponds is difficult. It is necessary to
ensure the stability of the slopes. To do this, they build a low (banquet) wall, which is
brought to the middle water line, including piles (wooden or reinforced concrete) in
it. Low wall fastening helps preserve biological connections inside the reservoir. The
surface located above the wall is also reinforced with various materials.
The surface of the slope can be sown with grasses, or turf can be laid on top
of it. Such strengthening is suitable for slopes of lakes, ponds, rivers, and slopes of
52
embankment watercourses. In places with frequent rises of water and waves,
strengthening can be carried out in the following ways:
- masonry;
- concrete formwork with holes (20 × 20 cm) for sowing seeds;
- slope trim.
In the forest-park zone, rivers and streams are strengthened using easier
methods: planting willow rods, planting seedlings of woody plants.
An artificial lake is a deep-water body of water that has an inflow and outflow
of water that creates a current. The design of this reservoir is carried out by a group
of specialists; the development involves a thorough analysis of the territory and
layout of the facility. The bottom of the lake is usually designed with a slope, the
shores of the lake must emphasize the landscape and be combined with it;
It is advisable to have multiple viewpoints.
An artificial pond is a deep water structure, it is fed by surface meltwater,
rainwater and underground groundwater. The size of a pond is usually smaller than
the size of a lake and can be used for swimming, sports, boating, and fish habitat.
Ponds are created by digging a pit. The pond must include a power source, hydraulic
structures (dam), and drain pipes for cleaning the reservoir.
Ponds differ in their food sources (flowing and non-flowing). For flowing
ponds, the food sources are rivers, streams, groundwater, and spring waters. Nonflowing ponds have different power sources: city water pipelines, water from other
reservoirs, surface water runoff.
Ponds exist both single and systemic, with a depth of at least 1 m near the
shore and up to 4.5 m in the middle. The slope should have a slope degree of 1 : 5
from the shore. This prevents the pond from becoming overgrown and causing odor.
When constructing the bottom of a pond, great attention is paid to preventing
water from escaping into the ground; for this purpose, the bottom of the pond is made
of clay. After laying the clay, a layer of gravel is laid down and then covered with
sand. This insulation ensures the bottom is waterproof. For small ponds, it is possible
to use cobblestones laid over clay.
If the pond is small, waterproofing can be achieved by covering the bottom
with sheets of roofing felt or roofing felt on bitumen. To do this, lay 1–2 layers
overlapping the seams by 8–10 cm. The seams are covered with bitumen in layers.
The layer should rise 0.4–0.5 m above the water. After laying the insulation, you can
cover the bottom with a 5 cm layer of sand, and the edges can be reinforced with
gravel and decorated with cobblestones.
53
Swimming pools are artificial reservoirs with a bowl for filling and draining
water. Outdoor pools are mainly used in landscapes. The functions of a pool can be
different: educational, swimming, children's, sports, decorative.
A project must be done for the pool. The shape is most often rectangular, but
there may be others. The length of the swimming pool must be at least 12.5 m.
The pool is completely or partially buried in the ground. The bottom and walls
are made of reinforced concrete, waterproofed and covered with decorative material.
Access to water, electricity and drainage is required.
Decorative pools add elegance to the landscape; to be decorative, their size
should not exceed 1/5–1/8 of the size of the surrounding space. The shape of such
pools can be different (circle, oval, rectangle, smooth natural outlines). Their area is
from 10 m2.
Various materials, stones, vases, bridges, and sculptures can be used to
decorate the banks. The bottom can be decorated with tiles of different colors,
mosaics, and lighting. The areas around the pool can be paved with tiles. The
selection of plants near the pool is also of great importance (junipers, thujas,
Thunberg barberries, irises, bergenia, daylily, bellflower, delphinium, aquilegia,
astilbe are suitable).
If you plan to grow aquatic plants, make a hole for them by placing a concrete
bowl there, which is removed for winter storage.
A waterfall is a stream of water falling from a height of several meters.
Waterfalls are installed at differences in relief and are often the main element of the
composition. The banks and beds of waterfalls are decorated with stones and plants.
With a regular garden style, the waterfall is accompanied by small architectural forms
made of granite, marble, etc.
Thresholds are obstacles to the flow of water, created with the help of large
stones.
Cascades are low-height waterfalls (0.5–0.8 m) with ledges. The cascade is
combined with other water devices. Canals are artificial water conduits that can
connect reservoirs. They have a clear geometric shape, their depth is 2–4 m. The
banks of the canals are reinforced with piles, the slopes with turf.
Streams (channels) are artificially created open water conduits that connect
reservoirs and can vary in width. The banks are reinforced with stone masonry, and in
the non-flooded part - with herbal plants and shrubs. In gardens, streams made of
durable polymers are used, and special pumps are used to move water.
Ditches are small reservoirs used for discharging water and can be decorative
by decorating the walls with appropriate materials.
54
Fountains are devices that shoot out jets of water. Water flow should not exceed
50–60 l/s. They can be supplied with water from a water supply system, a pump, or
gravity flow from a reservoir. For the winter, the fountains are emptied of water. The
fountain is usually the center of the composition (especially in the regular style).
Sources (springs) are fountain structures used for decorative and economic
purposes (means of water supply).
A spring is a low bowl or stone structure from which spring water flows or
into which it flows.
Drinking fountains serve for drinking purposes.
Reservoir cleaning techniques. Cleaning the bottom of natural structures can
be done in the following ways:
- with pumping out water;
- without pumping out water.
In the first method, all the water from the reservoir is pumped into another
reservoir or storm drain, and the bottom is left to dry for several days. Then all the
sludge is raked up and transported by dump trucks to storage areas, where after 1 year
it can be used for landscaping. The cleaned bottom is leveled, a layer of drainage
20 cm thick is poured, and the banks are strengthened.
In the second method, the reservoir is cleaned with various devices —
dredgers. All water devices require constant care. In summer and other periods,
garbage is removed daily from the surface of the water. It is necessary to monitor the
condition of banks, dams, cascades, etc., and repair faults; It is regularly necessary to
remove vegetation with a rake and put it in special compost pits. Major repairs
involve cleaning the bottom from accumulated silt.
Cleaning is carried out in autumn-winter and early spring. In late autumn, when
ice has formed, the water is pumped out. The ice is lowered onto the ground and
transported by escalator along with the sludge on dump trucks. In small reservoirs
with water discharge, cleaning is carried out once every 2–3 years. During the warm
season, coastal areas are repaired.
In winter, in reservoirs where waterfowl nest, they cut out lye in the ice, install
a compressor unit, and set the water in motion, preventing it from freezing. In
gardens and parks, there are swimming pools where there are devices for cleaning,
disinfection and the water is recycled. It is best to change the volume of water daily.
The lighting must also be constantly working so that the intended effect of
evening lighting does not disappear. Aquatic plants are pruned, thinned and partially
removed to avoid overgrowth. Remove rhizomes (partially) 2–3 times a year. In
winter, ice holes are made with pumping out excess water and insulation, or the water
is completely pumped out.
55
Small reservoirs with vegetation are completely covered with insulation for the
winter. In the spring, the insulation is removed. To combat unwanted vegetation, fish
recommended are grass carp and silver carp. In small gardens, filter complexes are used.
2.13. INTERIOR DECORATION
With the help of indoor plants you can create a natural atmosphere in any
apartment. Having indoor plants is a must, especially in rooms where a lot of time is
spent. But in order for the plant to take root indoors, certain conditions must be met.
If there is a lot of furniture in the room, flowers will not take root and will
depress people. If the wallpaper in the room is variegated, and there are also a lot of
paintings, then variegated plants will look bad in such a room. It is necessary to
choose plants of the same color and without flowers. In a monochromatic setting, on
the contrary, bright and flowering plants look beautiful.
Flowers are placed at such a level that they can be observed from above and
from the side. Tall plants should be placed on the floor, plants hanging down should
be placed high.
Plants should be placed in compact groups and not spread throughout the room.
Those plants that naturally grow in the same climate will look good next to each
other. The composition of flowers should correspond to the size of the room so as not
to clutter it.
Plants with openwork and light foliage look good against the background of
dark walls; dark-leaved plants in a bright room. Furniture made of steel, glass, marble
and lacquered wood will complement plants with distinct shapes or plants with a light
and casual appearance. Orchids, ivy, jasmine, etc. are suitable for wicker furniture.
Bamboo and bonsai are suitable for a Japanese-style interior. Bushy, lushly
flowering plants look good in French and English style interiors. Exotic and unusual
plants look good in modern interiors.
The main rule: the simpler the interior, the more elegant the plants and the
more refined the interior, the simpler the plants.
When decorating, it is also worth taking into account the fall of sunlight; if you
place flowers against a wall illuminated by the sun, then the shadows will fall
beautifully on the wall. If you place flowers against the light, their silhouette will be
clearly visible. If the colors of curtains, wallpaper and furniture upholstery are
repeated in the flowers of a plant, it looks very harmonious. If the interior is
dominated by black and white colors, then the plants will enliven the interior with
their bright colors.
56
SECTION 3. GARDEN AND PARK CONSTRUCTION AND FARMING
3.1. WORK ON ENGINEERING PREPARATION
OF THE LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE OBJECT’S TERRITORY
The composition and content of documentation for the planning of the territory,
providing for the placement of one or more linear objects, are established by the
Government of the Russian Federation.
Engineering surveys for the preparation of documentation on the planning of
the territory are carried out in order to obtain materials about the natural conditions of
the territory and factors of technogenic impact on the environment, forecasts of their
changes in order to ensure the rational and safe use of the specified territory. They
can also be carried out to obtain the materials necessary to establish the boundaries of
the zones of the planned location of construction projects, clarify their parameters,
establish the boundaries of land plots, materials necessary for organizing surface
water flow, drainage of the territory, engineering protection and improvement
territories.
The composition and scope of engineering surveys for the preparation of
territory planning documentation, the method of their implementation are established
taking into account the requirements of technical regulations by an engineering
survey program developed on the basis of the instructions of the person who made
the decision to prepare territory planning documentation.
The results of engineering surveys carried out to prepare documentation on
territory planning can be used to prepare design documentation for capital
construction projects.
Preparation of territorial planning projects is carried out to highlight the
elements of the planning structure, establish the boundaries of public areas, and the
boundaries of zones for the planned placement of capital construction projects.
The territory planning project consists of the main part and materials for its
justification.
The main part of the territory planning project includes:
1) drawing or drawings of the territory layout, which displays:
- red lines;
- boundaries of existing and planned elements of the planning structure;
- boundaries of zones of planned placement of capital construction projects;
2) regulations on the density and parameters of development of the territory, on
the characteristics of capital construction projects for residential, industrial, public,
57
business and other purposes and the necessary facilities of communal, transport,
social infrastructures. For zones of federal, regional, and local significance, this
provision includes information on the density and development parameters of the
territory, measures to ensure conservation, actual indicators of the provision of the
territory with utilities, transport, social infrastructure and actual indicators of
territorial accessibility of such facilities for the population;
3) provisions containing the stages of design, construction, reconstruction of all
objects and the stages of construction, reconstruction necessary for the functioning of
such objects and objects of communal, transport, social infrastructure.
Materials for substantiating the territory planning project contain:
- a map of the planning structure of territories showing the boundaries of the
elements of the planning structure;
- results of engineering surveys, in cases where the implementation of such
engineering surveys for the preparation of documentation on the planning of the
territory is required in accordance with the law;
- justification for determining the boundaries of the zones of the planned
placement of capital construction projects;
- a scheme for organizing the movement of transport (including public transport)
and pedestrians, reflecting the location of transport infrastructure facilities and taking
into account the existing and forecast needs for transport support in the territory, as
well as the scheme for organizing the road network;
- diagram of the boundaries of territories of cultural heritage sites;
- diagram of the boundaries of zones with special conditions for the use of the
territory;
- substantiation of compliance of the planned objects with standards and
regulations, as well as indicators of the minimum permissible level of provision of
the territory with objects of communal, transport, social infrastructure and indicators
of the maximum permissible level of territorial accessibility of such objects for the
population;
- a diagram showing the location of existing capital construction objects,
including linear objects, objects subject to demolition, unfinished construction
objects, as well as passages to public water bodies and their shorelines;
- options for planning and (or) volumetric-spatial solutions for the development
of the territory in accordance with the territory planning project (in relation to
elements of the planning structure located in residential or public and business areas);
- a list of measures to protect the territory from natural and man-made
emergencies, including ensuring fire safety and civil defense;
58
- list of environmental protection measures;
- justification of the priority of the planned development of the territory;
- a diagram of the vertical planning of the territory, engineering preparation and
engineering protection of the territory, prepared in cases established by the federal
executive body authorized by the Government of the Russian Federation, and in
accordance with the requirements established by law;
- other materials to substantiate provisions for territory planning.
3.2. VERTICAL LAYOUT
A diagram of the vertical planning of the territory, engineering preparation and
engineering protection of the territory, which is part of the materials for justifying the
territory planning project, is developed on a scale of 1 : 1,000, or 1 : 2,000, or 1 : 5,000.
The diagram should show:
- the boundaries of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, municipal
districts, settlements, urban districts, settlements, the boundaries of the intracity
territory of federal cities within the boundaries of the development of the territory
planning project;
- boundaries of the zone of planned placement of capital construction objects,
established in the main part of the territory planning project;
- boundaries of the zones of the planned placement of capital construction
objects that are subject to removal from the zone of the planned placement of linear
objects;
- existing and directive (design) surface marks along the axes of highways and
railways, roadways at intersections of streets and driveways and in places where the
longitudinal profile breaks, existing and directive (design) marks of other elements of
the planning structure of the territory for the vertical coordination of design solutions,
including with adjacent territories;
- design longitudinal slopes, direction of longitudinal slope, distance between
points limiting the area with a longitudinal slope;
- horizontal lines displaying the designed relief in the form of parallel lines;
- typical transverse profiles of roads and railways, elements of the road
network.
Typical transverse profiles of roads and railways, as well as elements of the
road network, are made on a scale of 1 : 100 or 1 : 200.
59
The width of the highway and functional elements of the transverse profile is
given with an accuracy of 0.01 m. Asymmetrical transverse profiles are accompanied
by an explanatory inscription for the orientation of the profile relative to the plan.
Information is displayed in the form of one diagram or several diagrams
(vertical layout of the territory, scheme of engineering preparation of the territory,
scheme of engineering protection of the territory) as a part of the diagram, depending
on ensuring the readability of lines and symbols.
3.3. TYPES OF TERRITORIES AND METHODS OF THEIR CULTIVATION
When carrying out urban planning activities, the characteristics of settlements
must be taken into account, including the size of their population, the scientific and
production specialization of these settlements, as well as the importance of
settlements in the population settlement system and the administrative-territorial
structure of the Russian Federation.
Settlements of the Russian Federation are divided into:
- urban (cities and towns);
- rural (villages, hamlets, auls, camps and other) settlements.
The main characteristics by which populated areas are divided are population
size and connection with a certain type of activity.
Cities are large populated areas, most of whose residents are engaged in
industry, science, culture and management. The minimum population of the city is
50 thousand people. The share of non-agricultural labor in them is 85 % or higher.
Satellite cities are located around towns and cities at a distance of 30–60 km.
They help free large cities from overpopulation. Typically, satellite cities
accommodate 60–80 thousand people. They contain residential areas and industrial
enterprises. They also house scientific and educational institutions. The main
condition for the location of such cities should be good transport connections with a
large city.
In other countries, city classifications may differ; there, a few hundred people
are enough to be called a city.
Cities are unique centers. Culture, industry and other sectors develop in them.
Cities are economical in terms of costs and expenses for maintaining
communications and other types of improvement. Most of the existing cities are
industrial. New territories are opening up in which populated areas, cities and towns
are being built.
60
Urban-type settlements are settlements with a population of 500 to 12 thousand
inhabitants; most of the population living there is engaged in industry and other areas.
Rural populated areas, the predominant activity of which is agriculture, are
divided into villages and hamlets.
Villages are small settlements, villages are larger ones, they are usually centers
of production, as well as administrative centers. Depending on the population, urban
and rural settlements are respectively divided into:
- super-large cities (population over 3 million people);
- largest cities (population from 1 million to 3 million people);
- large cities (population from 250 thousand to 1 million people);
- big cities (population from 100 thousand to 250 thousand people);
- medium-sized cities (population from 50 thousand to 100 thousand people);
- small towns and villages (population up to 50 thousand people);
- large rural settlements (population over 5 thousand people);
- big rural settlements (population from 1 thousand to 5 thousand people);
- medium-sized rural settlements (population from 200 to 1 thousand people);
- small rural settlements (population less than 200 people).
Settlements that are of temporary importance and have a variable population
composition and are objects of service purpose in the relevant sector of the economy
(railway booths, houses of foresters, beacon workers, field camps, etc.), as well as
single houses, are under the jurisdiction of the municipalities with which these
settlements are associated connected in administrative, production or territorial
relations.
Depending on the type of settlement, the type and content of urban planning
documentation, the procedure for its development, coordination and approval are
established in accordance with the regulatory legal acts of the Russian Federation and
the regulatory legal acts of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.
Urban planning requirements for the conditions and procedure for the use of
settlement lands are established by the Urban Planning Code of the Russian
Federation and federal laws and other regulatory legal acts of the Russian Federation,
laws and other regulatory legal acts of constituent entities of the Russian Federation
and regulatory legal acts of local government bodies adopted in accordance with it.
Taking into account the predominant functional use, the city territory is divided
into residential, industrial and landscape-recreational.
The residential area is intended: for the placement of housing stock, public
buildings and structures, including research institutes and their complexes, as well as
individual municipal and industrial facilities that do not require the construction of
Соседние файлы в предмете [НЕСОРТИРОВАННОЕ]