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Файл:Conducting work on the maintenance of landscape architecture objects. Textbook
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Corms
Acidanthera bicolor (fragrant gladiolus) — height 100 cm, stem single,
branched; inflorescence consists of 3–8 flowers; The color is white with red-brown
spots in the center. It smells nice and blooms in August.
Gladiolus — erect, leafy stem; the leaves are flat, xiphoid, the peduncles are
tall, the inflorescence is a spike; The flowers are funnel-shaped, flowering times vary.
Crocus (saffron) — linear leaves, cup-shaped flowers up to 10 cm in diameter.
There are 2 groups according to flowering:
1) from April to June;
2) from August to September.
Color: white, violet, lilac, yellow, two-color varieties.
Tritonia garden (Montbrecia) — height up to 100 cm, stem thin, branched;
inflorescence spicate; flowers up to 5 cm in diameter; orange color; blooms from
June to late summer.
2.8. TYPES OF LAWNS
Lawn is a grass cover that is created by growing various grasses and perennial
cereals that form turf. Turf is the top layer of soil, consisting of densely intertwined
rhizomes, underground stems and humus. The sod can withstand heavy loads (you
can walk on it).
There are 3 types of lawns:
- sports;
- decorative;
- special (on slopes, airfields, etc.).
The main type used in landscaping is decorative lawn. Decorative lawns can be
parterre, ordinary, garden, meadow (mixed), or flowering.
Parterre lawns are used in landscape gardening compositions, squares, in front
of buildings, museums, etc. Parterre lawns are kept in perfect condition throughout
the entire growing season. They should be brightly colored; grasses should be densely
growing, without bald spots. For this purpose, perennial grasses are used, such as
meadow bluegrass and red fescue separately or in a mixture. The ground lawn is not
intended for walking on it.
Ordinary garden lawns are used in most gardens, parks, and forest parks. They
must be resistant to damage, durable, and shade-tolerant. For such lawns, mixtures
of 3–5 grasses are used (for example, meadow bluegrass, common bentgrass, red
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fescue, perennial ryegrass, etc.). The turf of such lawns is resistant to shifts and
damage.
Meadow lawns are used in large areas of parks and forest parks. To do this, the
existing grass cover is partially loosened, large grasses are removed and sown with
cultivated cereal species, as well as some legumes: clover, alfalfa, etc.
Flowering lawns are created in the territories of large parks and forest parks
from a mixture of perennial and annual grasses. Cereal herbs make up 40–50 %
of them.
Sports lawns are installed in stadiums, football fields, and courts. They must be
very durable, resistant to mechanical damage and rupture.
Special lawns perform an environmental, sanitary and hygienic function. They
strengthen the soil, eliminate dust, absorb gases from the atmosphere, muffle noise,
and increase air humidity.
There are several ways to create lawns:
- sowing seeds;
- hydroseeding;
- turf (layout of turf).
Turf is used for constructing slopes and landscaping small areas. The turf is
prepared in special turf nurseries, where turf production is established. An area of
moistened soil is loosened to a depth of 10–15 cm and rolled with a grid roller. They
spread the turf, adjust the pieces to each other, and fasten them with knitting needles.
The seams are filled with plant soil. Water generously and roll with a roller 2 times in
perpendicular lines. Water constantly and abundantly until it grows into the soil.
After 10–12 days, the turf should grow to the soil, and after 15–18 days the first
mowing is carried out.
The optimal timing for installing such a lawn is from May 15 to June 15 and
from August 15 to September 15 (July 15 to August 15 for the northern regions).
Hydroseeding is used for reclamation, land reclamation, landscaping of soilless
slopes, slopes, landscaping of areas subject to wind and water erosion, as well as for
the construction of gardens and parks. The surface of the area is sprayed with an
aqueous mixture consisting of lawn grass seeds, fertilizers, peat and components that
ensure adhesion and fixation of the seeds. Hydroseeding is carried out using special
installations. If sowing is carried out on the territory of the park, then the surface is
harrowed, leveled, the mixture is distributed, then mulched with straw, sawdust, peat
chips, and microbiological fertilizers.
When creating sports lawns, seeds are sowed manually or with seeders. An
obligatory stage in the construction of such lawns is the installation of drainage,
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laying of water supply, and vertical layout. All this is carried out in accordance with
the project. The next stage is pouring soil along the sighting pegs to one level, with
breaks for 5–6 weeks so that the soil has time to compact. The last stages consist of
sowing the lawn, caring for it, and forming a strong turf. When sowing, the seeds are
mixed with ballast (sawdust, sand, peat chips), after sowing they are buried and rolled
with a roller, sprinkled with a layer of peat chips. To form a strong turf, the grass is
systematically mowed, fertilized, cultivated and irrigated. On average, this stage
takes 2 years.
Lawns made from ground cover plants are a separate type of lawn, used for
areas with unfavorable conditions (sunny slopes, shaded areas, rocky and sandy
soils).
Ground cover plants are now well distributed and have many types, including
beautifully flowering ones (sedum, phlox). Such lawns are sown by vegetative
propagation, using separate parts of the plant. The soil is prepared taking into account
the requirements of the plants being sown. Feed the plants 1–2 times a season. Such
lawns are mowed once per season.
Lawn maintenance is a complex of agrotechnical measures aimed at creating
optimal conditions for the decorativeness and longevity of the lawn, and its resistance
to various loads.
Lawn care is about creating optimal soil properties; for this, the following
activities are carried out:
- watering, irrigation, mowing, fertilizing;
- weed control, soil cultivation;
- turf processing;
- protection from diseases and pests;
- repair.
Watering is very important for plant nutrition, their growth and renewal, and
general condition. A lawn requires a supply of moisture; the optimal soil moisture for a
lawn is 70–75 %. Watering is carried out at a depth of 15–20 cm. In the forest zone, on
heavy and medium loams, the irrigation rate is 15–20 l/m2 (at least). In the steppe zone,
on heavy soils — 20–30 l/m2, on light loams — 10–15 and sandy loams — 15–20 l/m2.
Watering is carried out using sprinklers in large areas, and hoses with sprinklers in
small areas. On sandy soils, watering is carried out every 5–7 days, on clay soils —
10–12 days, water them after mowing.
When mowing a lawn, do not cut off more than 1/3 of the green surface of
leaves and shoots. Parterre and ordinary lawns are not mowed below the height of the
grass stand (3–4 cm — fescue, bluegrass; 4–5 cm — larger grasses). Parterre lawns
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are mowed at least once a week (20–30 times per season), ordinary lawns — once a
decade (5–10 times). Meadow lawns are mowed after flowering. The lawn is mowed
for the last time no later than 25–30 days before the onset of frost. Several lawn
mowers are used to mow lawns.
Small areas are mowed with trimmers. Ordinary lawns among trees and shrubs
are mowed with motor mowers with a cutting width of up to 1.5 m. In large areas,
tractor-mounted mowers with a cutting width of 2.5 m or more are used. Sports lawns
are mowed using special self-propelled lawn mowers.
Sometimes growth regulators are used to reduce the number of mowings; they
can only be used on slopes, embankments; their use is prohibited in gardens and
residential buildings. They are used 4–5 days after mowing, sprayed with 0.1–0.3 %
solutions of the preparations.
The lawn needs constant fertilization. Mineral fertilizers are applied to lawns in
both dry and liquid form. In dry form, fertilizers are evenly scattered over the lawn
(with seeders). In liquid form, the application of fertilizers is more effective; it is done
using sprayers. It is recommended to use fertilizer rates for nitrogen of 25–35 g/m2,
and other elements in the ratio N : P : K = 6 : 2 : 3.
Weed control. The main preventative measure is systematic mowing of the
lawn. Weeds are classified as annual, biennial and perennial. Annuals (field rape,
shepherd's purse, quinoa, etc.) do not cause much harm. Perennial weeds (dandelion,
common plantain, greater plantain, common yarrow, horse sorrel, acrid and creeping
buttercup, woolly milkweed, perennial daisy, bryozoan, veronica, thistle, common
black-head) are the most dangerous. Creeping plants are no less dangerous; they grow
close to the ground and cannot be cut by a lawn mower.
When ammonium sulfate and phosphate are added, some weeds (buttercups,
daisies, plantain, bryozoans) die.
Moss is destroyed by adding iron sulfate mixed with mineral fertilizer (3 parts
ammonium sulfate, 1 part dehydrated iron sulfate, 20 parts sand).
Herbicides are used on special types of lawns. In residential buildings and
parks, treatment with such substances is not permitted.
Turf treatment — combing the surface of the lawn, processing with special
metal rakes, brushes, piercing or processing with needle rollers. Piercing is carried
out with tubes fixed on a special machine to a depth of 8–10 cm. Pieces of turf with
soil in the form of tubes pop up to the surface, they are removed after processing. In
small areas, piercing is carried out using a fork.
Digging the lawn is aimed at improving the conditions for the growth and
development of the lawn; a layer of humus or fertile soil 2–4 cm thick is applied to
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the surface. If the soil is heavy, sand is added. The work is carried out every
2–3 years in the fall. Mixture consumption — 80 g/m2.
Lawn rolling is used when uneven surfaces form on the surface of the lawn and
are eliminated by rolling them with a roller. It is carried out after spring frosts on a
dry surface.
Protection from pests and diseases. Special services for caring for green
spaces are carried out. It is recommended to use biological methods, since the use of
chemicals usually harms the lawn.
Lawn repairs are carried out in situations where plants die due to freezing,
trampling or washing out. It is necessary to carry out repairs to the lawn area, current
or major. Major repairs are carried out after 5–10 years, depending on the condition,
and consist of complete restoration of the lawn area. Current repairs consist of
loosening, adding soil, reseeding seeds and planting them. The seeds are sown after
loosening and fertilizing, then watered.
On meadow lawns, they wait for the seeds to fall, mow the old grass, treat it
with harrows, fertilize and roll it.
2.9. GREENHOUSES, WINTER GARDENS
Winter gardens are an area between living spaces and the natural environment.
A winter garden helps protect plants from frost.
In the winter garden, the microclimate is designed in such a way that it is
comfortable for people to stay in it. A winter garden allows you not to part with
beautiful green plants even in winter.
Placing the winter garden on the cardinal points: the best option is the east. On
the west side in the summer, the garden can overheat, just like on the south side. On
the north side, additional equipment is needed for good heating.
The design of the winter garden should be translucent, beautiful, but at the
same time reliable and resistant to weather conditions. A winter garden can be:
- adjacent to the building;
- standing separately.
A winter garden can accumulate heat, but in cold weather it is necessary to add
a heating system to this.
Heating can be of several types; the main thing when choosing is to take into
account the optimal heat distribution and cost. The choice of system is influenced by
the size of the structure itself, the type of plants, and the frequency of use.
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Electric heaters have such advantages as the ability to change the heating
location, quickly adjust the amount of heat, and ease of connection. The
disadvantages are the high cost and dry air, which is negatively perceived by plants.
Air conditioners allow you to regulate the temperature without drying out the
air. At the same time, they also consume a lot of electricity and have a high cost.
Water heating allows you to connect the winter garden to the heating system of
the house. At the same time, the temperature is constantly maintained, the cost of
heating is reduced, and such a garden can be used as a separate room. The
disadvantage is the complexity of installation.
Air heating allows you to use a fan or water heater to move warm air from the
building to the garden. But this method has significant disadvantages: it requires
additional insulation, takes up a lot of space, spoils the appearance of the garden and
dries out the air.
Electric heating “warm floor” also has its advantages and disadvantages. The
advantages include the fact that with this method the soil also heats up, distributes
heat perfectly, allows you to combat roof icing, and it is possible to heat water in
pipes for irrigation. At the same time, it also involves high costs for materials and
installation; it must be installed before arranging the winter garden; repairing such
floors is problematic.
You can combine several heating methods. But each method also affects the
choice of ventilation systems.
There are two types of ventilation: natural and mechanical.
Natural ventilation involves the installation of vents (transom). The area of
these windows should be at least 1/4 of the entire area of the garden walls. There are
windows that open manually or automatically. There is also a type of natural
ventilation called supply and exhaust. Holes for air inflow are installed along the
perimeter of the wall, and vents for outflow are installed in the upper part. The
advantage of all natural types is that they do not create noise or drafts. The
disadvantages are that this method involves a temperature difference, the sashes
interfere with shading and occupy the internal volume, there is a possibility of
damage from the wind, mosquito nets are required.
Mechanical ventilation involves the influx of air from the vents, and the
outflow using fans. The advantages of this method are the possibility of air exchange
in any weather, with or without wind, does not interfere with shading, and reduces the
risk of strangers entering through windows. The disadvantages are noise,
consumption of a large amount of electricity, the need for maintenance and not
always a beautiful view.
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Lighting in the winter garden must be provided due to the high need of plants
for additional lighting during cloudy times of the year. Lamps for the winter garden:
- luminescent. Sensitive to voltage surges and frequent shutdowns;
- metal halide. They have a short service life, but have a spectrum close to
natural radiation;
- high pressure sodium lamps. Poorly suited for internal use, sensitive to
voltage surges;
- phytolamps. LED and fluorescent. Designed specifically for plants.
For 5 m2 of winter garden you need 4 metal halide or 1 sodium lamps.
Protection from strong solar radiation is necessary in the summer, when an
overabundance can damage plants. Types of protection:
- internal;
- external.
Internal protection involves the use of curtains or blinds. Materials desirable
are plastic, fabric or bamboo. Retains up to 40 % of light.
External protection awnings with a special reflective surface. They block
70–90 % of light, while the wall material is protected from heat. External protection
is more often used.
It is preferable to use automatic watering of the winter garden, which saves
time and allows you to use different modes. Drip irrigation waters only the roots of
plants, prevents the formation of puddles, and also has sensors to monitor the level of
moisture in the soil.
For some plants, it is necessary to humidify the air; for this purpose, fountains
and air humidifiers of various types are used.
The irrigation system also requires drainage to remove excess water.
Plants used for the winter garden:
- tropical (+22 °C);
- subtropical (+10 °C).
Different types of plants are not mixed due to differences in temperature
conditions.
The design of the winter garden can be made in various styles (modern,
country, hi-tech, classic or Japanese).
Greenhouses are structures made of translucent coating for growing plants in
protected ground. In greenhouses, the level of heat, moisture, air composition, etc. is
regulated. Greenhouses are used for growing seasonally flowering plants (hydrangea,
rose, chrysanthemum, etc.), growing heat-loving plants (Dieffenbachia,
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Saintpaulia, etc.), woody plants (palm, ficus, etc.), as well as for forcing plants, seed
and vegetative propagation of plants, growing seedlings and planting material.
There are different types of greenhouses, depending on the purpose, mode and
other features.
Propagation greenhouses are intended for seed and vegetative propagation of
plants. Usually these are warm buildings equipped with shelving, greenhouses with
air humidifiers. In such greenhouses, plants are planted, sowing, cuttings, winter
grafting are carried out, and seedlings are grown.
Forcing greenhouses are intended for accelerated cultivation, as well as forcing
of floral and ornamental plants in order to obtain cut and potted products.
Cultivation greenhouses are used for long-term maintenance of tropical and
subtropical evergreen plants, succulents, and mother plants.
According to the temperature of keeping plants in winter, greenhouses are
warm (14–18 degrees or more), moderately warm (8–14 degrees), cold (3–8 degrees).
Warm ones contain tropical plants, as well as forcing and seasonally flowering ones.
In moderately warm areas — subtropical, mother plants. In cold weather —
evergreen plants, as well as those intended for forcing, winter growing, some mother
plants.
According to the light regime, there are greenhouses with top lighting, and with
top and side lighting. The materials used are glass, film, fiberglass.
The design can be gable, multi-slope or hangar. Greenhouses with a height of
6 m along the roof ridge and side walls of 2–2.5 m have optimal conditions.
Cultural rotation is the alternation of crops grown in greenhouses, which
ensures the most efficient use of space and resources.
When drawing up a crop rotation, the main crops are first selected, after which
additional ones are selected, the cultivation of which will fill the available areas
throughout the year. From spring to autumn there may be an overload of space due to
the use of additional hanging shelves. The main thing is that it does not affect the
quality.
In summer it is necessary to carry out repairs and disinfection of premises.
Indicators of the efficiency of cultural circulation are production output (pieces per
1 m2), profit per 1 m2, profitability in %.
The greenhouse equipment consists of shelving, hanging shelves, soil, heating,
water supply and ventilation, and lighting.
The greenhouse must meet the following requirements:
- have the lowest heat transfer per 1 m2 of area;
- capture and use natural light and heat as well as possible;
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- allow microclimate regulation and mechanization of work;
- give maximum effect at minimum costs.
2.10. FLORICULTURE
When classifying floral and ornamental plants, various characteristics can be
taken as a basis. According to growing conditions, they are divided into plants
growing in open ground and greenhouse plants.
Greenhouse plants, in turn, are divided according to what temperature
conditions they need in winter:
- grown at +3–6 °C (fuchsia, pelargonium, camellias, laurel, citrus, crassula,
dracaena, yucca, palms);
- grown at +8–15 °C (alternanthera, coleus, gnafalium, heliotrope, begonia, ferns);
- grown in warm greenhouses at +18–25 °C (orchids, bromeliads, some ferns,
Chinese Leviston palm).
Open ground plants can be divided according to life expectancy into annuals
(asters, calendula, nemesia, marigolds, cornflower, viscaria, kochia, annual poppy,
calliopsis, clarkia, cosmos, etc.), biennials (viola, bellflower, carnation Grenadine,
daisy, forget-me-not, Turkish carnation) and perennial plants.
Perennial crops that die out in open ground are also used as annuals: these are
Chabot carnation, lobelia, snapdragon, begonia, verbena, ageratum, heliotrope,
coleus, petunia.
Perennials can be divided into groups according to morphological features:
- rhizomes (lupine, phlox, hemerocalis, irises, aquilegia, oriental poppy, alpine
poppy, lily of the valley, peonies, hellenium);
- bulbous (lilies, hyacinths, daffodils, tulips, fritillaria, scylla, poultry,
decorative onions);
- corms (gladiolus and montbretia);
- tuberous (dahlias, tuberous begonia, gloxinia, cyclamen).
According to the method of use, flower crops are divided into:
- carpet (for carpet flower beds);
- curbs;
- curly;
- massively decorative;
- ampelous (with cascading stems).
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According to decorative characteristics, floral and decorative ones can be
divided into:
- beautifully blooming;
- decorative deciduous;
- fragrantly blooming;
- decorative fruits;
- decorative in shape.
For flower beds, plants are also selected according to their flowering time or
decorative properties: spring, summer, autumn and winter. It’s good if all these
species are combined in the flowerbed so that the flower garden will delight you all
year round.
The colors of the flowers should also be combined: either create contrast or
harmony with nuanced transitions.
Annuals
Aster — height 30–50 cm, stem erect, branched; leaves are narrow-lanceolate
with a rounded tip; inflorescence — basket; different colors; flowering from July to
November. All varieties are divided into 3 classes: tubular, transitional and reed.
They, in turn, are divided into types (simple, semi-double, hemispherical, spherical,
tubular, coronal, needle-shaped and curly). There are 43 subtypes in total.
Marigolds — low (20–25 cm), medium (30–40 cm), high (40–90 cm). There
are terry, semi-double and simple forms. The inflorescence is a basket. The color
ranges from light yellow to brown, as well as two-tone. Flowering in July.
Delphinium — height 30–120 cm; leaves three-triple; inflorescence spicate;
flowers up to 5 cm in diameter, bell-shaped. There are simple and terry ones; varied
coloring; blooms from June to September.
Dimorphotheca — height 30–70 cm; leaves narrowly lanceolate; inflorescence
basket; single flowers, reminiscent of chamomile; petals ligulate; Two-tone color:
white with purple, bright yellow with purple.
Calendula — height 20–70 cm; stems erect, branched; leaves oblong;
inflorescence — basket. There are terry and simple forms. Color orange-yellow;
blooms from June until frost.
Cosmea doubly pinnate (Moscow chamomile) — height 100–150 cm; The stem
is branched, the inflorescence is a basket, the flowers are ligulate. Any color except
yellow and blue. Blooms from early June to late autumn.
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