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Файл:Conducting work on the maintenance of landscape architecture objects. Textbook
.pdf
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Sodium lamps create warm-toned lighting. Mercury lamps, on the contrary, are
cold. To illuminate flower beds, a light source is selected taking into account the
color. The main rule is not to distort the color of plants.
When lighting trees and shrubs, incandescent lamps of 300–500 W are used,
mercury lamps of 250 W, they are located at a height of 1–1.5 m. The steps of stairs,
lawns, flower beds, groups of trees and shrubs are illuminated with low lamps. They
look like low table lamps with a reflector. Their forms can be different; during the
daytime they play the role of MAFs.
To illuminate cascades and fountains, lamps are placed, as a rule:
- in special recesses at the bottom of fountains behind glazed windows;
- under water at a depth of 15–20 cm, closer to the outlet of the jets;
- under the spillway of falling water;
- around the fountain there is a spotlight with a 500 W incandescent lamp.
Candela (cd) is a unit of luminous intensity, a unit of light brightness is cd/m2.
The power of lighting devices depends on the shape of the lighting object, for
example, the brightness of the water jets of a fountain is at least 300 cd/m2.
Decorative lighting involves installing the immersion of the lamp in places
where the jets fall on the surface of the water.
The lighting of the object is developed according to a special project and is
created using electrical cables located in the trench, connected to the light sources. In
forest parks, cables are sometimes suspended from supports, but this should be
temporary.
The choice of light source is carried out based on economic and coloristic
principles.
Supports for lamps are chosen based on the style of the park. The materials
from which they are made are metal, reinforced concrete. Installation is carried out on
lawns, in one row with tree plantings. Installation, laying of networks, connection and
delivery of the lighting object to the customer should be carried out by an
organization specialized in this work.
There are several types of park lighting that can be combined.
1. General. This type of lighting is used to illuminate large open spaces,
entrances, central alleys, platforms and stairs. Its purpose is to help navigate the
territory (searchlights).
2. Flooding. Creates uniform lighting in visitors' resting areas.
3. Marking. Highlights some decorative places and landscape contours. Low
spotlights (bollards) are used.
4. Decorative. Highlights sculptures, architectural objects and flower beds,
groups of plants.
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When lighting water devices, multi-colored lighting is often used. There are so-
called musical fountains that change the lighting to the beat of the music.
An interesting option for illuminating landscapes and trees are various pendant
lighting sources. With the help of garlands, you can achieve a fabulous look for the
park; this is also important when decorating for holidays, such as New Year's. For
these purposes, LED wires with different colors and pendants with light bulbs are
used. The main thing is that they comply with accepted safety standards and
regulations.
General rules when choosing lighting fixtures should be:
- reliable;
- durable;
- have protection from climatic factors and dust;
- firm;
- economical (for example, LEDs);
- easy to maintain (repair, wash, etc.);
- safe;
- resistant to damage (anti-vandal);
- have a beautiful appearance;
- comply with legal requirements.
Properly selected lighting in urban public areas, streets and boulevards is
necessary no less than landscaping and infrastructure. It is necessary to combine a
practical and creative approach to obtain a result that will delight residents for many
years.
3.14. DRAWING UP A WORK SCHEDULE
A work schedule is drawn up to establish the order of work and the calendar
dates for completing work at the site. The total minimum possible duration of work is
determined depending on the priority and their simultaneous implementation.
Using the technological maps of the work, the supply of construction with
labor, transport, mechanisms and materials is determined. Based on time standards,
time costs are calculated.
When drawing up a work schedule, weather observation materials and weather
service data are used, providing for favorable weather for work. When establishing
the priority of work, the production of one type of work should not affect the quality
of another type of work or make it difficult. It is necessary to provide for the
possibility of obtaining the materials necessary for the work.
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When creating a park, the following types of work may be provided:
- clearing the territory and removing debris, uprooting old trees, rough
planning;
- care of existing plantings;
- vertical layout of the territory;
- cleaning the pond, strengthening the banks;
- construction of stairs, ramps, slopes and retaining walls;
- construction of roads and sites;
- construction of pavilions, pergolas, fences;
- water supply, sewerage and drains;
- lighting;
- planting trees, shrubs, flower beds, lawns, arranging rock gardens and rock
gardens;
- installation of MAFs (sculptures, benches, trash cans, etc.).
The order of work in this case is as follows:
- fixing the boundaries of the designed object in nature, geodetic support network;
- construction of temporary structures: warehouse, shed, canteen, toilets, water
supply and electricity network office;
- measures to preserve and maintain existing plantings;
- rough layout of the site, vertical layout, linking of main structures;
- digging pits for foundations (structures, sculptures, etc.), trenches for cables,
water supply and drains, foundations for roads, platforms and stairs;
- cleaning the area from stumps, pillars, foundations, cleaning the pond;
- laying electrical cables, drains and water pipes, backfilling trenches;
- installation of lighting fixtures;
- vertical planning, cutting and adding soil in the right places;
- removal of waste and excess land;
- arrangement of foundations for roads and foundations for buildings;
- plowing the soil, loosening under plantings, applying fertilizer in accordance
with the standards, transporting the missing soil to planting sites, lawns and flower beds;
- layout in kind for planting trees, shrubs, flowers and lawns;
- preparation of holes and trenches for planting;
- installation of road surfaces, playgrounds, installation of curbs, fences near
lawns and flower beds;
- construction and installation of pavilions, gazebos, fences, stairs, entrances, etc.;
- planting all necessary types of plants;
- dismantling of temporary structures, removal;
- installation of sculptures, benches, trash cans.
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First, all excavation work is carried out in order to then use the land in a
vertical layout.
The delivery of materials is carried out along the bases of the roads, so as not
to spoil the final roads; plantings are planted after all construction work to avoid
damage.
Calendar deadlines for completing each type of work are established,
determining the overall minimum duration; using technological maps, the possibility
of providing construction with labor, transport, mechanisms and materials is
determined. Based on time standards, the time requirement for each type of work is
calculated.
The total period for completing the work is determined depending on the order
of work and the possibility of their parallel implementation. For example, the
construction of paths, laying water pipes, installing fences and lighting can be done in
parallel and will require less time. After this, trees and shrubs are planted, then lawns
and flower beds.
The total period for completing the work can be 3–5 months and more. If the
entire volume of work cannot be completed in the spring, then excavation and
construction work is carried out in the spring and summer, and planting in the fall.
Next spring, maintenance is carried out and annual crops are planted.
Amendments to the schedule can be made by using mature plants throughout
the season, planting trees and shrubs in containers, or laying ready-made rolled lawn.
The project and estimate also indicate the number of required trees, shrubs and
herbaceous plants, the area of lawns, the need for construction materials for
structures, land, fertilizers, water, and grass seeds for lawns. Indicators can be
adjusted during the work process. The total need for materials is established on the
basis of calculations carried out by the contractor.
3.15. ACCEPTANCE AND COMMISSIONING OF THE FACILITY.
ACCEPTANCE CERTIFICATES
Upon acceptance and commissioning of an official facility, acceptance
commissions are appointed. Usually a state commission is appointed, consisting of:
- chairman (representative of the city administration);
- Deputy — Head of the Housing and Communal Services Department;
- members of the commission — representatives of the contractor,
subcontractor, customer, etc.
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Before the commission meeting, a meeting of the economic commission is
held, which looks at the design and estimate documentation, inspects the landscaping
facility, draws up an act on unfinished work and sets the deadline for its completion,
the deadline for convening the commission for commissioning.
The object is handed over on a day with a positive air temperature; all
structures are subject to delivery, including spring planting of trees and shrubs. If
plantings are made in the fall, they are accepted in August of the following year.
From the beginning of the project until delivery, the paths, platforms, and
plantings are constantly maintained. The estimate usually includes funds for
replenishing plants that have not taken root; this is usually 5–10 % of the total. If the
percentage is higher, the organization that carried out the planting takes
responsibility; it must also replant the fallen plants (at its own expense) and
determine the guilt of the contractor.
Upon commissioning of the facility, execution documentation is drawn up and
handed over to the customer. Documentation content:
- working drawings signed by the customer and the author;
- comparative statement of completed and designed work;
- estimates for all types of work;
- certificates for stripping operations;
- certificate of commissioning;
- passport for the landscaping facility.
Working drawings are provided with all changes made during the work by the
customer or author. Attached are comments from the author of the project, a log of
construction work, a landing drawing, and a landing sheet.
Acceptance at the completed facility is carried out by assessing the following
requirements:
- the area must be cleared of stones, dry leaves, branches, and debris;
- lawns are mowed and watered (sprinkling);
- watering should be provided 2 times a week;
- the suitability of the soil is confirmed by analyzes;
- the introduction of recommended additives must be confirmed by entries in
the work log;
- the surface of the lawn must be flat, the check is carried out with a three-
meter strip, there should be no gap under it;
- grass seeds for lawns are supplied with a passport/certificate;
- the lawn should have a uniform cover and rich color;
- paths and areas with soft surfaces must be watered, dense, and level;
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- clearance on paths with soft surfaces is allowed up to 15 mm (under a three-
meter rail);
- paths and hard-surfaced areas are washed;
- clearance on hard-surfaced areas is allowed at 5 mm (under a three-meter rail);
- the tiles must all be intact;
- trees and shrubs must have a healthy appearance, without damage;
- fastenings, ridgepoles, stakes near trees must have the specified size, the holes
are designed and in good working order;
- all equipment must comply with the design and be in good condition.
Some cities have developed rules for the maintenance and creation of green
spaces, which reflect issues of assessing the quality of work (for example, in
Moscow).
When assessing the quality of work as “unsatisfactory”, a deadline is set for
correction and recommissioning of the facility. The acts are signed by members of
the acceptance committee. After the object is handed over, the owner develops a
passport for the object and approves it with the administration and the Main
Architectural Department of the city. The passport indicates the customer’s
organization, address, author of the project and his address.
The object passport includes:
- layout of the facility in the city;
- a plan on a scale of 1 : 2,000, which shows the boundaries of the object (red
lines), adjacent streets and buildings;
- a plan on a scale of 1 : 500 (general or dendroplan), which reflects all the
details of the project. It is accompanied by a landing and layout drawing on a scale of
1 : 500 with statements;
- information about the object (name, status, purpose, address, owner, land
user, all details);
- balance of the territory (total area, area under MAF, grounds, lawns, flower
beds, plantings).
The statements provide characteristics by elements (quantity and forms):
- structures and MAF;
- flat structures;
- road and path network;
- green spaces;
- engineering structures.
Attached are the rules for maintaining green spaces and protecting the site.
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3.16. INVENTORY
Inventory is a documentary record of all gardening elements of the property.
Inventory solves the following tasks:
- periodic assessment of the condition of improvement elements (3–5 years);
- quantitative and qualitative assessment of the object in connection with the
restoration of the object.
The inventory carried out at the facility necessarily takes into account its type.
It is necessary to register all changes in elements over 5 years, the formation of
overgrowth, over-compaction of plantings, damage to lawns, damage to areas and
paths, equipment and MAF.
For each object, a territory inventory plan is drawn up (for an area of up to
10 hectares, the scale is 1 : 200, 1 : 500, for an area of 25 hectares or more —
1 : 1,000 and 1 : 2,000), inventory assessment sheets for all structural elements of
the object.
The best time to take inventory is spring or early fall. The initial data is the
geoplan of the territory (1 : 500 or 1 : 200) and executive drawings for improvement.
The inventory is carried out in 2 stages: 1 — field, 2 — office processing. At
the first stage, the boundaries of the object in the “red” lines, planning data, existing
types of spatial structure, the presence of communications and structures, and
surveying of plantings from nature to plan are clarified.
At the second stage, the data is summarized, recorded in journals, a balance of
the territory is developed, an inventory plan is drawn up and a completion certificate
is drawn up for acceptance.
Depending on the size of the object, inventory can be carried out in various
ways. On the territory of large parks and forest parks, work is carried out using
taxation methods in a brigade manner by a taxation squad. On mass objects (squares,
boulevards, gardens, residential buildings) — they shoot and evaluate each element
of the layout, clarifying and adjusting all elements on the plans.
To carry out field work in forest parks and large parks, they take a copy of the
plan of the horizontal survey object, without a coordinate grid, polygonometric signs,
marks, leveling benchmarks, then check it with nature, clarifying the boundaries and
situations of the object. On objects requiring a detailed assessment, each element is
assessed.
For the convenience of carrying out an inventory, the object is divided into
registration areas, sections, limited by the road and path network or other permanent
contours. For registration areas, serial numbers are indicated in the drawing.
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The work diary indicates the name, purpose, area of the object and its
departmental affiliation. All plant elements are plotted on the plan using a coordinate
grid. Record data on types of plantings (arrays, groves, etc.). The predominant type of
plants in each type, the completeness of the plantings (number of trees per 1 hectare
of area), their average age, condition, plant number, species, trunk diameter, crown
shape, projection size are noted. The trees are marked, a 2 × 2 cm part of the trunk is
painted and the number, type of plant, date of observation and inventory number are
indicated on it.
Plants are tied using the ordinate method to permanent or natural bases (roads,
buildings, etc.), the distance to the base does not exceed 25 m.
The line of sight is divided into equal segments, installing stakes at the division
points. The tree is tied by measuring 3 distances, from the 2 ends of the segment to
the tree, the third calculation is the perpendicular from the tree to the line of sight.
On the outline, measurements, type of plant, etc. are recorded in the following
format: Serial reference number, Plant type, Trunk diameter in cm at a height of 1.3 m, /
Condition assessment. For example: 1Maple35/satisfactory. Next, write the distances
from the tree sight (for example, 0.0–5.6, 7.0–4.3, 11.0–5.0).
Lawns and flower beds are counted by area, perennials by the number of
bushes on the site. The condition of the plantings is assessed using a 4-point system,
where 1 is a high degree of condition, 2 is the condition is at a fairly high level, 3 is
the degree of quality condition is decreasing and 4 is a sharp violation of viability.
For lawns and flower beds, a three-point rating system is used. 1 point is
assigned to a lawn without bald spots, no weeds, and flower beds with clearly defined
contours without weeds or wilting plants. 2 points — the lawn has areas with sparse
grass up to 40 %, has up to 15 % weeds, flower beds are untidy with the presence of
wilted plants up to 40 %, the contours are unclear, there are pests, care is required.
3 points are assigned if the lawn is infested with weeds, there is no coverage up to
80 %, there are a lot of bald spots, flower beds have an extremely untidy appearance,
there are wilted and drying plants, there are no contours.
They draw up an inventory plan of the object, which indicates the external
boundaries with dimensions, the general situation outside the boundaries of the
object, the boundaries and numbers of registration plots, clumps, especially valuable
unique and historical trees, numbered throughout the object with separate numbers in
red, types of landscape gardening.
Plants are marked on the plan with green colors in symbols, as well as assigned
numbers. Based on the dendroplane, a list of trees and shrubs is compiled in the
prescribed form.
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Objects must be inspected once every 5 years to identify changes in the internal
situation and reflect them in inventory materials, on the inventory plan and in the
object’s passport. All changes are shown in black.
Summary inventory data for an object reflects the number of objects, their area,
new areas for improvement, landscaping, the condition of trees and shrubs by age
group, the condition of flower beds and lawns.
Summary data allows us to judge the improvement and landscaping and
provide the basis for planning the costs of maintenance, repairs and new construction
of the facility.
Based on the materials, the passport for the object is adjusted, indicating
changes, information about vegetation, lawns, flower beds, their condition and
elimination of violations, and deadlines.
3.17. PROTECTION OF LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE OBJECTS
All sites open to the public must be maintained in order and cleanliness at all
times of the year. Owners and tenants of buildings, structures, retail outlets in parks,
gardens, etc. must maintain and repair all buildings, structures, advertising media,
and clean at a distance of 5 m around buildings and structures.
Without the permission of the gardening service, the department of culture (for
objects subject to state protection — the State Inspectorate for the Protection of
Monuments), it is prohibited to allocate plots for permanent or temporary
construction, a pier, loading and unloading operations, to install stalls, awnings,
advertising and information boards, attractions, dams, littering and filling up
reservoirs, storing wood, organizing permanent or temporary passages.
The protection of landscape architecture is a public duty. Citizens must
maintain cleanliness, take care of plantings, gardening equipment, MAF, and assist
law enforcement agencies and park security in taking action in case of violations.
At the facilities, it is prohibited to damage plantings, walk and sit on lawns, ski,
sled and skate outside designated areas, store materials, remove garbage onto the
territory, make vegetable gardens, dump snow and ice with the exception of clean
snow from clearing paths, use snow removal machines for throwing snow on
plantings, setting up camps and lighting fires, violating fire safety rules, swimming in
prohibited places, walking dogs, feeding and shooting birds and animals.
For violation of the rules, financial liability is usually established. Fines are
issued by administrative commissions according to the protocol of the gardening
service.
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At sites when laying highways and other structures, communications,
contractors are required to have general plans indicating plantings. In the absence of
such a plan, an accurate survey is carried out indicating all plants, their type, age, in
order to decide on the preservation or replanting of plants. If there is no vegetation on
the plan, a reservation is made.
When starting work, construction organizations register with the gardening
service the permission of the city technical inspection to carry out work. No later than
2 days before the completion of work, submit the document to the service.
Organizations when working in green areas must:
- draw up a work project indicating all construction issues on a graphic plan,
providing for maximum preservation of vegetation;
- trenches are dug from a tree trunk with a diameter of up to 15 cm — after
2 m, over 15 cm — at least 3 m, from bushes — at least 1.5 m from the outer trunk;
- store building materials no closer than 2.5 m from trees and 1.5 m from
bushes;
- parking of machines and mechanisms, storage of fuels and lubricants is
carried out no closer than 10 m from trees and bushes, ensuring water drainage from
the parking areas, protecting plants;
- transport roads are carried out outside the green areas, using them for further
permanent roads;
- fence protected trees with solid shields 2 m high from boards 25 mm thick,
place the shields at a distance of 0.5 m from the trunk and attach them to stakes
6–8 cm thick, driven into the ground 0.5–0.8 m;
- for the roots, a flooring with a radius of 1.5 m is arranged from boards
50 mm thick;
- when performing digging work at the roots of trees and shrubs, dig below the
skeletal roots at least 1.5 m from the soil surface;
- trees growing in the asphalt paving zone need free spaces at the trunk of at
least 2 m in diameter, installing a trunk lattice or paving with natural stone (leaving a
hole 1 m in diameter and 0.5 m near the bush);
- when constructing above-ground structures with the necessary excavation and
embankment at the roots, dry wells, retaining walls, and curbs are provided to
preserve the living conditions of plants;
- the top plant soil must be hilled up and preserved for use in landscaping other
objects.
Removed and replanted trees and shrubs, lawns, and flower beds are assessed
for further damage compensation. Replacement cost — the cost of trees, shrubs and
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