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Файл:Conducting work on the maintenance of landscape architecture objects. Textbook
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Lavatera (Malva trimestris) — height up to 120 cm; stems erect, inflorescence
funnel-shaped, up to 10 cm in diameter; flowers are five-petaled; the color is white,
pink or carmine with dark veins; blooms from June until frost.
Levkoi — height 20–70 cm; stem erect; flowers are collected in an
inflorescence; the color is different, there are double and simple forms, four-petalled;
flowering in July or late August.
Snapdragon (antirrhinum) — height up to 90 cm; stem erect; leaves lanceolate,
smooth; inflorescence — multilateral brush; The flowers are irregularly shaped and
have different colors.
Lupine — height 120 cm; stem weakly branched; leaves are large,
inflorescence is a spike, flowers are papilionaceous; color white, pink, blue, violet;
flowering in April — July.
Nemophila (American forget-me-not) — height about 20 cm, branching stem;
bell-shaped flowers; color: light blue, white, purple, white with dark purple spots.
Nigella damask (nigella) — height up to 60 cm, erect stems; openwork leaves,
flowers up to 4 cm in diameter, with bright sepals; there is a simple and terry form;
color white, blue; flowering in June — July.
Annual sunflower (helianthus) — height from 100 cm, flat, erect stem;
inflorescence basket, up to 36 cm in diameter; color golden-yellow, red-brown,
yellow-greenish, brownish; blooms from July until frost.
Silena (resin) — height up to 50 cm, small leaves; five-petalled flowers; color
lilac, red, white; blooms in July.
Ursinia — height up to 50 cm; the stem is branched, the inflorescence is a
basket with a diameter of up to 5 cm; color is light yellow, golden yellow, orange
with red; blooms from June — July until the first frost.
Biennials
Pansy (Vitrocca violet) — erect, branched stem; oval-shaped leaves, serrated
along the edges; single flowers up to 7 cm in diameter; inflorescence corolla;
different colors; blooms from May to October.
Turkish cloves — height up to 60 cm, stems strong, smooth; leaves are small;
inflorescence — corymbose head with a diameter of 10 cm; there are terry and simple
forms; Most varieties bloom from June. Color depends on the variety.
Hesperis matronalis (night violet) — height up to 90 cm, stem erect, branched;
leaves lanceolate, drooping; apical inflorescence in the form of a brush; four-petalled
flowers up to 2 cm in diameter; color white, lilac; blooms in May — June.
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Digitalis purpurea (digitalis) — height up to 150 cm, stems erect, leaves oval,
large, inflorescence — multi-flowered raceme; flowers irregularly bell-shaped, up to
5 cm long; color ranges from white to purple. Blooms in the second year from June to
September.
Barnyard grass (Echinops) — height up to 150 cm, stem erect, spiny, leaves
lobed and dissected. The inflorescence is capitate, funnel-shaped. Color ranges from
white to dark blue. Blooms from July until frost.
Campanula — height up to 100 cm, bell-shaped flowers, there are double and
semi-double forms, color from white to blue, from lilac to dark purple, blooms in
June — July.
Hybrid mullein — height up to 200 cm, stem erect, thick, petiolate basal
leaves; inflorescence spicate; yellow color, blooms in June — August.
Lunaria — branched stem, heart-shaped leaves; inflorescence — apical
raceme, purple or white color, blooms in the second year.
Daisy — height 20–25 cm, inflorescence a basket located on peduncles up to
20 cm long; there are double and semi-double forms, the color is white, cream, pink,
red; blooms from April to July.
Forget-me-not — height up to 30 cm, branched stems; leaves lanceolate,
sessile; inflorescence curl; the flowers are small.
Heiranthus hybrid (lacfiol) — height about 70 cm; stem erect; leaves
lanceolate, alternate; inflorescence racemose; there are simple and double forms,
four-petal flowers with a diameter of up to 2.5 cm; yellow, brown color; blooms in
July — August.
Perennials
Iris — low (25–30 cm), medium (37–70 cm), high (70 cm and above), leaves
are flat, narrow, sword-shaped; flowers are large; the structure of the flower consists
of three inner petals directed upward and three outer petals directed downward. The
number of forms and varieties totals several tens of thousands; the flowering periods
also vary: from mid-May to August, the colors are varied.
Peony — height up to 2 m, stems — numerous erect, leaves large, trifoliate,
inflorescence apical, cup-shaped, consisting of five leathery petals; flowers are large;
there are terry or simple forms, the colors are varied.
Phlox — erect, hard stems; leaves are narrow, oblong, arranged in an alternate
order; nail-shaped flowers. The coloring is different.
There are also bulbous and corm crops, which we discussed in paragraph 2.7.
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2.11. FLORISTICS
Floral design, like other areas of art, has its own styles. Each style originated in
a specific era. Each style has its own compositional characteristics, expressed in the
use of characteristic techniques and the selection of plant and auxiliary materials.
Basic styles of flower arrangements:
- massive;
- linear;
- linear-massive;
- mixed.
In foreign floristry, massive and linear-massive styles are most often used.
Modern trends involve the creation of simpler compositions of non-standard
shapes. Each phytodesigner acts as a bouquet artist and develops his own style. The
most famous designers are identified by their works. Works with new ideas and bold
implementation are called creative floristry.
Massive style implies the absence of free space in the composition. A bouquet
in a vase is used to decorate a festive table, interior and stage, and is also used as a
gift. Bouquets can be single-sided or multi-sided, and can have different shapes (oval,
circle, rectangle or triangle).
Biedermeier — composition in a low vessel. The shape of such a composition
is dome-shaped or flat; the flowers have small round heads. Flowers are arranged
around the central flower in several circles. This composition is enclosed in a cuff of
leaves or other decorative elements. Used to decorate the table.
A traditional massive composition may vary in size and shape. Using plants, a
vertical axis is first created, then flowers are added. Flowers are the main material of
such a composition. After the flowers, fillers are added to fill the rest of the space.
The fastener consists of a floral sponge or crumpled wire.
The Byzantine cone uses dried or artificial flowers fixed in a floral sponge as
the main material. First, leaves and branches are placed, then fruits, flowers, berries
and accessories are added. Looks good in a spacious and simple room; in an
apartment it can be used for the Christmas holidays.
Linear style involves free space within the contour of the composition; all or
most of the plants are linear. The plant material is modest, fixed on kenzan. Each
element of a linear composition has its own meaning. The overall impression may
vary depending on the intent and relationship between the materials of the
arrangement.
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Vertical composition assumes strict geometric shapes. The center of the
composition is the vertical axis (a flower on a high stem or a branch with foliage).
Leaves are used at the base of the composition to cover the fasteners. One or more
flowers (gerbera, lily) are added along the axis or closer to the base. No fillers are used.
Free style involves an asymmetrical composition that does not have strict
contours. This style uses contrasting color combinations. Spectacular flowers are
used, filler is added between the elements. Linear plant material is used without
covering it with anything.
Ikebana is a Japanese style flower arrangement. Ikebana carries symbolic
meaning. They make up ikebana from 3 elements, which are symbols. These
elements have different heights. The tallest stem (xin) represents the sky. The
medium-height stem symbolizes a person (soe). The short stem symbolizes the earth
(hikae). Each of the elements can have helpers. Elements in the composition are
placed at different angles according to special rules. Ikebana is used in interior
landscaping.
The Rikka style, which arose in the 6th century, is distinguished by the fact that
all plants emerge from the water — the vessel — in the form of a single stem. The
height of compositions in the Rikka style is more than 1.5 m and the width is about 1 m.
The Nagaire style appears in the 15th century and gives the impression of still
growing flowers. This is a natural and airy composition in a vase.
The Seika style (18th–19th centuries) combined the rules of the Rikka style and
the naturalness of the Nagaire style.
The Moribana style, created at the beginning of the 20th century, does not have
strict rules. The compositions are placed in a bowl and secured in a flower holder.
The style can be landscape or floral compositions.
The abstract composition has bizarre shapes and is used in a modern interior.
The main material for this style is plant material, live or dry, sometimes tinted.
The linear-massive style combines massive and linear styles. A symmetrical
triangle — the composition creates the impression of equilibrium, balance. The
asymmetrical triangle is a very elegant and bright composition, well applicable in the
interior. The Line of Beauty (Hogarth) is a composition in the form of the letter S.
The composition is fixed in a floral sponge, in a tall vase. Looks good in hairdressing
salons, salons and also on holidays.
The crescent moon is a composition for a celebration, the basis is a floral
sponge. The reverse crescent moon is used to decorate the table, candles are often
added, and placed on a pedestal. Vertical plant material is not long, horizontal plant
material is made from soft long stems.
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The horizontal composition is similar to the “reverse crescent” composition,
but the bottom is made of hard plants. Also used to decorate the table. The fan is a
large composition with fan-shaped axes. Used in hallways, by the fireplace, on a
stand.
Compositions in an informal style are used in a modern interior. The distinctive
features of the composition are asymmetry, focus anywhere, free design.
A mixed style can contain several (2–3) previous styles in one composition. A
parallel composition is made in a low vessel, fixing the plants in a floral sponge.
Several groups of stems are fixed vertically and parallel to each other. Such
compositions look good in office foyers and reception areas.
The miniature composition is distinguished by its size (up to 23 cm). Can be
used as a gift.
The landscape composition is an image of a piece of nature. These
compositions use natural materials, shells, driftwood, stones, etc. The composition
has natural forms and is asymmetrical.
Majestic compositions decorate palaces, cathedrals, etc.
The wreath can be tabletop or wall-mounted and is used during the Christmas
holidays. The main rule is to arrange elements clockwise.
A garland is a composition in a massive style, suitable for columns, railings
and arches to create a festive atmosphere.
Pot-et-fleur is a container with several types of indoor flowers planted. A floral
sponge is fixed between the flower pots and supplemented with fresh flowers.
A decorative tree is created from dried and/or artificial flowers.
To summarize, let's group all the listed styles.
European styles of arrangement include a decorative bouquet of various
materials having geometric shapes, a vegetative bouquet using plants of one climate
zone in their natural form, a linear-graphic bouquet reflecting the harmony of lines
and shapes and close to the Japanese style, parallel (keeps the parallelism of the plant
position).
New trends in the development of floristry are abstract and experimental
compositions that reflect the wealth of imagination and style of each designer.
Japanese arrangement principles are related to the country's traditions, history
and religion. Ikebana is interconnected with other forms of art. Other directions of
Japanese arrangement are also used: Rikka, Nageire, Seika, Moribana.
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2.12. RELIEF AND RESERVOIRS IN LANDSCAPE DESIGN
In landscape design, the primary role is played by the original landscape of the
territory, its natural elements and their transformation. An example of the
development and transformation of territory is the city of St. Petersburg, in which a
naturally swampy territory with many streams and rivers began to be artificially
transformed, unnecessary streams were filled in and canals were dug in other
directions necessary for the project. Major rivers were also transformed by
embankments.
In modern urban areas, large areas inconvenient for development, such as
swamps and steep slopes, are usually left unchanged. Often the border of territories is
a river.
Landscape elements such as ravines and forests are also often fragmented the
city, often connecting the city center and the outskirts.
An example of open coastal strips along the Volga and Oka is the center of
Nizhny Novgorod.
Artificial landscape elements also have an impact on the layout. For example,
when fortifications are demolished, boulevards are designed in this place. This is
often why boulevards have a radial structure (Moscow, Paris, Riga, etc.).
The layout type of a boulevard usually consists of a transit part (for quick
travel) and a walking part, intended for quieter walks.
The General Plan of Moscow of 1935 provided for a wedge-shaped structure of
water spaces and green spaces; the basis of this structure was parks, which served as
a continuation of the forests and forest parks of the city.
Separate spaces in the form of hills and natural reservoirs can exist unchanged
in urban planning. Significant changes in landscape components are also often
applicable in urban planning. Modern cities and their development lead to changes in
landforms, hydrogeology of the territory, and physical and mechanical properties of
sediments.
The transformation of the relief occurs due to the construction and
improvement of the city territory. In urban areas there is both a decrease and an
increase in surface elevations. The decline is associated with soil cutting and surface
subsidence. The increase occurs due to hydro-washing, filling of ravines, etc. The
development itself is also considered as a change in the relief.
Buildings significantly influence temperature, distribution of air masses,
amount of precipitation, wind direction, etc.
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Changes in the properties of rocks occur in cities to a depth of 50 meters; the
causes of these changes are static and dynamic loads, vibration, drainage and
watering. The influence of urban development on groundwater reaches an average
depth of 150 m; the chemical composition of groundwater changes by 25–30 km in a
radius around the development.
The interaction of groundwater and surface waters is disrupted, and zones of
backwater and lowering their levels appear. Groundwater resources are depleted, the
earth's surface is deformed, swamping and flooding occur, and landslides and ravines
are formed. In 60–85 % of landslides are caused by anthropogenic activities.
Green spaces in modern cities play an extremely important role. They perform
such functions as protection from dust, noise absorption, aesthetic, climate-forming,
phytoncidal, photosynthesis, etc. Phytoncides from plant leaves kill a large number of
bacteria; in forests their number per 1 m3 is 200–500 times less than in cities.
Green spaces in cities reduce noise levels by more than 20 %. The dust
protection function is manifested in the settling of up to 70 % of dust particles on
vegetation. In hot weather, trees planted in an array reduce the air temperature by
4 degrees, increasing humidity by 15 %.
But the plant world is extremely sensitive to changes in the environment, for
example, disruption of the water-air regime of the soil, contamination with waste, etc.
is extremely negative for plants. Because of this, the city often requires renewal of
vegetation.
Urban planning standards provide for certain elements in the city's greening
system. There are public plantings, including city and district parks, neighborhood
gardens, plantings at administrative and public institutions, boulevards, squares, etc.
Specialized parks may also be included: botanical, zoological, historical and others.
Restricted areas include areas near institutions: kindergartens, schools,
hospitals, industrial enterprises and residential areas.
There are also plantings for special purposes, including water protection, fire
protection, reclamation and sanitary protection zones. These zones exist in all cities,
but there are differences in the natural and climatic conditions of each city, which
affects the structure and relationship between landscaping elements.
In cities with a hot and arid climate, the main elements are represented by a
small garden and linear connecting elements, combining the functions of pedestrian
streets and short-term recreation.
In cities with hot climates, landscaping has the main function of protection
from the sun and climate, ensuring the comfort of pedestrian walks around the city.
But at the same time, the completely linear structure of green areas prevents normal
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aeration, and therefore an intermittent form is practiced, which is the most optimal for
creating normal air exchange.
In the conditions of the middle zone, a scheme is more often applicable when
parks of different sizes are created; in accordance with the value of the park, its size
increases.
Different climatic zones require different amounts of greenery according to
standard indicators for different natural conditions.
With a low amount of forest cover in suburban areas (less than 5 %), a large
amount of green areas inside the city is required (at least 35 % of the area). With high
forest cover in suburban areas inside the city, the permissible volume of plantings is
15–20 % of the area.
Depending on the types of designed recreation, a landscape is selected to
perform certain recreational tasks. The ecological approach implies compliance of the
designed area in terms of relief, vegetation composition, soil and climatic conditions
with the surrounding natural conditions.
An ecological approach to zoning allows you to preserve the main landscape
for a long time, spending the least amount of money on maintenance.
The creation of protection zones and buffer zones is of utmost importance in
the design of gardens and parks, restoration of historical and cultural landscapes, and
design of specially protected areas.
In modern urban conditions, gardens and parks are very important in urban and
suburban recreation; they represent natural complexes in the urban environment.
Landscape design of modern cities is formed on the basis of rich historical
experience in creating objects of landscape gardening art, dating back several
millennia.
Successful projects of urban gardening and park facilities require a thorough
study of the history of the development of landscape architecture of various cities,
countries, cultural traditions, and also great importance in the design should be given
to the existing natural and climatic conditions, landscape, assortment of plants for a
given territory.
Landscape landscapes can be: forest, park, meadow, mountain, alpine, regular
or garden.
The characteristic elements of the forest landscape are the main tree species,
the forest-forming one (edificator). According to this criterion, forests are coniferous,
deciduous or mixed. Forests can also be dark coniferous, consisting of common
spruce, Siberian spruce, fir or cedar. Light coniferous forests can consist of larch and
Scots pine. Broad-leaved forests consist of species such as oak and linden. Small-
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leaved forests can consist, for example, of aspen and birch. Park landscapes can be
created by various types of plantings. Single trees (solitarius) are planted in open
space as single plants. They attract attention to their appearance, size, color, crown
shape and expressive silhouette.
Groups can consist of various plants, woody, shrubby, herbaceous. In a group,
the crowns of plants should slightly intersect, forming a compositional whole. Groups
should be combined with each other and with the surrounding space. In a tree group,
the diameter of the group's area should not exceed the height of the largest tree.
Groups consisting of tall trees are used to frame clearings. Groups against the sky are
planted on high ground to create a special view from the lowlands. Groups near
ponds are planted from trees with weeping forms.
Mixed groups consist of trees and shrubs, cover the background, and create socalled backstage. Loose groups consist of plants with lacy foliage. Dense groups
unite trees and shrubs into a single whole, but with such planting, plants may lose
their decorative properties due to lack of light and moisture.
Groups of shrubs play a supporting role in the formation of the landscape of
parks. They serve as a transition link between dense massifs and meadows. Groups of
shrubs can be mixed or pure. In mixed groups, one variety of shrub is the main one,
the rest are auxiliary.
Shrubs with spreading crowns are planted outside the group. The number of
shrubs can vary, up to several dozen. The groves are massifs, their area is
0.5–1.5 hectares. Groves are usually made up of one type of tree, and space is always
left between the trunks. The undergrowth consists of shrubs and some trees that do
not reach the height of the remaining trees. The edge is a planting bordering between
the plane of the clearing and the forest. The height of the plantings decreases from
forest to clearing.
A meadow landscape is a space covered with herbaceous vegetation. The lawn
and single trees are the main elements of the meadow landscape. Such a landscape
can be intended for physical education, various games, and relaxation.
Alpine landscape is used in gardens and parks with rugged terrain. The
characteristic components of such a landscape are rocks, screes, alpine meadows with
alpine plants. The stone is the main distinguishing element.
A regular landscape involves the use of regular geometric shapes, straight
alleys and roads, symmetrical compositions, the use of terraces, and row plantings of
trees. Topiary trees, sculptures and water features are used.
The regular style is used in the central parts of the park, in cities in squares and
gardens. Almost always, the main element is the building, to which all other elements
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of the landscape lead. When creating a regular landscape, various methods of
processing plants can be used; the composition of plants is usually not very diverse.
In a regular landscape, bosquets, alleys, pergolas, gazebos and trellises, topiary,
hedges and borders, individual trees, trimmed trees, flower beds and parterres are
used. The relief can be different, flat or terraced, with retaining walls. The main role
is played by large surfaces of lawns or flower beds, necessarily of geometric shapes.
Reservoirs are also made in geometric shapes, often complemented by fountains and
cascades. Artificial trimming of plantings, tree crowns and hedges is required. Green
bosquet offices. Alleys with row plantings of trees and shrubs. The main dominant
feature is a large building, to which all the main alleys lead.
The irregular style is based on the imitation of the picturesque landscape
without human intervention. The paths have picturesque outlines, winding, and are
laid along the terrain. The natural relief is preserved or it isenhanced by creating
embankments and excavations. Reservoirs are natural or imitating a natural
appearance. Groups and arrays are the basis of plantings.
Single plantings of decorative trees, shrubs, and flower beds (mixborders)
enhance the picturesqueness of this style. The background for trees and plantings is a
lawn, a meadow, with imitating natural colors. Stone slides and rock gardens also
imitate naturalness. Architectural structures and small architectural forms (MAF) are
also included in the landscape.
A mixed style involves using two styles in one object. The main alley of the
park can be in a regular style, while the walking trails can be in an irregular style.
Irregularly planted green areas with a geometric layout of paths and ponds.
Garden landscapes include decorative gardens of fruit trees, monoculture rose
gardens, gardens of lilies, irises, peonies and other plant species, special gardens
showing the flora of a certain growing season, as well as collection gardens of trees,
shrubs, water gardens, rock gardens and etc.
When creating various landscapes, the decorative quality of certain types of
tree and shrub plants is also important.
Construction of reservoirs. To properly position a pond on a site, the following
rules must be observed:
1) find the lowest place on the site;
2) if backlighting is intended, the proximity of the power source must be taken
into account;
3) choose a place that will be well lit during the day;
4) trees and large shrubs should not grow along the edges of the reservoir.
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