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Файл:Conducting work on the maintenance of landscape architecture objects. Textbook
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spring, lightly sprinkle the soil around the plants with an earthen mixture. During
flowering, cut off faded flowers.
A gravel garden fits well in a natural style composition.
It can be created on any soil. They use gravel of various sizes, sea and river
pebbles, and different types of plants. Gravel filling adds a variety of textures and
does not interfere with water and air exchange.
Ornamental grasses look good among rocks. You can make a smooth surface
or slightly uneven, use large blocks, but you need to achieve a natural look. To create
such a garden, all weeds are first removed and a fertile layer of soil is created. Fine
gravel is added. Plants are planted in large groups. To maintain the planned
appearance, it is necessary to remove overgrown plants and trim off faded, dry
shoots.
Fertilizers are applied in the spring. Among the plants, choose those that prefer
well-drained soil (gray fescue, woolly chickweed, carnations, euphorbia, lavender,
wormwood, sage, catnip, rock juniper, sedum, thyme, yarrow, physostegia, hostas,
maned barley, poppies, lunaria, large-rhizome geranium, bergenia, milkweed,
plantain, Polygonatum, perennial asters, tansy, sedum).
The cereals look good. The color range is violet-blue, purple, dove-blue, white,
sometimes yellow and pink.
Suitable tall herbs and flowers include: Chinese miscanthus, paniculata's
gypsophila, Japanese anemone, mullein, tall speedwells, cottonweeds, monardas,
goldenrods.
Flower beds are designed for planting flowering plants. They can be different
in shape, color and material. Shapes of flower beds: square, circle, hexagon, oval,
flower beds in the form of modern sculptures, for example, an umbrella and other
shapes. Materials used in the manufacture of flower boxes: plastic, ceramics, wood,
stone, and others. The material and shape of the flower boxes are selected depending
on the style in which the park composition is executed. A drain hole is installed in the
bottom of the flower pot, and a drainage layer of sand 5–7 cm thick is poured onto
the bottom.
The park sculpture occupies the main place at the facility. To view it, be sure
to leave free space for visual perception equal to no less than double the height of the
sculpture. The lighting position is also taken into account. The background for the
sculptures is a lawn, trees and flowers. Usually, a sculpture is placed on a foundation
of reinforced concrete blocks, on which a pedestal is installed and only then the
sculpture itself.
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Landscape furniture and equipment serve for the comfort of visitors. Types of
objects used in the park:
- public equipment (bins, lanterns, lamps, benches);
- specialized equipment (recreation areas, sports grounds, playgrounds, water
devices, etc.);
- household goods (booths, garbage containers, etc.).
Benches are available without backs and with backs. They may vary in shape,
material, and color. The length of the benches is from 1.2 m to 4 m. The height is
40 cm. Benches are placed at the rate of 30–60 pieces per 1 hectare of park territory.
Plastic and wood are commonly used and practical materials for making
benches. Bench legs can be made of another material, such as metal. Another
advantage of wooden benches is the ease of repair if they break.
Lamps — designed to illuminate gardening objects. Typically, lamps are
combined into an entire lighting system. Tall (10–12 m) lamps with powerful light
are installed on the main alleys, directing them in different directions to illuminate
the maximum area. The distance between lamp supports is 30–40 m. Secondary paths
are illuminated with lamps 2.5–4 m high, the distance between them is 25–30 m.
Sculptures, MAFs, flower beds, lawns are illuminated with lamps from 0.4–2 m. The
lamps are usually supplied electricity via underground cables.
The bins are intended for collecting waste in order to ensure cleanliness in the
area. The trash bin has a small size, no higher than 80 cm and no wider than 50 cm.
The shell can be made of various materials, concrete, wood, etc. The removable
garbage container inside the bin is made of stainless metal.
Urns are:
- stationary, on the foundation;
- attached to the wall;
- free-standing.
The distance from the benches to the trash cans must be at least 0.8 m.
Visual information means are signs, diagrams and signs to guide visitors in the
park. Be sure to establish a map of the park with a plan of all the objects located in it.
The park layout is made on a durable basis; signs can be of various types, made
of wood or metal. They are installed in a permanent place with the surface
concreting.
For board games, some parks install special tables with a water-repellent
surface and tables complete with benches.
Sandboxes and playgrounds are installed in separate areas; it is advisable to
cover them with soft rubber material specially designed for playgrounds.
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3.10. PRESERVATION AND PROTECTION OF EXISTING PLANTINGS
Agrotechnical preparation when designing territory development is carried out
with the identification of existing valuable plantings (trees, shrubs, herbal plants).
Areas allocated for landscaping can be forested areas, scattered groups of trees,
tapeworms, thickets of dense bushes, and herbs.
All existing plantings should be studied both from the point of view of taxation
and from a landscape-aesthetic point of view. This is necessary to identify valuable
plants, as well as to link existing plants with the landscaping plan. These surveys are
carried out using taxation methods.
Taxation is carried out throughout the entire territory of the facility. For it, a
geodetic survey plan is carried out with reference lines along roads, paths, clearings,
if it is a forest. Trees that have lost their decorative properties, are infected with pests,
viruses and fungal diseases, and if they cannot be restored, and also pose a threat to
vehicles and pedestrians (of low value) are cut down. Valuable trees are preserved in
groups or solitary.
In places with a vertical layout, a boundary for the operation of mechanisms is
established so that during work the roots and trunks of valuable trees are not
damaged.
When carrying out underground communications, trees growing nearby must
be protected with boards up to 2.5 m high, not covered with soil, and valuable trees
must be protected with special fences.
It is often necessary to protect the underground root system, since damage to it
can lead to the death of the tree. To strengthen damaged roots, partially trim the
crown branches from the side of the damage using aerial platforms or ladders. The
cut areas of the branches are covered with garden putty or painted over with oil paint.
They design the installation of water supply and sewerage systems, taking into
account places free from plants, since damage to the roots may occur during
accidents or scheduled repairs.
Old-growth trees often have dead branches and hollows. Dry branches are cut
down because it is a carrier of diseases. The hollows are cleaned and filled with
cement or special compounds. Some valuable specimens require the creation of
special supports. They are made of wood.
When the surface elevation increases according to the vertical surface design,
there is a danger of backfilling trees, which negatively affects the plants and leads to
their gradual death.
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To prevent this effect, special structures called “trees” are built around trees or
groups.
Dry wells can be open or closed, their depth is usually 30–80 cm, and their
width is at least 50–60 cm from the tree trunk to the wall. A trunk grate is placed on
the surface of the well and the entire well is filled with inert materials (gravel) in a
2–4 cm fraction. Such a device is especially necessary in squares and highways. The
walls of the well must be made of stone, brick, reinforced concrete.
When the ground level drops by 15–20 cm or more, there is also a danger of
plant death. To prevent such developments, special protective structures are being
installed.
The dimensions of such structures depend on the required size of the roots to
be preserved. Trees whose roots have fallen onto the slope are covered with small
stones and reinforced with turf in a circle equal to the size of the crown. For very
steep slopes, it is necessary to strengthen them with a retaining wall.
The stumps remaining after cutting down trees are not uprooted; the remnants
of the stump are removed by milling by 30–40 cm, leaving the entire root system in
the soil. This is done so as not to damage the roots of neighboring trees and leave the
roots of the stump as a conductor of water and air through the soil.
Stump crushing machines are used for milling stumps. The remainder of the
stump surface is treated with antiseptic solutions.
After a taxation survey of the area, a system of sanitary, landscape and
planning felling is prescribed according to the project. Such felling is carried out by a
landscaping contractor under the supervision of the project author. For felling,
working drawings, inventory plans, and statements of assessment of plantings by
condition categories must be drawn up.
All types of logging must be justified, aimed at increasing the viability of the
community. What is of no value to an arborist may be of value to a landscape
designer.
3.11. CARRYING OUT PLANTING WORK AND MAINTENANCE
OF LANDSCAPING FACILITIES
Let's consider the timing of planting tree and shrub species. They are planted in
spring or autumn. The choice of season depends on the climate zone, so the closer the
zone is to the north, the better it is to plant in the spring. If the climate is southern,
then in the fall. If it is moderate, then you can plant it in both seasons.
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Planting in spring is done in well-warmed soil. As a rule, this happens in April.
Where the climate is more severe, this occurs in the first half of May.
Planting holes are prepared in advance, in the fall. Autumn planting occurs
around October. Trees are planted when their growing season is over. It is advisable
to do this a month before frost.
To calculate the distance between plantings, it is necessary to calculate the
distance between mature trees; for this, their heights in adulthood are added up, and
this is how the distance between plantings is calculated. For example, if one tree is
3 meters high and the other is 6 meters, then 3 + 6 = 9 m, this will be the distance
between the seedlings. The distance to the fence, the house, and whether these plants
will tolerate the neighborhood are also taken into account.
If planting technology is followed, 100 % of seedlings (of high quality) take
root. Seedlings are purchased from specialized nurseries that are better suited to the
climate of the planting site, or they are grown in advance using cuttings.
Autumn planting begins with digging pits. The size of the planting hole
depends on the size of the root system of the seedlings; it is advisable to make it
slightly larger than the size of the roots. Fertilizers mixed with soil are poured inside
the holes.
After digging a planting hole for planting shrubs with an open root system,
drive a peg (for garter) into the bottom of the hole and fill 2/3 with a mixture of
fertile soil and fertilizer. Gently straighten the roots of the seedling and treat the roots
with mash. They place it in a hole, with the horse’s neck located above ground level,
dig in and tie it up, and water it.
If the plant has a closed root system, fill the hole completely with fertilized
soil, and dig a hole the size of the root system in the center. A seedling is placed in a
hole, covered with earth, pressed down, and watered.
When groundwater is located close to the ground, planting is carried out not in
a hole, but in bulk soil, mounds. On heavy soils, the ground is mulched with sand and
shavings. Planting on sand is carried out by first pouring a layer of clay along the
edges of the hole and filling the pit with fertile soil.
Over a large area, planting is carried out using agricultural technology for
plowing the land and digging pits. Before planting shrubs, dig up the soil using two
shovels and remove roots, debris and large stones. You can also add suitable soil. For
plants that prefer acidic soils, add peat. When planting, distribute the roots in the
planting hole so that they do not bend. Keep the soil compacted around the roots,
avoiding any pockets of air. When transplanting large shrubs (adults), their branches
are shortened.
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Selection of trees and shrubs is one of the important stages of landscaping.
Particular care should be taken to select plants that form the basis of green spaces.
Guided by the principles of adaptive ornamental gardening, you need to choose
mainly local, environmentally stable (including pollution-resistant), durable tree
species with high health-improving and decorative qualities.
When selecting plants for various types of public green spaces (gardens, parks,
alleys and other plantings in populated areas), one should take into account: the
functional purpose of the object and compliance with this purpose of the basic
biological and environmental properties of the plant: growth rate; wind, gas, dust,
smoke, frost, salt resistance; requirements for lighting conditions, moisture supply,
soils, thermal conditions, etc.
Ornamental shrubs have always helped gardeners and designers to the rescue.
Only shrubs with their variety of shapes, colors, and textures can turn a natural corner
into a romantic or friendly one.
However, the aesthetic and protective functions of hedges are not the only
ones. Trees and shrubs that form plantings of this type act as filters: they absorb
noise, prevent drying out of the soil, as well as strong winds from causing mechanical
damage to the vegetation existing on the site.
Bosquets. Bosquets are individual areas of a park or garden, limited by dense
single-row (or several rows) tree plantings of geometrically regular profile, mostly
rectangular or rounded. The green wood walls that form the sides of the bosquets are
trimmed to give them clear contours.
The free space inside the bosquets is allocated for children's and sports
grounds, flower beds, and fountains and swimming pools are also installed here.
This type of green space is the basis of any plant composition used in regular
planning. Bosquets divide the surrounding space horizontally and create a certain
background for such landscape components as architectural structures, sculptural
groups, swimming pools, etc.
Bosquets usually have clear external outlines, allowing distant views to be
viewed through a well-defined frame.
Usually, when creating such plantings, preference is given to one particular
tree species, for example, hornbeam, Norway maple, cherry plum, linden, hawthorn,
spruce, thuja, yew or elm.
Figured green products. This includes artificially molded evergreen
deciduous and coniferous species in the form of regular geometric bodies or stylized
figures of animals, people and architectural structures.
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Figured green products are used in the form of independent compositions or in
combination with other park elements.
Products in the form of regular geometric bodies are most often used in
gardens and parks of a regular type; fantastic (but by no means ugly) figured products
can also find their place in kindergartens or the corresponding sectors of cultural and
recreation parks.
In the south of our country, in parterres, especially in architectural structures,
“carpet” products made from clipped, durable evergreen material are sometimes used.
Climbing woody plants are sometimes used as an independent element of a
park composition, for example, in the form of single plants or small groups on the
lawn (honeysuckle, honeysuckle, clematis), on a support in the form of a column or
triangle (pyramid), and also as a lawn covering (plush).
Most often, climbing bushes are used to decorate the walls of buildings,
construct covered alleys and gazebos.
Some of them simply lie on the support with long, outstretched branches and
climb up the support, holding on to it with the help of thorns or shortened, hard,
thorny shoots. The first group includes climbing roses, the second group includes
prickly oleaster.
Others are attached to the support by adventitious roots emerging from the
stems on the side of the shoots in contact with the support. These are ivy and thecoma
rooting.
Many climbing plants strengthen themselves by wrapping their tops around a
support. These include, for example, wisteria. Its young shoots make slow rotational
movements, tightly wrapping around the support. In this case, the downward sliding
of the branches is weakened by the downward-facing hairs covering the shoots.
In common grapes and other representatives belonging to the true grape genus,
it is not the stems themselves that twist around the support, but shoots specially
adapted for this — thin thread-like tendrils.
Finally, some climbing plants anchor themselves to a support by wrapping leaf
petioles around them. These include tall climbing deciduous vines from the genus
Clematis, among which there are some very spectacular flowering species.
Lianas are important as a plant material used for decorating, as well as
camouflaging the walls of buildings and architectural park structures — gazebos,
pergolas, trellises, retaining walls, fences and other vertical landscaping objects.
Restoration of tree and shrub plantings includes the following activities:
pruning, fertilizing, watering, sealing hollows and mechanical damage, protection
from diseases and pests, removing dead, diseased and emergency trees so that
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existing green spaces do not lose their resistance to wind loads; formation of normal
plant density; replacing undesirable breeds with better ones; removal or pruning of
trees located at a distance of 5 meters from houses.
3.12. PLANT IRRIGATION SYSTEM
Irrigation systems can be of several types: humidifying, watering and
fertilizing. Irrigations are also divided into regular and one-time.
When using a regular irrigation system, water is supplied depending on the
needs of plants, meteorological and soil conditions of the site, organizational and
economic capabilities.
Regular irrigation improves the water, air, thermal and nutritional qualities of
the soil.
When designing and constructing irrigation systems, the topography,
composition and fertility of the soil, moisture capacity, water permeability, moisture
resistance, salinity, amount of natural moisture, wind speed and direction,
evaporation rate, drainage of territories, groundwater depth and its composition, and
vegetation are taken into account.
When assessing meteorological factors, probabilistic methods are used to
determine possible temperature fluctuations and intra-annual distribution.
The quality of water for irrigation matters. The content of soluble salts in it
should be up to 1 g/l. On light soils, the permissible salt content is higher than on
heavy soils.
Great importance is also attached to irrigation equipment. Large sediments in
water are bad for irrigation equipment. The maximum content of fine clay sediments
in water depends on the size of the equipment openings and the filtration system.
Irrigation water temperature has a great influence on the well-being and
development of plants. It is necessary to warm up cold underground water. When the
water temperature is more than 20 degrees, plants develop their root system better
and grow faster.
There are the following methods of irrigating plantings: the simplest, surface
(various types), sprinkling, subsoil, drip and aerosol.
Most often, sprinkling, drip and aerosol irrigation are used at landscape
architecture sites.
The simplest irrigation methods are those that do not require or require
minimal additional structures for the supply and distribution of water. These are
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water pipelines, tractor and tank trucks filled in rivers, streams, etc. In arid areas, the
sources are ditches (canals).
Water pipelines can be utility, watering, industrial, fire-fighting, high-pressure
or low-pressure. Landscape projects typically use a special type of plumbing system.
Household plumbing is an integral part of facility maintenance and performs
various functions. The water supply is used throughout the year for the needs of
buildings and for filling skating rinks. The irrigation water supply is used to ensure
watering of green spaces, paths, etc.
When designing a utility water supply, it is necessary to determine where the
connection to the city water supply network will be. It is also necessary to select a
suitable water supply scheme and pipeline diameters. It is necessary to determine the
total need for water for watering plantings, filling fountains and water devices.
In a fire-fighting water supply system, the pressure depends on the fire
extinguishing method; it must also be taken into account in the fire-fighting and
irrigation water supply system. Fire-fighting high-pressure water pipes are used mainly
in industrial enterprises. It is prohibited to irrigate crops from such water pipes.
In an external network with installed fire hydrants (low pressure water supply),
use for irrigation purposes for low-pressure devices (faucet, hose) is permitted.
In a large city, there is usually a high-pressure water supply network for
household purposes, to which sprinklers are connected.
Sprinklers are divided into sprinkler units, machines and installations.
Sprinkler units consist of a self-propelled support and a sprinkler unit mounted with a
sprinkler device. Irrigation machines are a self-propelled support and a mounted
sprinkler device, the pressure is created by a pumping station. Sprinkler installations
are devices on stationary and portable supports.
The following installations are used on landscape objects:
- low-pressure and high-pressure;
- stationary and rotating;
- open and closed;
- self-pressure and pressure-creating pumping stations and sprinkler devices;
- stationary, mobile, self-propelled.
All sprinkling devices are equipped with sprinkler nozzles and devices. These
devices convert the flow of water into raindrops. The devices have moving parts that
distribute the flow of water over an area. There can be short-jet, medium-jet and
long-range devices (up to 10, up to 50 and more than 50 m). There are deflector and
jet nozzles. In deflector systems, water irrigates a circle around itself.
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To create a more uniform flow, several nozzles are installed and the devices are
forced to rotate around a vertical axis.
Watering in a circle is effective at wind speeds of up to 2–2.5 m/s. In case of
stronger winds, watering is carried out in a sector. It is necessary that the average
intensity of rain does not exceed the absorption capacity of the soil at the end of
irrigation. The absorbency is determined experimentally.
When using sprinkling, it is worth remembering the need to maintain soil
looseness. The soil in the tree holes is loosened, the lawns are aerated, preferably
with vertical puncture and loosening, the heavy soil is removed and replaced with
sand.
To irrigate large objects with plants that can withstand impacts from larger
droplets, long-range sprinklers with increased nozzle diameters and irrigation radius
are used.
3.13. LIGHTING SYSTEM
Lighting in garden and park construction is used to ensure safety for
pedestrians during evening walks, as well as for decorative purposes, highlighting the
most significant objects of the landscape.
According to their purpose, lighting sources are divided into:
- utilitarian;
- decorative.
Utilitarian ones serve solely to illuminate the path. Decorative ones are
intended for highlighting sculptures, MAFs, ponds, trees, flower beds and shrubs.
Lighting plays one of the most important roles in the landscape design of parks.
It is also necessary to take into account the attractiveness of lighting sources during
daylight hours. All lighting devices used within one gardening facility must interact
with each other. Lighting water surfaces or wet paths creates discomfort.
When designing lighting, concepts such as luminous flux, luminous intensity,
illumination and brightness are used. Luminous flux is measured in lumens (lm), the
illumination unit (lux) shows the illumination of a surface of 1 m2 with a luminous
flux of 1 lm.
The norm of average horizontal illumination should be in the range of 2–6 lux.
Illumination standards are given in SNiP 23-05-95.
Various light sources are used to illuminate parks. These are incandescent
lamps, mercury fluorescent lamps and high pressure sodium lamps.
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