Особенности написания научной статьи на английском языке раздел «Введение». Учебно-методическое пособие-1

5.3.Дополните таблицу в упр. 2 названиями разделов из других статей по тематике вашего исследования.

5.4.a) Разбейте следующие вступления к трем научным статьям на шаги по модели CARS. Заполните таблицу.

Introduction 1

1In general relativity, it is a subtle issue to define the interior volume of a black hole which has a particular physical significance, and this is related to the choice of a special spacelike hypersurface. 2Parikh [1] suggests that a reasonable definition of interior volume inside a black hole should be a slicing-invariant volume, which has been discussed deeply in the following works [2-8]. 3Recently, Christodoulou and Rovelli [9] have extended the definition of a sphere volume from the flat spacetime to the curved spacetime. 4So, a new definition of the interior volume mainly

comes from the spacelike hypersurface at r = M at the late advanced time

v. 5Furthermore, the interior volume increases linearly with the advanced time v, which can be expressed as

6Subsequently, Bengtsson and Jakobsson [10] extended the interior volume definition from a spherically symmetric black hole to an axially symmetric black hole. 7Based on the definition, the interior volume of a Kerr black hole has been calculated. 8Since a Kerr metric is much more complicated than a Schwarzschild metric, the method proposed by Christodoulou and Rovelli to calculate the interior volume of a black hole cannot be used directly. 9They chose an arbitrary hypersurphace as constant r inside a Kerr black hole technically, and calculate the volume expression using this hypersurface. 10Furthermore, they demonstrate that the volume expression has a maximal value when the coordinate r takes a special value. 11This can be regarded as the interior volume of a Kerr black hole approximately. 12Based on this literature, we use the method of extrinsic curvature to demonstrate more clearly that the interior volume calculation for a Kerr black hole is reasonable. 13Then, taking the same approach, we calculate the interior volume of a Kerr-Newman black hole and demonstrate that this method is reasonable for a Kerr-Newman black hole too.

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14The organization of the paper is as follows. 15In section 2, we briefly review the interior volume calculation for a Schwarzschild black hole and a Kerr black hole. 16After that, thinking of the extrinsic curvature, we demonstrate that the method to calculate the interior volume of a Kerr black hole is reasonable. 17In section 3, we continue to calculate the interior volume of a Kerr-Newman black hole using the same approach. 18The paper ends with conclusions in section 4.

Introduction 2

1The diffractive photoproduction of vector mesons in high-energy interactions is sensitive to the energy evolution of the gluon distribution of hadrons at small x, as well as the distribution of gluonic degrees of freedom in the impact-parameter plane. 2As such, it has been extensively studied at HERA [1], [2] and at the LHC [3], [4]; it is also one of the key observables to search for gluon saturation [5], [6] in future facilities [7], [8].

3Recently, this type of process has been used to investigate the behaviour of subnucleon degrees of freedom in the structure of hadrons. 4In particular, it has been shown [9], [10] that in a Good–Walker formalism [11], [12] the dissociative photoproduction of J / is sensitive to the event-by- event fluctuations, in the impact-parameter plane, of so-called hot spots – regions of high gluonic density. 5These studies fixed the number of hot spots within the proton to three. 6The same model was then used to investigate these processes for the case of nuclear targets [13].

7In a further development, the diffractive photoproduction of J / was studied in a model in which the number of hot spots increases with decreasing x [14]. 8This model was also successfully extended to describe J / photoproduction off nuclear targets at the LHC [15]. 9The energy dependence on the number of hot spots provides new signatures for saturation: in the case of production off protons, the dissociative cross section reaches a maximum after which it decreases steeply at high energies [14]; while for the production off lead the ratio of the incoherent to the coherent cross section shows a slope as a function of x[15]. 10Both behaviours occur in energy ranges accessible to the LHC.

11In this work, we extend our studies to include diffractive photopro-

in Fig. 2: the position of the maximum of the dissociative cross section

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shows a dependence on the mass of the vector meson, providing a further handle to search for saturation effects.

14The rest of this document is organised as follows. In the next section, we review the formalism used in this work. 15Section 3 reports our results and compares the predictions of our model to experimental data. 16In Sec. 4, we discuss the results and explore its implications. 17Finally, in Sec. 5 we summarise our work and findings.

Introduction 3

1The XXZ spin chain with the antiperiodic boundary condition (or the twisted boundary condition) is a very interesting quantum system [1], [2], [3], [4]. 2By using the Jordan–Wigner transformation, the model can describe a p-wave Josephson junction embedded in a spinless Luttinger liquid [5], [6], [7]. 3Although there exists a twisted bound at the boundary which breaks the usual U (1)-symmetry of the bulk system (or the closed chain case) [8], it can be proved that the system is still integrable. 4By using the off-diagonal Bethe ansatz (ODBA) method [9], [10], [11], the exact solution of the model was obtained [9], which is described by an inhomogeneous relation (cf. the ordinary homogeneous one [12], [13]). 5Such an inhomogeneous relation has played a universal role to describe the eigenvalue of the transfer matrix for quantum integrable systems [8]. 6However, due to the fact that Bethe roots should satisfy the inhomogeneous Bethe ansatz equations (BAEs), it is hard to study the thermodynamic properties [14] of the corresponding systems [15], [16], [17].

7Based on an intelligent trick, the thermodynamic limit of the spin-

XXZ chain with the generic off-diagonal boundary terms in the gapless region (i.e., the anisotropy parameter η in (2.1) below being an imaginary number) was succeeded in obtaining [18]. 8The most important observation in the paper is that the contribution of the inhomogeneous term for the ground state, in the gapless region, can be neglected when the systemsize N tends to infinity. 9Such a fact has been confirmed recently by the studies of other integrable models [19], [20], [21], [22] whose eigenvalue of the transfer matrix is given in terms of the inhomogeneous relation.

10In this paper, we propose a method to study the thermodynamic limit of the XXZ spin chain with the twisted boundary condition at the antiferromagnetic region (i.e., η being a real number). 11We first study the contribution of the inhomogeneous term with finite system-size N. 12We find that

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the contribution of the inhomogeneous term in the associated relation to the ground state energy can be neglected when the system-size N tends to infinity. 13Because we consider the massive region of the system, the ground state energy with even N and that with odd N are different. 14The value of energy difference is proportional to the energy of one bond. 15We also check our results by using the density matrix renormalization group (DMRG) method [23], [24], which leads to that the numerical results and the analytic one are consistent with each other very well. 16As a consequence, we obtain the twisted boundary energy of the model.

17The paper is organized as follows. 18In the next section, the model and the associated ODBA solutions are introduced. 19In section 3, we study the finite-size effects of contribution of the inhomogeneous term in the relation for the ground state. 20The thermodynamic limit of the XXZ spin chain with antiperiodic and with periodic boundary conditions are discussed in section 4 and section 5, respectively. 21The twisted boundary energy is given in Section 6. 22Section 7 is the concluding remarks and discussions. 23Some supporting detailed calculations are given in Appendices A and B.

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б) Сравните структуры трех введений. Есть ли между ними различия? Если да, то какие? Чем, на ваш взгляд, можно было бы улучшить данные введения?

5.5. Ответьте на вопросы по введениямв упр. 5.4. Старайтесь не повторять ключевые фразы из текста, заменяя использованныеавторами фразыи/иликонструкциинадругие, носхожиепо смыслу.

1.What words do the authors use to show that the general research areas are problematic?

2.What does each of the papers study?

3.What are the objectives?

4.How do the authors intend to achieve their goals?

5.How do the authors account for the significance of their work?

5.6. Соотнеситефразы(1–20) сихфункциямивовведении (A–D).

A)Establishing why your topic is important.

B)Outlining the past-present history of the study of your topic (no direct references to the literature).

C)Indicating the gap in knowledge and possible limitations.

D)Showing the significance of your study.

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1. The status of boundaries in modern theoretical physics has evolved from being simply «the place where we set boundary conditions» to the locus of wealth of phenomena whose richness and physical relevance is becoming increasingly apparent.

2.The significance of MRI in modern diagnostics is demonstrated by the ever-increasing number of imagers installed all over the world.

3.The use of more advanced interferometers opens the possibility to observe a black hole directly in the future and to test models and theories analysing the quantum structure of spacetime at microscopic length

scales.

4. Because of its fundamental nature, importance and broad impacts in many areas of nuclear physics and astrophysics, the study on nucleon effective masses has a long and rich history.

5.The role of radioactive nuclei in the field of astrophysics has been long recognised and described.

6.Despite manifold technical advances in the recent years, the low

sensitivity of MRI remains a significant limitation.

7. Thus, examining the interaction of fields with black holes is of great importance to understand aspects about formation, stability, and gravitational wave emission.

8.Recently, a number of intriguing relationships have been discovered between field theories whose physics is very different.

9.The most critical but still poorly known physics for understanding nucleon effective masses in neutron-rich matter is the momentum/energy dependence of nucleon isovector (symmetry) potential.

10.Previous studies have pointed that the global monopole tends to

increase these quantities for sufficiently large global monopole coupling parameter.

11. While it has been known for quite some time how to describe the boundary dynamics of Chern–Simons theory (i.e. the WZNW action) and how to describe Hamiltonian boundary observables in Chern–Simons theory and gravity, here we will take these steps further and introduce a new set of boundary variables, which are found through the requirement of gauge-invariance of the so-called covariant Hamiltonian framework, and which will lead to a “dressing” of the previously-known boundary observables.

12. But this is not confirmed experimentally, raising one of the most serious puzzles of the SM.

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13. In fact, whether the effective mass for neutrons is higher, equal to or lower than that for protons in neutron-rich matter has been a longstanding question with conflicting answers.

14. Black holes are fascinating objects that have remarkable characteristics and one of them is that the behave like thermodynamic systems possessing temperature and entropy.

15. This offers a systematic approach to the construction of infinitedimensional Galilean algebras. It also allows us to derive conditions necessary for the existence of such a Galilean algebra and to determine properties of the ensuing algebras.

16. Due to extensive technological advances in the laboratory analysis of the isotopic composition of terrestrial and extraterrestrial materials, the amount of information and constraints that can be derived from such studies are expanding at a very fast rate.

17.There is however no known systematic way of identifying these degrees of freedom and possibly associated boundary observables.

18.The study to understand the processes of absorption and scattering in the vicinity of black holes is one of the most important issues in theoretical physics and also of great relevance for experimental research.

19.Being problematic already in the SM, these phases pose a challenge for any model as long as no specific dynamics is called to explicitly tame them.

20.Our results will be important for future studies of the nonperturbative double copy, as well as being of interest in their own right, given the multiple contests in which the biadjoint theory arises.

5.7. Обсудите, какие варианты предложений допустимы в научной письменной речи на английском языке и почему.

1.The following section outlines the state of the art in particle physics. / In the following section the state of the art in particle physics is outlined.

2.We compared our results with those of Jones. / The results were compared with those of Jones.

3.The paper focuses on the most recent developments in nuclear

physics. / This paper is focused on the most recent developments in nuclear physics.

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4. The main aim of this study is to develop an alternative to the Internet. / The study is mainly aimed at developing an alternative to the Internet.

5. An example of this effect is shown in Figure 2. / We show an example of this effect in Figure 2. / Figure 2 shows an example of this effect.

6.We use this system since many years. / There are many years that we use this system. / We have used this system for many years.

7.(in the Conclusions section) We presented a new methodology

for analysis. We showed that… / We have presented a new methodology for analysis. We have shown that…

8.This paper presented a methodology for establishing the amount of… / This paper presents a methodology for establishing the amount of…

9.In this paper we present the innovative solution to the three-bus problem. / In this paper we present an innovative solution to a three-bus

problem. / In this paper we present an innovative solution to the three-bus problem.

10. I have a computer at home and at work. The computer that I have in my office is a Mac and the one at home is an HP. / I have a computer at home and at work. A computer that I have in my office is a Mac and the one at home is an HP. / I have the computer at home and at work. The computer that I have in my office is a Mac and the one at home is an HP.

11.The comparison given in the Sect. 3.1 highlights that… / The comparison given in Sect. 3.1 highlights that… / A comparison given in Sect. 3.1 highlights that…

12.A computer is an electronic device for storing and processing data. / The computer is the electronic device for storing and processing data.

13.The computer changed the way we live. / The computer has changed the way we live. / The computer changes the way we want to live.

14.Results of the present study reveal that… / The results of the present study reveal that…

15.Research that we have conducted so far proves that… / The research that we have conducted so far proves that…

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5.8. а) Прочитайте следующие примеры обзоров литературы. Обратите внимание на разнообразие языковых средств, используемых авторами.

Example 1

Based on a number of works [9, 11–16] in recent years, there is growing evidence [9, 11, 15, 16] that non-Higgsable seven-branes and nonHiggsable clusters are generic in sixand four-dimensional compactifications of F-theory. This evidence arises from both abstract argumentation and large datasets, as will be reviewed in section 2.

Example 2

Most of the recent developments in physics have taken place in the context of Vasiliev’s higher-spin theory [12, 13], see also [14, 15]. In particular, it has been conjectured [16] that the three-dimensional O (N) vector model at its critical points is dual to a Vasiliev’s theory on AdS4. It has also been argued [17–20] that the asymptotic algebra of higher-spin gravity on AdS3 exhibits a W-symmetry. By essentially morphing these ideas and observations, it was subsequently conjectured [21] that a particular Vasiliev theory on AdS3 is dual to the WN minimal models [22] at large N. Studies of this conjecture have led to significant advances in the understanding of WN algebras, their representation theory and their large- N limit.

Example 3

Characterising the nonrelativistic (NR) limit of relativistic quantum field theories is an important issue that is relevant in many contexts, especially when the low energy effective description of a system is required. It has found applications in studying NR diffeomorphism invariance [1– 4], in fluid dynamics [9, 10], in identifying a plausible dark matter candidate within realistic models of particle physics [11, 12] and a host of other phenomena [13, 14]. Relativistic theories and their equations may be systematically constructed by exploiting the relevant Lorentz symmetry. The obtention of space time generators also follows a well defined track. Such a systematic structure is lacking for NR theories due to the presence of a universal time, contrary to the relativistic case. This has been manifested in no uncertain terms in recent discussions on NR diffeomorphism sym-

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metry and its myriad applications [1–4]. Recourse has been taken to obtain and better understand the results by implementing the NR limit of relativistic expressions. But problems and confusions have persisted, some of which were highlighted in [4].

б) Обсудите, как можно было бы улучшить данные фрагменты с точки зрения языка.

5.9. Составьте обзор литературы по следующему плану.

1.Introduction to a specific area of research within your field.

2.Support from the literature regarding this area of research.

3.Mini summary explaining how your work represents an advance

on what is already known.

5.10. а) Прочитайте следующие примеры описания структуры статьи. Обратите внимание на разнообразие языковых средств, используемых авторами.

Example 1

The rest of this article is organized as follows. In section 2 we describe in more details the idea on how to read the vertices and color ordered vertices from string theory and we compare with the usual approach in determining the EFT. We introduce the color ordered vertices in a slightly different way as usual (see [13, 14] and references therein) since they are introduced as a tool to mimic string diagrams as close as possible. In section 3 we perform the actual computation of the 3 color ordered vertex. We discuss how it compares to the most general 3 vector Lagrangian and the field redefinition which is needed to map the string field to the usual one used in EFT. We also discuss the string color ordered vertex as result of the minimal information which is needed to reconstruct the gauge invariant EFT. Finally in section 4 we recover the 4 point color ordered vertex up to two derivatives and we show that the choice performed for the 3 vertex is the one which minimizes the number of terms in this 4 point vertex.

Example 2

The structure of the paper is as follows. In section 2, we derive powerlaw line solutions for a general common gauge group G, and for the case

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