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- •Preface
- •Contents
- •1.3.4 The Eustachian Tube
- •1.3.5 Muscles
- •1.3.6 Innervation
- •1.3.7 Vascular Supply
- •1.4 The Inner Ear (Labyrinthine Cavity)
- •1.4.1 The Vestibule
- •1.4.2 Semicircular Canals
- •1.4.4 The Cochlea
- •1.4.5 Innervation
- •1.1 Introduction
- •1.2 The External Ear
- •1.2.1 The Auricle
- •1.2.3 The Eternal Auditory Canal/External Acoustic Meatus
- •1.3 The Middle Ear (Tympanic Cavity)
- •1.3.1 The Tympanic Membrane
- •1.3.3 Ossicles
- •1.4.6 Cochlea Nerve Anatomy
- •1.4.7 Vestibular Nerves
- •1.4.8 The Vestibulocochlear Nerve
- •1.5 The Central Hearing System
- •1.5.3 Auditory Input
- •1.5.4 The Auditory Nerve’s Descending Routes
- •References
- •2: Outer–Middle–Inner Ear Embryology
- •2.1 Introduction
- •2.2 Embryology
- •2.3.1 First Week
- •2.3.3 Third Week
- •2.3.4 Fourth Week
- •2.3.5 Sixth Week
- •References
- •3.1 Introduction
- •3.3 The Outer Ear
- •3.3.1 Anatomy
- •3.3.3 Localization
- •3.4 The Middle Ear
- •3.4.3 Middle Ear Muscles
- •3.4.4 The Eustachian Tube
- •3.4.5 Impedance Matching
- •3.5 The Inner Ear
- •3.5.1.1 Lateral Wall
- •3.5.1.2 Reissner’s Membrane
- •3.5.1.3 The Basilar Membrane
- •3.5.2.1 Hair Cells
- •Inner Hair Cells
- •Outer Hair Cells
- •3.5.3 The Tectorial Membrane
- •3.5.4 The Osseous Spiral Lamina
- •3.5.5 Cochlear Mechanics
- •3.5.5.1 Passive Mechanics
- •3.5.5.2 Active Mechanics
- •3.6.1 Auditory Nerve Fibers
- •3.6.2 The Subcortical Auditory Nuclei
- •3.6.2.1 The Cochlear Nucleus
- •3.6.2.2 The Superior Olivary Complex
- •3.6.2.3 The Lateral Lemniscus
- •3.6.2.4 Inferior Colliculus
- •3.6.2.5 The Medial Geniculate Body
- •3.6.3 The Auditory Cortex
- •3.7 Conclusion
- •References
- •4.1 Introduction
- •4.2 Eustachian Tube Anatomy
- •4.4 Eustachian Tube Dysfunction
- •References
- •5: Temporal Bone Radiology
- •5.1.1 Introduction
- •5.1.2 Computed Tomography (CT)
- •5.1.3 Temporal Bone CT Angiography
- •5.1.4 Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
- •5.1.5 Diffusion-Weighted Imaging (DWI)
- •5.1.6 Conclusion
- •5.2.1 Introduction
- •5.2.2.1 The External Auditory Canal (EAC)
- •5.2.3 Temporal Bone Fractures
- •5.2.4 Conclusion
- •5.3.1 Introduction
- •5.3.2 Necrotizing Otitis Externa
- •5.3.3 Middle Ear
- •5.3.3.2 Chronic Otitis Media
- •5.3.3.3 Cholesteatomas
- •5.3.3.4 Cholesterol Granulomas
- •5.3.4 Inner Ear
- •5.3.4.1 Labyrinthitis
- •5.3.4.2 Petrous Apicitis
- •5.3.5 Conclusion
- •5.4.1 Introduction
- •5.4.2.1 Cerebellopontine Angle Tumors
- •Vestibular Schwannomas
- •Arachnoid Cysts
- •Meningiomas
- •5.5.2 External Auditory Canal Aplasia
- •5.5.4 Inner Ear Malformations
- •5.5.4.1 Complete Labyrinthine Aplasia/Michel Anomaly
- •5.5.4.2 Rudimentary Otocysts
- •5.5.4.3 Common Cavity Malformation
- •5.5.4.4 Incomplete Partition (IP) Type I
- •5.5.4.5 Incomplete Partition Type II/Mondini Malformation
- •5.5.4.6 Incomplete Partition Type III
- •5.5.4.7 Cochlear Anomalies
- •5.5.4.8 Semicircular Canal Anomalies
- •5.5.6 Conclusion
- •5.6.1 Introduction
- •5.6.2 Otospongiosis/Otosclerosis
- •Epidermoids
- •5.4.2.2 The Middle Ear
- •5.4.2.4 Petrous Bone
- •5.4.2.5 Metastatic Tumors
- •5.4.3 Conclusion
- •5.5.1 Introduction
- •5.6.3 Third Window Lesions
- •5.6.4 Conclusion
- •References
- •6.1 Introduction
- •6.3.1 What Is Sound?
- •6.3.2 Sound Intensity
- •6.4 Psychoacoustics
- •6.4.1 Signal Detection Theory
- •References
- •7.1 Introduction
- •7.1.1 What Is Sound?
- •7.2 Fundamental Acoustic Concepts
- •7.2.3 Period
- •7.2.4 Frequency
- •7.2.5 Wavelength
- •7.3 Psychoacoustics
- •7.3.1 Loudness
- •7.3.2 Auditory Masking
- •7.3.2.1 Simultaneous Masking
- •7.3.2.2 Temporal Masking
- •7.4.2 Spatial Hearing
- •References
- •8.1 Introduction
- •8.2 Case History
- •8.3 The Audiology Test Room
- •8.4.1 Pure-Tone Audiometry
- •8.4.1.1 Masking
- •8.4.2 Speech Audiometry
- •8.4.3 Pediatric Assessment
- •8.5.1 Acoustic Immittance Audiometry
- •8.5.1.1 Tympanometry
- •Tympanogram Interpretation
- •8.5.1.2 Multifrequency Tympanometry
- •8.5.1.3 Wideband Tympanometry
- •8.5.1.4 Acoustic Reflex Test
- •8.5.1.5 The Reflex Decay Test
- •8.5.1.6 Eustachian Tube Evaluation
- •8.5.2 Otoacoustic Emissions
- •8.5.2.2 Performing Otoacoustic Emission Tests
- •8.5.3 Auditory Evoked Potentials
- •8.5.3.2 Auditory Evoked Brainstem Response
- •Stimulus Types
- •Stimulus Polarity
- •Stimulus Presentation Rate
- •Stimulus Intensity
- •Analysis Time (Recording Epoch)
- •Filters
- •Artifact Rejection Level
- •Electrodes
- •8.5.3.3 Auditory Steady-State Responses
- •8.5.3.4 Electrocochleography
- •Electrocochleography Analysis
- •8.5.3.5 Cortical Auditory Evoked Potentials
- •8.5.3.6 Event-Related Auditory Potentials
- •P300
- •Mismatch Negativity
- •Acoustic Change Complex
- •8.6 Conclusion
- •References
- •9.1 Introduction
- •9.2.3 Conductive Hearing Loss
- •9.2.4 Sensorineural Hearing Loss
- •9.2.4.1 Internal Acoustic Canal Tumors
- •9.2.4.2 Auditory Neuropathy Spectrum Disorder
- •9.2.4.3 Third Window Syndrome
- •9.2.4.4 Dead Region
- •9.2.5 Mixed Hearing Loss
- •9.3 Hearing Loss Configuration
- •9.3.3 Unilateral or Bilateral Hearing Loss
- •9.3.4 Symmetric or Asymmetric Hearing Loss
- •9.3.5 Fluctuating or Stable Hearing Loss
- •9.4 Diagnostic Tests
- •9.4.1 Pure Tone Threshold Testing
- •9.4.2 Speech Recognition Tests
- •9.4.3 Tympanometric Tests
- •9.4.4 Stapedial Reflex
- •9.4.5 Otoacoustic Emission Test
- •9.4.6 Auditory Brainstem Responses
- •9.6 Reporting Audiological Findings
- •9.7 Conclusion
- •References
- •10.1 Introduction
- •10.2.1 Anamnesis
- •10.2.2 Hearing Loss
- •10.2.3 Ear Pain (Otalgia)
- •10.2.4 Ear Discharge (Otorrhea)
- •10.2.5 Itchy Ear
- •10.2.8 Physical Examination
- •10.2.8.1 Inspection
- •10.2.8.2 Palpation
- •10.2.8.3 Otoscopy
- •10.2.12 Hearing Examination
- •10.2.13 Hearing Assessment
- •10.2.13.1 Whisper Test
- •10.2.13.2 Tuning Fork Tests
- •Rinne Test
- •Weber Test
- •Schwabach Test
- •Gelle Test
- •10.3 Conclusion
- •References
- •11.1 Introduction
- •11.2.1 Microphone
- •11.2.2 Amplifier
- •11.2.3 Receiver
- •11.2.4 Batteries
- •11.2.5 Earmolds/Domes
- •11.4 Hearing Aid Types
- •11.5.1 Directional Microphone Technologies
- •11.5.2 Digital Noise Reduction
- •11.5.3 Frequency Lowering
- •11.5.4 Feedback Canceller
- •11.5.5 Bluetooth
- •11.6 Other Hearing Aid Technologies
- •11.7 Pediatric Hearing Aid Application
- •11.7.3.7 Hearing Aid Fitting
- •Prescription Formula Preference
- •Objective Verification Tools
- •Subjective Verification Tools
- •Fine-Tuning
- •11.8 Adult Hearing Aid Application
- •11.8.1.1 Medical Evaluation
- •11.8.1.2 Audiological Evaluation
- •11.8.1.3 Physical Evaluation
- •11.8.1.4 Psychological Evaluation
- •11.8.2 Hearing Aid Application Process
- •11.8.2.1 Anamnesis
- •11.8.2.6 Hearing Aid Fitting
- •Fine-Tuning
- •11.9 Conclusion
- •11.10 Case Studies
- •11.10.1 Case 1
- •11.10.2 Case 2
- •11.10.3 Case 3
- •11.10.4 Case 4
- •References
- •12.1 Introduction
- •12.3.1 Pathophysiology
- •12.3.2 Management
- •12.3.3 Etiology
- •12.3.4 Epidemiology
- •12.3.5 Assessing
- •12.3.6 Treatment
- •References
- •13: Otoplasty
- •13.1 Introduction
- •13.2 General Information
- •13.2.1 Auricular Anthropometry
- •13.3 History
- •13.8.1 Conservative Treatment
- •13.8.2 Surgical Treatment
- •13.11 Patient Follow-Up
- •13.12 Case Examples
- •13.13 Complications
- •13.13.1 Early Complications
- •13.13.2 Late Complications
- •13.13.3.1 Telephone Ear Deformity
- •13.13.3.2 Reverse Telephone Ear Deformity
- •13.13.3.5 Antihelical Malposition
- •13.13.3.6 Tragal Prominence
- •13.13.3.7 Auricular Lines
- •13.14 Revision Otoplasty
- •References
- •14: External Ear Tract Diseases
- •14.1 Introduction
- •14.2.1 Atopic Dermatitis
- •14.2.2 Allergic Contact Dermatitis
- •14.2.3 Photoallergic Dermatitis
- •14.2.4 Psoriasis
- •14.2.5 Relapsing Polychondritis
- •14.2.6 Gout
- •14.3 Traumatic Disorders
- •14.3.1 Irritant Contact Dermatitis
- •14.3.2 Phototoxic Dermatitis
- •14.3.3 Phototrauma
- •14.4 Infectious Diseases
- •14.4.1 Otitis Externa
- •14.4.1.1 Background
- •14.4.1.2 Anatomy
- •14.4.1.3 Classification
- •14.4.1.5 Diagnosis
- •14.4.1.6 Management
- •References
- •15: Auricula Tumors
- •15.1 Introduction
- •15.2 Benign Tumors
- •15.2.1 Chondrodermatitis Nodularis Chronica Helicis
- •15.2.2 Cystic Chondromalacia
- •15.2.3 Ceruminous Gland Adenoma
- •15.3 Malign Tumors
- •15.3.1 Basal Cell Carcinoma (BCC)
- •15.3.2 Squamous Cell Carcinoma
- •15.3.3 Ceruminous Gland Adenocarcinoma
- •15.4 Conclusion
- •References
- •16: Acute Suppurative Otitis Media
- •16.1 Introduction
- •16.2 Pathophysiology
- •16.3 Etiology
- •16.3.1 Host Factors
- •16.3.1.1 Immune System
- •16.3.1.2 Hereditary Susceptibility
- •16.3.1.3 Mucins
- •16.3.1.4 Anatomic Abnormalities
- •16.3.1.5 Physiologic Dysfunction
- •16.3.2 Infectious Factors
- •16.3.2.1 Bacterial Pathogens
- •16.3.2.2 Viral Pathogens
- •16.3.3 Environmental Factors
- •16.3.3.1 Infant Feeding Methods
- •16.4 Classification
- •16.6 Diagnosis
- •16.7 Treatment
- •16.7.1 Antibiotic Therapy Versus Observation
- •16.7.2 Initial Antibiotic Therapy
- •16.7.3 Supplemental Programs
- •References
- •17.1 Introduction
- •17.2 Definition
- •17.4 Pathophysiology
- •17.5 Diagnosis
- •17.5.1 Clinical Evaluation
- •17.6 Treatment
- •17.6.1 Medical Treatment
- •17.6.2 Surgical Treatment
- •17.7 Conclusion
- •References
- •18: Chronic Suppurative Otitis Media
- •18.1 Introduction
- •18.2 Epidemiology
- •18.3 Pathophysiology
- •18.4 Microbiology
- •18.5 Histopathology
- •18.6 Clinical Manifestations
- •18.6.1 Tubotympanic Type
- •18.6.2 Atticoantral Type
- •18.7 Diagnosis
- •18.7.1 Anamnesis
- •18.7.2 Otoscopic Examination
- •18.7.3 Audiological Evaluation
- •18.7.4 Imaging
- •18.8 Treatment
- •18.8.1 Medical Treatment
- •18.8.2 Surgical Treatment
- •18.9 Complications
- •18.10 Future Directions
- •18.11 Conclusion
- •References
- •19: Cholesteatoma
- •19.1 Introduction
- •19.2 Definition
- •19.3 Epidemiology
- •19.4 Histopathology
- •19.7 Cholesteatoma Types
- •19.7.1 Congenital Cholesteatoma
- •19.7.2 Acquired Cholesteatoma
- •19.7.2.2 Epithelial Migration Theory
- •19.7.2.3 Basal Cell Hyperplasia Theory
- •Tos Staging
- •Sade Staging
- •19.7.3 Unclassified Cholesteatomas
- •19.7.4 Petrous Bone Cholesteatomas
- •19.8 Practical Classification
- •19.8.1 Attic Cholesteatomas
- •19.8.2 Sinus Cholesteatomas
- •19.8.3 Pars Tensa Cholesteatomas
- •19.9 Clinical Presentations
- •19.9.1 Cholesteatoma Microbiology
- •19.10 Diagnosis
- •19.10.2 Computed Tomography
- •19.10.3 Magnetic Resonance Imaging
- •19.10.4 Audiometric Evaluation
- •19.11.1 Closed Techniques
- •19.11.2 Open Techniques
- •19.12 Conclusion
- •References
- •20.1 Introduction
- •20.2 Physiology
- •20.2.4 Tympanic Isthmus
- •20.4 Pathophysiology
- •20.5 Clinical Picture
- •20.6 Management
- •20.6.1 Surgical Management
- •20.6.1.2 Tympanoplasty
- •20.6.1.3 Mastoid Surgery
- •20.7 Adhesive Otitis Media
- •20.7.1 Pathogenesis
- •20.7.2 Clinical Findings
- •20.7.3 Imaging
- •20.7.4 Treatment
- •20.8 Conclusion
- •References
- •21.1 Introduction
- •21.2 Intratemporal Complications
- •21.2.1 Acute Mastoiditis
- •21.2.2 Facial Nerve Paralysis
- •21.2.3 Labyrinthitis
- •21.2.4 Labyrinthine Fistula
- •21.2.5 Petrositis
- •21.3 Intracranial Complications
- •21.3.1 Meningitis
- •21.3.2 Lateral Sinus Thrombosis
- •21.3.3 Brain Abscess
- •21.3.4 Otitic Hydrocephalus
- •21.3.5 Epidural Abscess
- •21.3.6 Subdural Empyema
- •21.4 Conclusion
- •References
- •22: Basic Otological Surgical Techniques
- •22.1 Introduction
- •22.3 Atticotomy
- •22.4 Mastoidectomy
- •22.4.1 Simple (Cortical) Mastoidectomy
- •22.4.2 Canal Wall-Up Mastoidectomy
- •22.4.3 Canal Wall-Down Mastoidectomy
- •22.4.4 Retrograde Mastoidectomy
- •22.4.5 Modified Radical Mastoidectomy
- •22.4.6 Radical Mastoidectomy
- •22.4.7 Mastoid Obliteration
- •22.5 Petrosectomy
- •22.6 Conclusion
- •References
- •23: Tympanoplasty
- •23.1 Introduction
- •23.2.1 Chronic Otitis Media
- •23.2.2 Traumatic Perforations
- •23.5 Tympanoplasty Types
- •23.7 Graft Materials
- •23.8 Graft Techniques
- •23.8.1 The Perichondrium/Cartilage Island Graft
- •23.8.2 The Palisade Graft
- •23.8.3 The Temporalis Fascia Graft
- •23.9 Surgical Approaches
- •23.9.1 Microscopic Approach
- •23.9.2 Endoscopic Approach
- •23.10.1 Transmeatal Incisions
- •23.10.1.1 The Rosen Incision
- •23.10.1.3 Anterior Tympanomeatal Flap
- •23.10.2 Endaural Incision
- •23.10.3 Postauricular Incision
- •23.11 Pediatric Tympanoplasty
- •23.12 Prognostic Factors
- •23.14 Conclusion
- •References
- •24: Ossiculoplasty
- •24.1 Introduction
- •24.4 Indications/Contraindications
- •24.5 Reconstruction Materials
- •24.7 Surgical Preparation
- •24.8 Surgical Technique
- •24.9 Ossiculoplasty Results
- •24.10 Complications
- •24.11 Postoperative Care
- •24.12 Follow-Up
- •24.13 Conclusion
- •References
- •25: Tympanomastoidectomy
- •25.1 Introduction
- •25.2 Surgical Anatomy
- •25.4 Indications
- •25.5 Technique
- •25.5.1 Patient’s Preparation
- •25.5.3 Simple Mastoidectomy
- •25.5.4 Posterior Tympanostomy or Facial Recess Approach
- •25.5.5 Epitympanectomy
- •25.5.6 Endolymphatic Sac Procedures
- •25.5.8 Atticotomy-Atticoantrotomy

Comprehensive ENT
MahmutTayyarKalcioglu
NurayBayarMuluk
HermanArthurJenkinsEditors
Otology
Updates

Comprehensive ENT
Series Editor
CemalCingi, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Medical Faculty, Eskişehir
Osmangazi University, Eskisehir,Türkiye

As technology progresses, there are continuous advances in every medical
subspeciality, and otorhinolaryngology/ENT is a particularly outstanding example
of this. ENT lends itself well to the development of innovative and sophisticated
solutions, including those affecting the vital area of airway management. Rhinoplasty
and related cosmetic procedures are now a well-established part of ENT practice,
and make major contributions to patient well-being, quality of life and social
function. The series also covers the key principles involved in the use of social
media for advertising and sharing cosmetic outcomes, from minor procedures to
full-scale surgical operations. The series gathers ENT and related sub-specialty
experts from across the globe and translates their knowledge into easily accessible,
well-structured summaries of the current state of knowledge, with accompanying
illustrations, diagrams and summary tables. Each volume is under the leadership of
editors who are thoroughly familiar with the area covered and understands exactly
which information is of most relevance and interest to those entering the eld for the
rst time or seeking to update their existing knowledge. The series both outlines
precisely the current state of the art in each area of ENT practice and shows where
the future of the feld may lie. The fundamental scientifc basis of various disorders
is covered, including molecular and cellular aspects, as well as diagnostic practice
and the appropriate use of investigations. Historical aspects will be covered where
they cast light on the general direction of the specialty. The latest developments in
clinical management, disease prevention and public health aspects are described.
The series shows how these multiple scientifc and clinical aspects can be best
understood in supporting an individual, personalized approach to patient care that
fts the patient-centered ethos of twenty-frst century ENT healthcare.

Mahmut Tayyar Kalcioglu
Nuray BayarMuluk • Herman Arthur Jenkins
Editors
Otology Updates

Editors
Mahmut Tayyar Kalcioglu
Department of Otorhinolaryngology
Istanbul Medeniyet University
Istanbul, Türkiye
Herman Arthur Jenkins
Department of Otolaryngology- Head &
Neck Surgery
University of Colorado
Aurora, CO, USA
Nuray BayarMuluk
Department of Otorhinolaryngology
Kırıkkale University
Kirikkale, Türkiye
ISSN 2731-6742 ISSN 2731-6750 (electronic)
Comprehensive ENT
ISBN 978-3-031-76172-0 ISBN 978-3-031-76173-7 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-76173-7
© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland
AG 2024
This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether
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The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication
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If disposing of this product, please recycle the paper.

Preface
As editors, we are honoured and delighted to have the opportunity to publish this
book entitled Otology Updates. In preparation, we solicited contributions from
world-class authors, each with superior knowledge in their eld, and awareness of
the complexities brought about by the incredible stage that science has reached in
the twenty-rst century. We wish to thank our authors for accepting our offer elevating the book to the next level. Our aim was to provide a resource for anyone interested in the ear and its related functions. We believe that this book has the potential
to be translated into different world languages to reach more readers in the future.
Our aim was to provide the reader with the most up-to-date information, ndings, and treatment options in an organised manner, starting with embryology, anatomy and physiology. It is intended to be useful not only to residents in training, but
also to specialists and academics at all levels of otolaryngology practice. It will be
a resource book with the most up-to-date information and treatment options to
which ENT physicians and students will refer.
We wish to thank all our mentors who have contributed to our own personal
development. We would like to thank our families and friends for their support and
understanding as we intensively worked through the intensive development phase of
the book. We especially wish to thank all the authors who contributed to the chapters of the book. A special thank you to our developmental support team goes to
Batın Berkay Öznacar, MD, who made an extraordinary effort in the linguistic editing, to Springer Publishing House, which undertook the publication of the book,
and to Smitha Diveshan, who contributed greatly to the compilation of the book.
Istanbul, Turkey MahmutTayyarKalcioglu
Kirikkale, Turkey NurayBayarMuluk
Aurora, CO, USA HermanArthurJenkins
v

Contents
Part I Anatomy, Embryology and Physiology of Auditory System
1 Outer–Middle–Inner Ear and Central Hearing
System Anatomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Oguzhan Oguz, Cemal Cingi, and Joao Flavio Nogueira
2 Outer–Middle–Inner Ear Embryology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Selin Dayisoylu, Nuray Bayar Muluk, and Taine C. Arbor
3 Physiology of the Peripheral and Central Hearing System . . . . . . . . . . 25
Mustafa Baran, Erdoğan Bulut, Şeref Erdoğan, and Atrur Lorens
4 Eustachian Tube: An Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
Zeynel Öztürk, Nuray Bayar Muluk,
and Gabriela Kopacheva-Barsova
5 Temporal Bone Radiology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
Mehmet Bilgin Eser, Umut Perçem Orhan Söylemez,
and Gazanfer Ekici
Part II Hearing and Management of Hearing Loss
6 Sound and Acoustics: An Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
Neslihan Sarı, İbrahim Çukurova, Cemal Cingi,
and Nuray Bayar Muluk
7 Acoustics, Psychoacoustics, and Properties of Sound . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
Mustafa Yüksel, Onursal Önen, and Bernhard U. Seeber
8 Behavioral and Electrophysiological Tests in Audiology . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
Ebru Kösemihal, Ömer Faruk Süloğlu, Mohamad Alfarghal,
and Suzanne C. Purdy
9 Basic Definition, Classification, and Characteristics
of Hearing Loss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
Ateş Mehmet Akşit and Ferda Akdaş
vii

viii
Contents
10 Otologic History Taking and Basic Examination Techniques . . . . . . . . 189
Serdal Celik, Sekib Umihanic, Mahmut Tayyar Kalcioglu,
and Suat Ozbilen
11 Selection and Application Principles of Hearing Aids
in Pediatric and Adult Population . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
Bahtiyar Celikgun, Bulent Serbetcioglu, and Moo Kyun Park
Part III Outer Ear Pathologies and Management
12 Auricula Anomalies and Auricula Atresia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259
Zeynel Öztürk, Oguzhan Oguz, and Nuray Bayar Muluk
13 Otoplasty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271
Remzi Dogan, Tamer Erdem, and Orhan Ozturan
14 External Ear Tract Diseases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307
Murat Kar, Cemal Cingi, and Eleftherios Ferekidis
15 Auricula Tumors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323
Mustafa Altıntaş, Nuray Bayar Muluk, and Rajko Jovic
Part IV Middle Ear Pathologies and Management
16 Acute Suppurative Otitis Media . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335
Ali Budak, Cemal Cingi, and Kevin A. Peng
17 Otitis Media with Effusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347
Ayse Yasemin Gunduz, Mahmut Tayyar Kalcioglu, Ozgur Yigit,
and Haytham Kubba
18 Chronic Suppurative Otitis Media . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 367
Mehmet İlhan Şahin, Burcu Bakıcı, and Dusan Milisavljevic
19 Cholesteatoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 381
Mehmet Tan, Suat Turgut, and Ercolo di Martino
20 Retraction Pockets and Adhesive Otitis Media . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 409
Beldan Polat, Kadir Serkan Orhan, and Badr Eldin Mostafa
21 Complications of Otitis Media . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 423
Serkan Şerier, Suela Sallavaci, and Mahmut Tayyar Kalcioglu
22 Basic Otological Surgical Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 445
Hakan Bayraktar, Mete Iseri, and Marco Mandala
23 Tympanoplasty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 455
Isa Kaya, Tayfun Kirazli, and John L. Dornhoffer
24 Ossiculoplasty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 479
Gokce Tanyeri Toker, Onur Celik, and Herman Arthur Jenkins

Contents
25 Tympanomastoidectomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 503
Yüksel Olgun, Cem Uzun, and Simon Ignacio Angeli
26 Otosclerosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 519
Özgür Sürmelioglu, Nazım Korkut, and Herman Arthur Jenkins
27 Tympanosclerosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 535
Volkan Yücel, Ali Özdek, and Milan Stankovic
28 Postoperative Care and Follow-Up After Otologic Surgery . . . . . . . . . 551
M. Zeki Yalçın, M. Tayyar Kalcıoğlu, and Slobodan Spremo
29 Eustachian Tube Dysfunction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 565
Yüksel Olgun, Vedat Topsakal, and Cuneyt Alper
30 Auto Inflation in Otitis Media with Effusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 575
Nihat Susaman, Nuray Bayar Muluk, Glenis Scadding,
and Cemal Cingi
31 Granulomatous Diseases of Temporal Bone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 587
Noor Dina Hashim, Shahizon Azura Mohamed Mukari,
and Asma Abdullah
Part V Inner Ear Diseases and Management
32 Tinnitus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 603
Murat Erinc, Agnieszka J. Szczepek, and Jae-Jin Song
ix
33 Hyperacusis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 623
Murat Erinc, Agnieszka J. Szczepek, and Jae-Jin Song
34 Presbycusis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 635
Teslime Nur Deveci, Mustafa Deniz Yilmaz, Maria Domuta,
and İbrahim Hizalan
35 Otological Manifestations of Systemic Diseases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 653
Abdulkadir Bucak, Nazim Bozan, Orhan Yilmaz,
and Michael J. Ruckenstein
36 Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 669
Nurullah Türe, Armağan Incesulu, and Ronen Perez
37 Autoimmune Inner Ear Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 691
Elif Baysal, Erol Selimoglu, and Abdulrahman Hagr
38 Perilymphatic Fistula . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 705
Abdulvahap Akyigit, Turgut Karlidag, and Tetsuo Ikezono

x
Contents
Part VI Audiology
39 Newborn Hearing Screening . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 719
Yusuf K. Kemaloğlu
40 Functional Hearing Loss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 743
Serpil Mungan Durankaya, Günay Kırkım, and Anna Rita Fetoni
41 Hidden Hearing Loss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 759
Züleyha Dilek Gülmez, Eyyup Kara, and Anna Rita Fetoni
42 Auditory Neuropathy Spectrum Disorder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 775
Merve Torun Topcu, Gunay Kirkim, and Agnieszka J. Szczepek
43 Noise-Induced Hearing Loss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 799
Utku Yılmaz, Kemal Gorur, and Adriana Neagos
44 Central Auditory Processing Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 811
Rezzan Okyay Budak, Cemal Cingi, and Nuray Bayar Muluk
45 Motion Sickness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 819
Tugberk Sebit, Nuray Bayar Muluk, and Cemal Cingi
46 Audiology and Otology in Geriatric Patients . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 827
Bilgehan Çelik, Cemal Cingi, and Nuray Bayar Muluk
47 Occupational Health from an Otologic and Audiological Perspective . 837
Nurdogan Ata, Nuray Bayar Muluk, and Cemal Cingi
48 Experimental Studies in Otology and Audiology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 849
Hande Evin Eskicioğlu, Günay Kırkım, Ewa Domarecka,
and Agnieszka J. Szczepek
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