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Solvent Extraction For the extraction of scent from tuberose ower, petroleum
and hexane are used. These are non-polar solvent for oil extraction from tuberose
ower. The tuberose extract is collected from concrete samples using ethanol as a
solvent. Chemical constituents present in tuberose are Pentacosane, 7-decene-5
olides, Benzyl benzoate [45].
Characteristics of Tuberose Essential Oil Tuberose essential oil is characterized by a number of parameters which are discussed below.
Color of Tuberose Oil The rst parameter that is crucial in this regard is the color
of tuberose essential oil. Color of essential oil is characterized by the amount of
pigment present in it. Freshly extracted oil is reddish, greenish or brownish in color
depending upon the species from which it is extracted [46].
Refractive Index The second signicant element of immense importance for
characterization of tuberose oil is its refractive index. In essential oils refractive
index determines their purity. In case of tuberose oil its refractive index is 14,916 at
25°C.If low quality of tuberose owers are used for oil extraction then it has low
refractive index. Therefore, for oil extraction fresh tuberoses should be used [47].
Moreover, the soil quality, the climate in which tuberose grows, the age in which it
is harvested together with extraction method used. The amount of water present in
oil also lowers its refractive index. Water present in oil reects the incoming light
which determines its lower refractive index. Therefore the tuberose oil with greater
refractive index is of good quality.
Specic Gravity Specic gravity of oil is the ratio between the weight of oil and
water in the same volume of water and oil. According to research the approximated
specic gravity of essential oil lies in range 0,698–1,188 at 15°C.The type and
components of essential oil determines its specic gravity. Each component has its
own specic gravity. Greater the concentration of chemical, greater the value of
specic gravity [48]. For the extraction of oil it is advised to select inert solvents as
they do not react with the oil components of the tuberose owers.
Acid Value
It is also essential to measure as it determines the quality of oil. It tells
about the value of free fatty acids present on the material. Greater the value of fatty
acid, higher the concentration of free fatty acid in sample [47].
Ester Value The quantity of hydroxide (Mg KOH) measured in milligram to
saponify the ester present in one gram of oil is known as ester value. This value is
very crucial as it determines the quality of oil. Higher ester value shows that the oil
produces fragrance. Greater the ester value higher the fragrance produced.
Antioxidant Activity Any chemical compound that is capable of contributing one
or more electrons for free radicals are known as antioxidants [49]. Consequently the
number of free radicals reduces. To determine the antioxidant activity of plant
extracts DPHH method is useful. It can be easily performed and gives quick results.
This method basically measures the ability of specic compound to seize free radicals. In maceration method solvent is used as oil absorption media. Media used in
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Fig. 15.4 Extraction method of Tuberose absolute
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eneurage method is fat [50]. Tuberose waste extract contains fat that is used as oil
absorption media in eneurage method. The intensity of tuberose compound is
lower due to the presence of fat in it. As a result its antioxidant activity is less. The
method opted for extraction of natural oxidants depends upon the type of antioxidant to be extracted. Moreover, the solvent used for extraction should match with
the polarity of extracted compounds. In contrast to nonpolar solvents or those with
high polarity, solvents with medium polarity should be used. Solvents like petroleum and ether are nonpolar in nature thus have low capacity to seize electrons. It is
the reason when used in extraction of tuberose oil, it shows low antioxidant activity
(Fig.15.4).
Importance of Tuberose Tuberoses are used for several purposes in different
elds that are discussed in detail below.
Commercial Importance
Ceremonial Uses The ower bunches are used in ceremonies because of its showy
appearance in different parts of the world. The owers are used in bouquet and presented in different ceremonies as wedding, birthdays etc.
Cut Flowers Different cut owers are used in vases for decoration. The ower life
can be increased by placing it in a preservative solution for a longer period of time.
The lifetime of ower increased through immersion in solution. The owers are
activated from 12 to 15days in vases during preservation.
As Garland Flowers of tuberose are used as garland for religious purposes in different regions of the world. The people use single ower and wear in some ceremonies [44].
In Perfumes Tuberose is often used to produce oral scents. Mostly feminine fragrances contains tuberose. Its white owers smell like jasmine and lily. It is often
used to give exotic and voluptuous effect to perfumes. Names of some female fra-
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Fig. 15.5 Tuberose cut
owers
T. Iftikhar etal.
grances containing tuberose available in market are Gucci Bloom, Café Tuberosa by
Atelier Cologne, Zara Tubereuse Noir and Zara Tuberose Summer.
In Cosmetics Tuberose, due to its antioxidant properties and unique chemical
composition is frequently used in facial creams, lotions and masks. One such product is Coco Fiji Face and Body Lotion. It contains coconut oil and tuberose extract.
Another product containing tuberose extract is Jasmine Tuberose Cream. This
extract gives pleasure and beauty to costumers (Fig.15.5).
As an Adsorbent Stick Waste tuberose sticks have been found effective in absorbing dies from wastewater. It was found that tuberose sticks have capacity to remove
cationic dyes present in industrial waste water. It’s a cost effective and ecofriendly
approach which can be used at commercial level.
Pharmaceutical Importance
Increase Blood Circulation
Tuberose has warming effect, therefore, increase
blood circulation. This enhance the warm effect in cold season, increase respiratory
activity and helps to avoid sexual disorders [51].
Reduce Infectious Symptoms The tuberose oil is used to prevent skin infection
as well as hair fall. It prevents the entry of infectious particle in the body. It is also
used in treatment of skin infection caused by Staphylococcus aureus. Tuberose
contains lactate dehydrogenase and IMP dehydrogenase that are active agents
against Staphylococcus aureus infection. These compounds interrupt the life cycle
of Staphylococcus thus preventing the infection [52].
Prevention of Anemia Tuberose extract is used as most important chemical con-
stituent. It is used against anemia to prevent blood loss in body [53].
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Relaxation and Boost Stamina Tuberose oil is used as relaxant during tired situation. It is also used as stamina booster in hectic days.
Prevention from Insomnia Insomnia is the condition in which person have lack
of sleep. It promotes health as the body needs are fullled.
Treat Cataract The cataract is the effect on eyes which makes the vision blur. The
blurred vision creates problems in eyesight. The tuberose owers are used for treatment of vision.
Inuenza Treatment To cure inuenza, mixture of garlic, ginger and tuberose is
used. It quickly reduces the effect of cold. It helps to overcome the chilled effect of
severe cold.
Prevention from Strep Throat The mixture of tuberose ower and ginger is used
against strep throat. It is used thrice a day to prevent the damaging effect of sore
throat [54].
Anti-tumor Property Chemical composition of tuberose shows that it contains
geraniol. Geraniol possess anti-tumor properties. It has been demonstrated to have
signicant impact mevalonate and lipid metabolism in the human hepatocarcinoma
cell line, Hep G2. Using 100micromol/L of geraniol has been found to reduce the
activity of Hep G2 cells.
Traditional Uses of Different Parts of Tuberose Tuberoses have different body
parts as tubers, bulbs, owers used for several purposes as:
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Use of Bulb: Bulbs are used to cure gonorrhea in female. They are used by infants
to get relief from rashes. Bulbs are rubbed with turmeric and butter. It is applied
on pimple to get rid of infection. Juice of grass is mixed with bulb pieces and
applied on lymph at armpit. It helps to prevent from rheumatism in joints [55].
Uses of Tubers: Tubers are used on infections as well as on burning skin. It is also
used to treat malaria and healing wounds.
Uses of Flower: Flower extract is used as eye wash during eye cataract treatment.
The boiled extract is used for ulcer treatment. It is also for sore throat (Table15.4).
15.5 Other Species ofTuberose
The genus Polianthes comprises of 15 species of tuberose. All these species have
different ower colors i.e., white, red and white tinged with red. Among these only
Polianthes tuberosa L. is grown commercially while all other species are wild [3].
Polianthes polustris Erect stem, oval to oblong bulbs, basal leaves with parallel
venation, 3–5 pairs of owers originating from single bract, short-segmented and
curved perianth are the characters of Polianthes polustris. The plant grows up to
40cm in height.
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Table 15.4
Importance
Commercial Medicinal Traditional
As garlands and bouquets in
ceremonies
For production of oral scents Reduces skin infections and
As cut owers for vase
decorations
In cosmetics industry for
synthesizing facial creams,
masks and lotions
As absorbent stick for absorption
of dyes
Uses of Polianthes tuberosa (Tuberose)
Increases blood circulation Bulbs of tuberose cures
prevents hair fall
Prevents blood loss in body thus
used to treat Anemia
Possess antitumor properties Used in traditional Chinese
Effectively controls inuenza,
prevents insomnia and treats
strep throat
gonorrhea
Tubers prevents infections
Tuberose owers extract is
used in eye cataract
treatment
medicines
Polianthes montana This specie has white owers. Polianthes montana has oblong
bulbs, long and slender stem with each pedicel possessing 12 pairs of owers.
Flowers are small in size with short lobes and rounded shape.
Polianthes durangensis Flowers in this species are small, sessile, arranged in one
to six pairs. With age the owers become purplish in color.
Polianthes graminifolia Deep red color owers are characteristics of this species.it
has close resemblance with P. geminiova in regard to saponaceous roots and its
usage as a substitute of soap. Stem is slender with profuse hairs at the bottom and
glabrous above. Tuberous bulbs are present. Leaves are narrow, grass like in appearance. Ten to fteen pairs of owers are present in this species.
Polianthes geminiora Originally it is known as Bravoa geminiora. Smooth stems
with numerous basal leaves are characteristic feature of this species. Seven or more
pairs of light orange-red owers are present. The Perianth is similar to that of the
species P. graminiora.
Polianthes longiora
These are tall plants with 3–5 pairs of owers. It comprises
of perianth that is white in color with light purplish shade.
Polianthes platyphylla In this species the owers are white tinged with reddish.
The orets are arranged in fth to seven pairs with tube of the oret bent at the base
and with short, rounded lobes.
Polianthes pringlei Small bulbs and smooth stem is the characteristic of this species. Four to ve pairs of sessile owers are present. Flowers are white in color
which on drying changes to purple.
Pueraria tuberosa This specie is inhabitant of Asian regions. Since early times
tubers and leaves of this species are used in Ayurveda and traditional Chinese medi-
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Table 15.5
Characteristics Single type Double type Semi double type
Rows of petals Single Three Two to three
Color of owers White Creamy White tinged with pinkish red
Usage Loose owers Floral arrangements Cut owers
Cultivars of tuberose
cine. Extracts of this plant possess anticancer, antitumor, antidiabetic, neuroprotective and wound healing properties.
Polianthes alboaustralis
Polianthes alboaustralis is a new species native to State
of Oaxaca, Mexico. Morphologically this species resembles to Polianthes nelso-
nii. However, it differs in its larger leaves, inorescence, anthers and long laments. It also contains extra-oral nectaries.
Cultivars of Tuberose Tuberose has three different types of cultivars
Single Type In this type petals of tuberose are found arranged in single row.
Flowers are white in color and have more fragrance than double cultivars. About
0.08 to 0.11 percent of concrete content is found in this type. Flowers of single
type are used as loose owers in making garlands and other types of ower
arrangements.
Double Type In this type of cultivar petals are arranged in three rows. It is also
known as Pearl Double Tuberose. It possess small creamy owers with tall stems.
Grass like foliage is present. Its owers are long lasting and are used in ower
arrangements. These are easy to grow.
Semi Double Type In this type of cultivar two to three rows of petals are present.
They possess straight spikes with white colored owers tinged with pinkish red.
These owers are also used as cut owers (Table15.5).
Poisonous Nature of Tuberose Tuberose is poisonous in nature. Its fragrance
has certain toxicity which can cause dizziness in people who smell it. Other
symptoms like chest congestion and dyspnea. Therefore it is recommended not to
plant tuberose within houses.
15.6 Myths, Legends, Folklore andTales
Dark Legends of White Flowers The owers are known as folklore of various
nations. The sense created through fragrant white owers that become legend of
tragedy life. The darkest legends of bright life are considered these white owers.
Love of Fashion Lovers The fashion lovers use these owers sketched or original
to beautify their dresses, boudoirs or jewelry. “The Mirror of Fashion” is a book
written by great philosopher in which he writes about the beauty of owers. He
wrote, “Thousand dollars for ower, what we do with all those owers in Valley?”
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Young Girls Advised to Inhale Aroma of Tuberose Young girls are advised to
inhale aroma of tuberose owers; it prevents them from indulging in sin in some
regions. It keeps them in conscious control to avoid any unethical activity, advised
by many people.
Long Time Hanging of Tuberose Flowers Tuberose owers are advised not to
hang in bedrooms for longer period of time. Long term inhaling creates difculty in
breathing and result in mental illness, headache and sometimes hallucination.
Amorous Madness Some people believe that the aroma emerged from these owers produce madness. The chemical constituents of these owers effect brain cells.
Revengeful Ghost Attack It is believed in Mexico that tuberose is sign of revenge-
ful attack on seaside. A woman in Mexico loved her husband by all hearts. She got
ready for her. She arranged tuberoses around herself and put on some owers on
head. She wished to look like bridal to her husband as day passed. One day she realized that her husband does not love her. She got mad and killed her children from
him. As he came back, he looked blood on her clothes, owers around and killed
children. He ran away. She lagged behind and killed him on seaside. The fallen
tuberose owers were evidence that murder was committed. Thus, people of region
believed it the sign of dreadful ghost.
Dangerous Happiness Tuberose is considered as dangerous happiness. But why?
The answer lies in the fact of its strong smell. The owers create happiness for its
beauty and fragrance. But prolonged fragrance creates difcult breathing pattern.
Legends of Tuberose In ancient times, there was a young man named Zhang. He
was very good ute maker. Once, he sat near wood trunk and played the ute. A
fairy came from moonlight; he invited her to play with ute. The moonlight owner
asked her to know the notes of ute. He told her and said to leave marks here in the
earth. The fairy moved up and threw a pearl down towards him. The pearl fell on the
ground. He didn’t search it. After some time, the pearl grew into the ower with
beautiful fragrance called “Tuberose”.
Queen of the Night
Tuberose is known as queen of the night. The facts are its high
fragrance. It relies in nature beauty or nature beauty relies upon it. A question
always sparked everywhere. The night queen is famous for its brilliant fragrance
spread all around.
Rajanigandha -Story of a Flower It is also known as white night ower. In 1974,
the Indian lm was produced named as Rajnidandha (Yeh hai sacha piyaar) to symbolize the beauty of plant by exploring beauty, sensuality and eroticism (Fig.15.3).
“Itre-Nawras Shahi” Famous book written by Ibrahim Adil Shah II in seventeenth century to explore the fragrance released by tuberose have strong inuence.
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