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Chapter 11
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Patchouli
MuhammadUmarIjaz, AliAkbar, HaseebAnwar, SanaInam,
AsmaAshraf, andMuhammadRiaz
11.1 Introduction
Pelletier-Sautelet was the person who discovered the plant (P. cablin) for the rst
time and named it Pogostemon patchouli in 1845. This plant was generally known
as “cabalam” in the certain regions of Philippines. A scientist named Holmes characterized this plant as Pogostemon cablin in 1896 [1]. P. cablin is exclusively indig-
enous to the Philippines as well as it can also grow naturally in various South Asian
regions. In South East Asia, patchouli is a signicantly regarded as perennial herb
that blooms efciently in warm, humid environmental conditions [2].
P. cablin grows in soil which is considerably enriched with nutrients, shaded
with other trees or certain other objects, having well-drainage system and receives
frequent irrigation supply as well as moderate rainy seasons. In general, patchouli
plant grows and reproduces at its best in areas having similar environmental conditions to those in the Philippines such as Southern India, Andaman and Nicobar
Islands [1]. This plant can grow approximately up to 500m above the sea level &
can survive in moderate temperature of about 22–28 °C.Furthermore, humidity
M. U. Ijaz · A. Akbar
Department of Zoology, Wildlife and Fisheries, University of Agriculture,
Faisalabad, Pakistan
H. Anwar
Department of Physiology, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
S. Inam
Department of pharmacy, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
A. Ashraf (
Department of Zoology, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
e-mail: asmaashraf@gcuf.edu.pk
M. Riaz
Department of Pharmacy, Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University, Sheringal, Pakistan
© The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2023
M. Zia-Ul-Haq et al. (eds.), Essentials of Medicinal and Aromatic Crops,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-35403-8_11
*)
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level of over 75% following PH level of 5.5–6.2 is considered as favorable for optimum growth and high-quality essential oils of P. cablin [3].
P. cablin is also regarded as an efcient and protable crop which is widely distributed in several regions of Malaysia, Singapore Indonesia and China [3, 4].
P. cablin plant is well known for its potent therapeutic abilities such as antioxidant,
antimutagenic, antimicrobial, antiplatelet, antidepressant, antithrombotic, aphrodisiac, analgesic, antiemetic, cytotoxic and brinolytic properties [5, 6].
Furthermore, essential oil of P. cablin is also used to treat sadness, involves in
relaxing mind, regulation of appetite, reduces stress and stimulate sex attraction.
Additionally, patchouli plant has antibacterial, antifungal, as well as insecticidal
properties [5]. All the aforementioned characteristics enable this plant to be universally recognized as a commercial crop with signicant industrial importance as well
as certain biological properties [7, 8].
M. U. Ijaz et al.
11.1.1 Taxonomic Position
P. cablin is a member of mint family, Lamiaceae. The taxonomic classication of
this plant is given as:
Kingdom: Plantae
Division: Magnoliophyta
Class: Magnoliopsida
Order: Lamiales
Family: Lamiaceae (Labiatae)
Genus: Pogostemon
Species: P. cablin
11.1.2 Morphological Features
P. cablin is a quadrangular plant which can grow up to 1–1.2m in length having
extensive branching with upright stature. Leaves of this plant are simple, decussate,
opposite. When grown in the open environment leaves of this plant are visible as
purplish-green in coloure, but they can turn bright green when grown in the shady
environmental conditions [9].
Using electron microscopy, the epidermal and mesophyll kinds of secretory
glands are discovered in immature P. cablin plant leaves. Both the adaxial and abax-
ial epidermis of this plant give rise to glandular trichomes [10]. The micromorphological traits of patchouli owers and its pollens collected from various populations
revealed the existence of variations in morphology with alterations in environmental
conditions [11].
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251
11.2 Nutritive andBioactive Compounds
P. cablin contains approximately 14.19% crude protein, 3.85% fat and 17.09% of
crude bers. P. cablin waste also contains bioactive compounds such as tannins,
steroids, glycosides, anthraquinones, steroids, terpenoids, tannins, saponins, phenol, alkaloids as well as avonoids [12].
11.2.1 Aerial Parts
Alpha-guaiene (6.4–17.9%), pogostol (0.3–5.0%), alpha-bulnesene (9.0–15.2%),
and (E)-caryophyllene (2.1–3.6%), Patchouli alcohol (42.2–57.7%), seychellene
(3.4–6.9%), are the main components of the essential oils of aerial parts (inorescence, leaves & entire aerial parts) of p. cablin [13].
11.2.2 Roots
The larger concentrations of norpatchoulenol (5.3%), Beta-pinene (4.5%) and
pogostone (70.2%) are the characteristic compounds of oils extracted from roots of
P. cablin (Table11.1) [13].
11.3 Chemical Composition ofP.Cablin
Zhang etal. investigated Twenty-four molecules from P. cablin plant, the majority
of those include volatile compounds. P. cablin contains 7-patchoulene, Geranium
ketone, alpha-patchoulene, 5-cedrol, alpha-bulnesene, and eucalyptus oil ketene
which accounts for 96% of aforementioned volatile compounds [14]. In addition,
four potential patchoulene derivatives such as 2b, 12-dihydroxypatchoulol, 3a,
8a-dihydroxypatchoulol, 6 hydroxy patchoulol and 8a, 9a-dihydroxypatchoulol
were isolated from aerial region of P. cablin [15].
Table 11.1 Nutritive and bioactive compounds in P. cablin
Plant part Compound Percentage Reference
Aerial parts Pogostol 0.3–5.0%
Patchouli alcohol 42.2–57.7%
Alpha-bulnesene 3.4–6.9%
Roots Beta-pinene 4.5%
Pogostone 70.2%
[13]
252
isorhamnetin-3-O-b-Dgalactoside
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M. U. Ijaz et al.
Pachypodol and Retusine are the two signicant avones that Guan etal. isolated
from patchouli plant [16]. Furthermore, multiple other avones of non-volatile
nature are also isolated by Zhang et al. and Itokawa et al. which includes
5-hydroxy-3,3-,4-,5,7-pentahydroxyavone (4), 5-hydroxy-3,4-,7trimethoxyavone (3), and 5-hydroxy-4-,7-dimethoxyavone (3) [14, 17].
Similar to this, Ding etal. investigated ethanol-based extraction from aerial parts
of P. cablin, obtaining a number of glycosides from it such as apigenin 7-(O-methyl
glucuronide), apigenin 7-galacturonide and quercetin-7-b-D [18]. Moreover, numerous other nonvolatile chemical types have also been isolated from P. cablin in recent
years for example 5-hydroxy 3, 4-, 7- trimethoxy avone and 5-hydroxy-4-,7- dimethoxyavone [19].
Additionally, Huang etal. isolated four avonoid glycosides from the ethanol
extract of the stem and leaf of P. cablin. This extraction resulted in the isolation of
isorhamnetin-3-O-b-Dgalactoside (12) and isisolidone- 7-O-a-L-rhamn from
P. cablin [20]. Meanwhile, Li etal. revealed the following information on several
avonoids that are isolated from P. cablin: 4-, 5-dihydroxy-3, 7-dimethoxyava-
none (I), 5-hydroxy-7, 3-, 4-trimethoxyavanone (II) [11]. [Fig. 11.1 and Table 11.2]
5 - cedrol
H
H
H
O
H
O
O
O
H
O
OO
H
O
H
O
H
O
-
]
H
O
O
O
O
H
Alpha-Patchoulene
H
OO
O
4-, 5dihydrody-3, 7dimethoxyflavan
-one
O
H
O
O
Fig. 11.1 Structure of 5-cedrole, alpha patchoulene, isorhamnetin-3-O-b-Dgalactoside
(Glycoside) and 4-, 5-dihydroxy-3, 7-dimethoxyavanone (Flavonoid)
11 P atch ouli
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253
Table 11.2
Plant Isolated compound References
Patchouli
Therapeutic compounds derived from P. cablin
5- cedrol [14]
Alpha-patchoulene
Geranium ketone
Derivatives of
patchoulene
Glycosides Isorhamnetin-3-O-b-Dgalactoside [20]
Flavonoids 4-, 5-dihydroxy-3,
2b, 12-dihydroxypatchoulol [15]
3a, 8a-dihydroxypatchoulol
8a, 9a Dihydroxypatchoulol
6-Hydroxy Patchoulol
Isisolidone- 7-O-a-L-rhamn
7-dimethoxyavanone
5-hydroxy-7, 3-,
4-trimethoxyavanone
[11]
11.4 Cultivation ofP.Cablin
11.4.1 Why Vegetative Propagation is Preferred inP.Cablin?
P. cablin is an asexually reproducing plant and it is generally cultivated by utilizing
10- to 12-centimeter-long stem parts with three to four nodes in each. The lack of
seeds has led to the adoption of this strategy for better cultivation of p. cablin. For
vegetative propagation, stem parts containing minimum 2 or more leaves are preferred due to their greater capacity for roots and shooting [21].
11.4.2 How toGet Better Stem andRoots withBest Herbage
ofP.Cablin?
In order to promote better root & stem growth in patchouli Garbuio etal. suggested
that utilizing stem parts from the apical and medium regions that contains minimum
2 leaves and nodes are favorable. Because it prefers the shady environment, P. cab-
lin can be grown as an intercrop. It needs deep, loamy, fertile soil that is somewhat
acidic and well-drained along with an annual rainfall between 300 and
400- centimeters with reliable frequent system of irrigation [22]. For high quality
essential oil along with better crop yield, certain conditions with a soil pH between
5.5 and 6.2, humidity of 75% & a temperature between 22 and 28 °C are optimal [23].
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