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14.45 Myths, Legends, Folklore andTales About Vanilla sp.
14.45.1 Siona Necklet
In 1942, an ethnobotanist R.E.Schultes received a necklet in the department from a
Siona village, Puerto Ospina, located along Putumayo River. The necklace was
about 65cm in length while hanging (140cm total in length). It contained ten bundles of vanilla along with other components. It was worth noting that all vanilla
bundles were still quite fragrant after years. This necklace, named "Siona necklace",
is probably the only surviving ancient artefact that clearly reects the usage of
vanilla in a traditional perspective. Interestingly, it is also documented from
Mesoamerica that in ancient times the vanilla beans were also used in necklaces.
Moreover, vanilla was used to wear in an amulet around the neck, like Gujjar families wear in Pakistan, as a medicinal charm as reported in Badianus Manuscript
[26]. It was once popular to use pendants of vanilla beans due to religious tradition
but unfortunately, this tradition decreased signicantly due to cultural erosion.
Similarly, with the advancement of scientic tools and the concentration of rare
skills regarding the use of vanilla in the hands of a few remaining individuals who
are now hesitant to transfer it to someone outside their family/tribe the use of vanilla
has become limited [72, 82].
Morning Star
Another Folklore about vanilla is that it came into existence by the
birth of the princess named morning star, who was killed along with her lover deer,
by the priest due to misunderstanding. Prince Zkatan-Oxga known as deer fell in
love with princess Tzacopontziza (Morning Star). One day deer abducted morning
star and took her to a cave. However, a monster attacked them there. As soon as they
ran to save their lives, they were killed by priest as morning star had devoted her life
to the temple. Soon after their death, at the place they both were murdered, by the
blood of deer and morning star a vine and an orchid came into existence. Both were
considered as an offering to Goddess. So, this orchid was vanilla meaning “a nectar
of Gods” [83, 84].
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Chapter 15
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Tuberose
TehreemaIftikhar, HammadMajeed, MuhammadWaheed,
SyedaShehwarZahra, MubashirNiaz, BushraBilal, andMuhammadRiaz
15.1 Introduction
Polianthes tuberosa L. also known as tuberose is perennial plant species. Twelve
species of tuberose are being cultivated, that reaches 60–120cm in height. Its leaves
are broader at upper end and narrower at posterior region. These plants have grass
like light green leaves [1]. The word tuberose is derived from Latin word “Tuberosa”
which means swollen. It belongs to the family Asparagaceae. The Asparagus family
comprises of 153 genera and 2500 species. The family members are more similar in
genetics and phylogeny while less similar in morphology. The members of this family include perennial herbs and shrubs with fusiform roots and branch stem. From
anatomical point of view, these plants have anomocytic stomata, simple perforated
vessels and raphides cells [2]. Tuberoses have tuberous roots for the storage of
material during dormant stage. It is planted for its attractive appearance. The owers
are loved by gardeners due to its sweet fragrance, beauty, appearance and good
T. Iftikhar (*) · S. S. Zahra · B. Bilal
Applied Botany Lab. Department of Botany, Government College University Lahore, Lahore,
Pakistan
H. Majeed (
Knowledge Unit of Science, University of Management and Technology, Sialkot, Pakistan
M. Waheed
Applied Botany Lab. Department of Botany, Government College University Lahore, Lahore,
Pakistan
Govt. Islamia Graduate College, Civil Lines, Lahore, Pakistan
M. Niaz
Atlas Environmental Laboratories, New York, NY, USA
M. Riaz
Department of Pharmacy, Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University, Sheringal, Pakistan
© The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2023
M. Zia-Ul-Haq etal. (eds.), Essentials of Medicinal and Aromatic Crops,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-35403-8_15
*)
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quality [3]. English name of Polianthes tuberosa L. is tuberose. In Spanish it is
known as Nardo comun and Rajnigandha and Nishigandha in Hindi. Mexican
names of Polianthes tuberosa L. are Omicochtl, Amole and Azucena.
15.2 Classication [4]
Kingdom: Plantae
Subkingdom: Viridiplantae
Super-division: Embryophyta
Division: Tracheophyta
Class: Magnoliopsida
Order: Asparagales
Family: Asparagaceae
Genus: Polianthes L.
Species: Polianthes tuberosa L.
15.3 Crop Description
Origin and Distribution Tuberose rst originated in Mexico. It is cosmopolitan
in distribution. Tuberose gained popularity in Europe at the end of sixteenth century.
Tuberose has white owers while its cultivars such as Double Pearl Vaib and a few
others have red doted ower with brown margins. In home gardens, tuberose is
being planted in bed and borders [5]. Tuberose is being cultivated in many tropical
and subtropical regions including USA, South Africa, France, North Carolina and
India. Worldwide there are different varieties of tuberose available such as Shrinagar,
Mexican, Yellow baby, Sensation, Double pearl. Classication of tuberose is based
upon rows of corolla. There are different varieties grown by gardener and commercial growers [6].
Plant Morphology
Genus Polianthes has about 15 species, 3 varieties and few
cultivars including tuberose (Polianthes tuberosa L.). Among these 15 species,
tuberose is the only one being globally cultivated. Tuberose is bulbous plant. Leaves
of tuberose are pale-green and narrow with length of 30–40cm. Their width is
1.2–1.5cm and are often reddish at base. White waxy textured raceme is present at
the top of stem. Flowering stem is about 100cm long. Roots are mostly adventitious
and supercial. The owers are bracteates having funnel shaped perianth with waxy
white and fragrant petals [7]. They are 3–6cm in length. The stamens are six in
number with long anthers and short laments inserted in tube. These plants are
epigynous, having numerous ovules with three locular ovary and fruit is capsule
which is rarely formed [8]. The seeds of tuberose are at (Fig.15.1).
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Fig. 15.1 InorescencePolianthes Tuberosa (Tuberose)
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Agronomy of Tuberose The agronomic factors play vital role in the cultivation
of tuberose. Better production of crop depends upon the soil conditions. Tuberoses
are mostly cultivated in warm, humid regions with temperature ranging from 16 to
30°C (Fig.15.2). It can also be grown in hilly areas at a height of 1200–1500m.
Plants survives best in temperature range of 40°C, spikes length decreases and
quality of ower falls if temperature increases further. Below 13°C, leaf fall occur
and frost damages the cell wall of plant. Tuberose has best growth in sunny condition while shady situation drastically reduces the ower growth. In case of photoperiodism, long day causes vegetative axis growth such as increase in length of stem
and root. Flower growth and emergence is affected by light intensity [9].Tuberose
requires large amount of water for survival. Plants cannot ower even in minor
waterlogged soil. Tuberose can grow in wide range of soil conditions. It requires an
optimum level of pH that is 6.5–7.5 with loamy or sandy soil for maximum growth.
Soil should have high organic matter for more yield and increased growth. In a pot,
where tuberose is planted, it must contain a mixture of leaf mold and compost [10].
Moreover, using a mixture of coconut coir and farmyard manure [FYM] signicantly affects the growth of tuberose. Another mixture containing poultry manure
and sand is recommendable for tuberose growth as this mixture is rich in the nutrients needed for its growth [11].
15.4 Cultivation Practices
Site Selection Tuberose requires more exposure to sunlight for proper growth.
Shady temperature is also needed to some extent. In long term period of shade, the
physiology of plant disturbs and its growth rate declines. The soil must have proper
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T. Iftikhar etal.
Fig. 15.2 Agronomy practice layout for Tuberose (Polianthes tuberosa) [11]
drainage and good water holding capacity. The waterlogged site damages root system, thereby it will decline the absorption rate of water.
Field Preparation The eld must be prepared properly for healthy growth of
plant. The quantity of water, soil, organic matter and mineral contents is required at
optimum level. The temperature should be strictly accurate. Field must be ploughed
properly at least twice for proper growth. The ploughed soil must contain manure
which should be added at regular interval and left for 15days [12].
Bulb and Seed Treatment Tuberose seed sowing requires optimum conditions
for proper growth. The tuberose seeds are hard to germinate however about 60–80%
seed germination is ensured. The bulbs are cleaned properly and soaked in Bavastin
solution for 30min. Treatment of bulbs with Bavistin reduces the chances of fungal
infection. The growing months of plants varies in plains and hills: In plains, it is
January-March whereas in hills, April-May [13]. The bulbs can be treated with
Gibberellic acid [GA, A3, and GA3] and Thiourea to break the dormancy so that
they can sprout easily. Storing pre-plant bulb at 8–10°C for a period of 1month not
only increases plant growth but also enhances the yield of its spikes and owers.
Treating bulbs with GA
results not only in early appearance of spikes but also
3
improves its length and number of orets on it [3].
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377
Propagation Tuberose is mostly propagated by bulbs or division of bulbs and
rarely by seeds. For 1ha soil, 10–12tons of bulbs are needed.
Propagation by Seeds Tuberose can be propagated by seeds under suitable climatic conditions. For this purpose, a nutrient rich growing medium is prepared by
mixing molds of leaves, garden soil and vermicompost (a decomposition product
created by worms). Temperature and moisture content highly effects the germination of seeds. A temperature of 25°C is considered as an optimum temperature for
seed propagation. Before plantation the beds should be properly dug and sufcient
quantity of FYM should be mixed in it. The seedling is sown in rows 10–12cm
apart and 5cm deep in heavy soil and 2.0cm in light soil [14].
By Division of Bulbs It is another type of propagation method. Sprouting in this
technique depends upon size of bulbs. Large size bulbs have high regeneration
capacity. For propagation by bulbs they are cut in 2–3 segments, with each segment
containing a part of bulb and a basal plate. After treatment with fungicide, each segment is planted vertically with tips protruded above. New bulbs arise from basal
plates. They also have roots. At this time, these newly formed bulbs are transferred
to the ground [15].
Dormancy and Sprouting of Bulbs Research has shown the presence of high
amount of abscisic acid (ABA) in the bulbs of tuberose during dormancy. However,
with the end of dormancy period, abscisic acid level reduced signicantly which
proved the involvement of ABA in induction and maintenance of dormancy in tuberose bulbs. Likewise a gradual rise was observed with the end of rest period. It was
observed that the amount of ABA and phenols varied with different phases of dormancy. Moreover, it was also found that during early stages of sprouting the bulbs
contained low level of Indoleacetic acid (IAA) which gradually increased as the
sprouting progressed [16].
Role of Gibberellins in Corms Research has proved that gibberellins play a signicant role in initiation of owering in Polianthes tuberosa L. High performance
liquid chromatography (HPLC), gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS)
accompanied with bioassay helped in identication and isolation of gibberellins.
Four different types of gibberellins namely A
tuberose. Presence of 13-hydroxylation pathway in corms of Polianthes tuberosa
L. is also reported. Observation showed that with the onset of owering stage, level
of GA1 and GA20 increased whereas a decline was observed in GA19 levels. However,
GA53 level remained constant during three different stages. Presence of GA1 during
early stages of owering suggests involvement of this hormone in oral initiation
and development. Application of all ve gibberellins i.e. GA1, GA3, GA4, GA20 and
GA32 to the corms at vegetative stage initiated owering in tuberose. GA32 most
actively promoted owering however it doesn’t promote shoot elongation [17].
Micro-propagation In order to get nematode free plant material, micro propaga-
tion is done. It is an advance technology to get pests free plants [18].
, A19, A20 and A53 were quantied in
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