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(44.52%) which has antifungal effects against an Aspergillus species popula-
tion [90].
Li et al. provides evidence regarding the properties of pogostone, a naturally
occurring substance derived from P. cablin that is useful in treating Candida infec-
tions, notably for vulvovaginal candidiasis [79]. Similarly, patchouli oil effectively
inhibited C. albicans instigated damages [91]. Pogostone and its synthetic compounds also demonstrated potent antibacterial effects against C. albicans. According
to molecular docking studies, pogostone analogues can be structurally modied to
provide a promising antifungal potential against various ailments [92].
M. U. Ijaz et al.
11.7.4 Insecticidal Activity
11.7.4.1 Museum Pests
Leaf ashes of P. cablin can be utilized to kill various pests and they are considered
to be effective Stegobium paniceum repellent with a repellency rate of about 64%
[93]. P. cablin oil demonstrated strong fumigation insecticidal activity against dif-
ferent museum insect pests such as S. zeamais and F. sauteri [94].
11.7.4.2 Prevention fromMites
To control house dust mites, P. cablin and C. cassia petroleum ether extracts can be
used as a biodegradable as well as environment-friendly insecticide [95]. Patchouli
alcohol is also considered as the most effective component of P. cablin essential oil
which helps in protection against different species of urban ants and Anopheles
stephensi [96, 97].
11.7.4.3 Mosquito Repellent
Similarly, P. cablin’s sesquiterpene hydroperoxides shows signicant insecticidal
action against T. cruzi [98]. Under controlled laboratory conditions, 38 essential oils
are tested for their ability to repel mosquitoes. According to the ndings, patchouli
oil used in its pure form can completely repel mosquitoes for about 2h [99]. P. cab-
lin along with valamus (75:25) signicantly involves in the protection against
A. aegypti mosquitoes in different elds [100].
11.7.4.4 Larvicidal & Pupicidal
Progostone recently demonstrated potent larvicidal, Pupicidal and growth- inhibitory
properties against S. litura and S. exigua making it a good option to manage a variety of insects that damage agricultural plants [101].
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11.7.5 Aromatherapy
Aromatherapy using P. cablin essential oil helps to relieve stress, sleeplessness, and
anxiety. Its intoxicating wine-like fragrance serves as an aphrodisiac and assists in
sharpening intelligence and improving focus. It is used in incense sticks to promote
relaxation on a spiritual level. By evaluating the quantity of catecholamine present
in the serum & observing blood pressure variations, normal adult individuals were
subjected to tests for the determination of how odor inhalation P. cablin affected
sympathetic activity. After breathing the fragrance, normal participants displayed a
decrease in sympathetic activity [102].
11.7.5.1 Dementia Treatment via Aromatherapy
An aqueous creamy mixture comprising P. cablin as well as marjoram oil was
applied to the body of different individuals ve times per day, and the ndings demonstrate a reduction in the frequency of dementia-related activities. The usage of
essential oils improves’ mental alertness and awareness in treated individuals.
Because essential oils stimulate adrenal hormone secretion, they can alleviate
stress-related lethargy and anxiety [103].
11.7.5.2 Menopausal Transition
Anti-inammatory & cooling oils including P. cablin and Citrus limonum are used
to treat symptoms of menopause including perspiration and hot ashes. P. cablin
and rose along with the jasmine (oil mixture) can certainly stimulate clarity and
engage in the thyroid gland’s activity as well as modulates hormonal discharge [104].
11.7.5.3 Psychiatric Issues
Aromatherapy can be used to treat a variety of psychiatric problems. Patchouli oil
has relaxing, sedative, and elevating effects on the brain [105].
In 10 dementia patients, an essential oil vaporized mixture (patchouli, orange,
ylang-ylang, chamomile, rosewood, basil, peppermint, rosemary and jasmine)
reduces disturbed behavior [106].
11.7.5.4 Physiological Processes
Physiological reactions such as blood pressure and heart rate are also maintained
after the inhalation of P. cablin’s fragrance. This indicates that inhaling the fra-
grance of patchouli oil improves mood and signicant healing qualities. The principal ingredient, patchouli alcohol is also accountable for the stimulation of the sense
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of smell [107]. Aromatherapy can also help in chronic pain perception and stress
management [108].
M. U. Ijaz et al.
11.7.6 Antiviral Activities
Patchouli as well as other herbal traditional medicines are tested for anti-inuenza
viral activity. It is reported that the methanol extract of patchouli leaves at a concentration of approximately 10 g/mL could inhibit the inuenza virus A/PR/8/34
(H1N1) up to 99.8%, and the IC50 values is determined as 2.6 micrometers [109].
Wu etal. indicated that patchoulol has signicant anti-inuenza viral properties
with an IC50 of 4.0M, making it a useful anti-inuenza viral agent for the pharmaceutical industry [110]. Furthermore, patchouli alcohol also expresses an antiinuenza viral activity by stimulating immunological action as well as reducing
pulmonary inammatory response [111].
Furthermore, Wu etal. reported that patchoulol (10g/mL) increase immunological response and restricted the expression of inammatory cytokines to reduce their
adverse responses when used to examine anti-inuenza virus effects [112].
11.7.7 Protective Effect Against HIV/AIDS
Essential oil of P. cablin is also employed as an efcient antimicrobial factor for the
treatment of certain infections brought on by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus
aureus and Cryptococcus neoformans, Candida albicans, Herpes simplex types I
and type II in French hospitals for subjects with acquired immunodeciency syndrome [108].
The water extract of P. cablin plays an exceptional role in gastrointestinal protection
by maintaining the amounts of nitric oxide and tumor necrosis factor in the blood as
well as by maintaining the uidity of the outer membrane of intestinal epithelial
cells [113].
11.7.9 Antiemetic Activity
Hexane extracts of patchouli plant’s leaves have an anti-emetic effect on young
hens. The antiemetic properties of P. cablin are demonstrated at doses of 50–70mg/
kg [114].
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11.7.10 Defecation andConstipation
A study was directed by Mikuriya etal. to examine the impacts of patchouli oil on
constipation and defecation brought on by a reduced consumption of brous foods.
It is observed that when the fragrance of the patchouli oil is inhaled by experimental
animals, both models produce more and heavier waste demonstrating its therapeutic
potential against constipation and defecation. Furthermore, it has been demonstrated that mice with constipation can be helped by olfactory neurotransmission
systems [115].
11.7.11 Fibrinolytic & Blood Coagulation Potential
Blood coagulation & the brinolytic activity of many essential oils along with
patchouli are studied using invitro enzymatic activities such as brin production
from brinogen using thrombin and brin resolution following urokinase activity.
Eucalyptus, chamomile and neroli oils shows evidence of both coagulation and
brinolytic activity whereas patchouli and frankincense oils effectively displayed
hyperbrinolysis [116].
11.7.12 Antithrombotic Activities
Sunghyangjunggisan an herbal remedy containing P. cablin as a signicant compo-
nent, dramatically reduces platelet aggregation in rats. Additionally, it demonstrated
notable protection against mouse pulmonary thrombosis-related mortality [117].
11.7.13 Anti-inammatory andAnalgesic Activity
The methanol extract of patchouli plants revealed anti-inammatory & analgesic
potential in mice [118]. According to analgesic studies, patchouli extracts decrease
writhing response induced due to acetic acid administration. The Chinese traditional medicine recipe CPZ contains the P. cablin herps in signicant amount.
Extracts from these herbs demonstrated a potent anti-inammatory effect by modulating IL-1 and prostaglandin E. 2. Lipopolysaccharide-induced inammation is
present in RAW264.7 cells, patchouli essential oil successfully controls the expression of inammatory markers concentration in these cells [119].
The ethanol extract of patchouli’s root, rhizome & patchouli oil display potent
anti-inammatory effects on living organisms [120, 121]. Mouse macrophages and
human colorectal cancer cells are used to study the mechanism underlying patchoulol’s anti-inammatory properties and the results are in favors of P. cablin [122].
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Li et al. demonstrated the anti-inammatory activities of pogostone and proposed its uses in the synthesis of a pharmaceutical drug for the treatment of septic
shock [75]. By reducing pro-inammatory marker’s expression patchouli plant
water extracts reduced colon inammation in treated animals [123].
M. U. Ijaz et al.
11.7.14 Anti-Tumorous andImmuno-Protective Role
Licochalcone A which is an essential component of P. cablin essential oils, exhibits
inhibitory action against PI-PLC gamma 1in laboratory experiments. Beside this,
Licochalcone A administration effectively maintained promyelocytic leukemia cells
(HL-60) generated monocytes as well as involve in prevention from terminal differentiation after the exposure to licochalcone A [124]. Patchoulol, on the other
hand, increases apoptosis and decreases cell differentiation in the human colorectal
cancer cell lines SW480 and HCT116 [122, 125]. Patchouli alcohol downregulated
c-myc & activate the NF-kB pathway while increasing histone deacetylase 2 synthesis along with enzymatic activity. The patchouli sesquiterpenoid bulnesene efciently suppressed the platelet dysregulating factors [126].
To treat skin irritations, Xinxiang granule (XXG) is made from the blossoms of
P. cablin herbs [127]. Recently, animal models were used to conrm the anti-
nociceptive and anti-allergic properties of patchouli oil, which exerts marvelous
action against various allergic conditions of different subjects [128].
11.7.15 Amelioration ofSkin Diseases
The use of essential oils having 12% patchouli oil used for the treatment of patients
with ulcers, ruptured skin, skin abrasions and pressure sores effectively by managing their skin infections. Furthermore, essential oil of P. cablin accelerates the heal-
ing process of administrated subjects [129]. Applying patchouli essential oil
protected the structural integrity of UV-irradiated skin impairments and reduces
photoaging as well as enhances regeneration of skin lesions (124, 125).
11.7.16 Pharmacokinetic Activities
To examine pogostone therapeutic potential in rats following intravenous and oral
administration, a quick and accurate liquid chromatography mechanism was created. In pharmacokinetic studies for preclinical research, this technique is very
advantageous [132].
Li etal. employed a liquid chromatography technique to examine in-vitro & in-
vivo proles of pogostone [75]. Signicant gastroprotective properties against
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gastric ulcers are revealed by patchouli oil through COX-mediated PGE2 activation,
enhanced antioxidant and anti-inammatory response as well as increased synthesis
of stomach mucus [130].
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11.7.17 Anti-mutagenic Potential
Methanolic extract of P. cablin reduces umu gene expression which is stimulated
due to a mutagenic substance named: acrylamide in Salmonella typhimurium [131].
11.7.18 Intestinal Micro-ecological Effects
Microbiota of the gut play a very crucial activity for the maintenance of human’s
health; therefore, their appropriate concentration and balance is very necessary in
the body of humans. These microorganisms are involved in extraction of energy and
nutrients [132], defend body of animals against enteropathogens [133], prevent cancer [134], as well as might even effects behavior along with brain functionality
[135]. Dysregulations of gut microbiota that is known as dysbiosis, could be an
inuencing factor which is correlated with IBD [136, 137], neoplastic disease [138],
obesity [139, 140]. Results of the various ndings have proposed that patchouli
alcohol along with its derivatives including pogostone helps to regulate activity of
the epithelial barrier of the gut, to accelerates the polarization of M1-M2 macrophage phenotypes, to elevates the diversity of the gut microbiota as well as overcome pro-inammatory proteins in mouse [141] (Fig. 11.7).
Fig. 11.7 Effect of Patchouli alcohol and its derivatives on intestinal micro-biota
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M. U. Ijaz et al.
11.7.19 Anti-Diabetic Properties
Obesity is extensively connected with diabetes type-2 and is considered as key risk
factor for multiple other metabolic disorders. It is signicant aspect contributory to
the metabolic disorder, this ailment is aggravated by environmental inuences such
as a sedentary life style, a fat enriched diet as well as considerably via aging [142].
The treatment of patchouli alcohol expressed a net decline in weight of high fat diet
instigated obese rats, Patchouli alcohol demolish adipogenesis as well as fat aggregation in adipocytes via elevating the expression along with activation of betacatenin [143]. The chronic exposure of a high fat diet (HFD) has also been correlated
with several other disorders such as nonalcoholic liver disease (NAFLD). NAFLD
is a key root of hepatic disorders that disturbs approximately 30% of the United
States population [144], and it is the utmost mutual chronic liver disease throughout
the world [145]. Recent investigations have revealed the curative potential of
patchouli alcohol when utilized to treat HFD-prompted liver steatosis in mouse,
these investigations illustrated that patchouli alcohol have signicant role in mitigating steatosis resulted from an HFD. Patchouli alcohol accelerated this effect via
suppressing endoplasmic reticulum’s stress signals as well as by maintaining the
uptake, aggregation along with release of very minute concentration of lipoproteins.
Furthermore, the treatment of patchouli alcohol is linked with the maintenance of
aforesaid minimal level lipoprotein receptor and microsomal triglyceride transfer
protein expression [146].
11.7.20 Anti-hypertensive Characteristics
Hypertension is a chronic as well as crucial condition that stimulates various other
disorders & may proceeds towards premature death [146]. It is revealed that, more
than 1billion individuals throughout the world are facing the problem of hypertension, this disease is linked with approximately 9.4million mortalities per Anum
[147]. Specic factors which are able of declining the systematic blood pressure
may considerably decrease the danger of actions correlated with main cardiovascular diseases comprising of coronary heart disease along with heart stroke [148]. It is
fundamentally signicant to regulate blood pressure within an optimum range.
Patchouli alcohol accelerates considerable vasorelaxant inuence due to its potential activity as a Ca2+ antagonizing factor in an endothelial autonomous pathway.
The fundamental action comprises the obstruction of Ca2+ inux (extracellular)
through the membrane of vascular smooth muscle cells as well as stimulate the
intracellular secretion of Ca
Pocahemiketal-b, an essential component of patchouli’s essential oil exhibits
remarkable vasorelaxant activity to antagonize vasoconstriction instigate by phenylephrine in aortal rings of rats [149].
2+
via different Ca2+ channels in sarcolemma [148].
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11.8 Conclusion
P. cablin (Patchouli) is globally cultivated for its prominent therapeutic and commercial applications. Tropical and sub-tropical regions throughout the world are
considered as standard environment for cultivation of P. cablin (Patchouli) to obtain
better growth and high-quality essential oils. Chemically P. cablin plant consist of
various essential chemical as well as phytochemical compounds such as organic
acids and pogostone respectively with a number of other volatile and non-volatile
compounds. These chemicals are major factors behind certain biological and pharmaceuticals properties of this plant. P. cablin is responsible for treatment of various
skin diseases, immuno-protective, anti-tumorous, anti-thrombotic action along with
various other biological application discussed during the entire chapter. Thus, we
can conclude that P. cablin could be utilized in future for the synthesis of wide range
of medicines and various cosmetics products of commercial value.
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